View source for Pine grosbeak

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{speciesbox
| image = Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator) (13667564073).jpg
| image_caption = Male
| image2=Pinicola-enucleator-002.jpg
| image2_caption= Female in Canada
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Pinicola enucleator'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T22720625A132141177 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22720625A132141177.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Pinicola
| parent_authority = [[Louis Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]], 1808
| species = enucleator
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| range_map = PinicolaEnucleatorIUCN.svg
| range_map_caption = Breeding range of ''P. enucleator''{{leftlegend|#008000|Resident|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#007FFF|Non-breeding|outline=gray}} 
| synonyms = ''Loxia enucleator'' {{small|Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758}}
}}

The '''pine grosbeak''' ('''''Pinicola enucleator''''') is a large member of the true [[finch]] [[family (biology)|family]], [[Fringillidae]]. It is the only species in the genus '''''Pinicola'''''. It is found in [[conifer]]ous woods across [[Alaska]], the western mountains of the [[United States]], [[Canada]], and in [[subarctic]] [[Fennoscandia]] and across the [[Palearctic]] to [[Siberia]]. The species is a [[frugivore]], especially in winter, favoring small fruits, such as [[rowan]]s (mountain-ashes in the New World). With fruit-crop abundance varying from year to year, pine grosbeak is one of many subarctic-resident bird species that exhibit irruptive behavior. In [[Bird migration#Irruptions and dispersal|irruption]] years, individuals can move long distances in search of suitable food supplies, bringing them farther south and/or downslope than is typical of years with large fruit crops.

==Taxonomy==
The pine grosbeak was [[Species description|formally described]] in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' under the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Loxia enucleator''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=171 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=la | url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727078 }}</ref> The [[type locality (biology)|type locality]] is Sweden.<ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jr | year=1968 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=14 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=284 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14481485 }}</ref> It is now the only species placed in the genus ''Pinicola'' that was erected in 1808 by the French ornithologist [[Louis Pierre Vieillot]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Vieillot | first=Louis Pierre | author-link=Louis Pierre Vieillot | year=1807 | title=Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale: contenant un grand nombre d'espèces décrites ou figurées pour la première fois | volume=1 | language=fr | location=Paris | publisher=Chez Desray | page=iv | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47004084 }} The volume is dated 1807 on the title page but was not published until the following year.</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | year=2020 | title=Finches, euphonias | work=IOC World Bird List Version 10.1 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/finches/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=21 April 2020 }}</ref> The generic name ''Pinicola'' combines the Latin ''pinus'' meaning "pine tree" and ''colere'' meaning "to dwell"; the specific ''enucleator'' is from the Latin ''enucleare'' meaning "to remove the kernel".<ref name =job>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A. | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = London, United Kingdom | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n147 147], 307 }}</ref>

The pine grosbeak is a [[sister taxon]] to the bullfinches of the genus ''[[Pyrrhula]]''.<ref name=zuccon>{{cite journal | last1=Zuccon | first1=Dario  | last2=Prŷs-Jones | first2=Robert | last3=Rasmussen | first3=Pamela C. | last4=Ericson | first4=Per G.P. | year=2012 | title=The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae) | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=62 | issue=2 | pages=581–596 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002 | url=http://www.nrm.se/download/18.9ff3752132fdaeccb6800010935/Zuccon%20et%20al%202012.pdf | pmid=22023825| bibcode=2012MolPE..62..581Z }}</ref> The [[crimson-browed finch]] (''Carpodacus subhimachalus'') was previously placed in the genus ''Pinicola''. It was moved to the rosefinch genus ''[[Carpodacus]]'' based on results from phylogenetic studies of [[mitochondrial]] and nuclear DNA sequences that were published in 2012 and 2013.<ref name=ioc/><ref name=zuccon/><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Tietze | first1=D.T. | last2=Päckert | first2=M. | last3=Martens | first3=J. | last4=Lehmann  | first4=H. | last5=Sun | first5=Y.-H. | date=2013 | title=Complete phylogeny and historical biogeography of true rosefinches (Aves: ''Carpodacus'') | journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume=169 | pages=215–234 | doi=10.1111/zoj.12057 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

Eight [[subspecies]] are recognised:<ref name=ioc/>
* ''P. e. enucleator'' (Linnaeus, 1758) – Scandinavia to central Siberia
* ''P. e. kamtschatkensis'' ([[Benedykt Dybowski|Dybowski]], 1883) – northeastern Siberia
* ''P. e. sakhalinensis'' [[Sergei Buturlin|Buturlin]], 1915 – [[Sakhalin]] and the [[Kuril Islands]], northern Japan
* ''P. e. flammula'' [[Eugen Ferdinand von Homeyer|Homeyer]], 1880 – coastal southern Alaska and western Canada
* ''P. e. carlottae'' [[Allan Brooks|Brooks, AC]], 1922 – the [[Haida Gwaii|Queen Charlotte Islands]] (off western Canada)
* ''P. e. montana'' [[Robert Ridgway|Ridgway]], 1898 – inland southwestern Canada to west-central U.S.
* ''P. e. californica'' Price, 1897 – eastern California<!--William Wightman Price-->
* ''P. e. leucura'' ([[Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller|Müller]], PLS, 1776) – inland west, central Alaska to eastern Canada and northern New England (U.S.)

==Description==
This species is one of the largest species in the [[Fringillidae|true finch]] family. It measures from {{convert|20|to|25.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and weighs from {{convert|52|to|78|g|oz|abbr=on}}, with an average mass of {{convert|56.4|g|oz|abbr=on}}. The pine grosbeak's wingspan is 13.0 in (33&nbsp;cm).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pine Grosbeak Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology|url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Pine_Grosbeak/id|access-date=2020-09-29|website=www.allaboutbirds.org|language=en}}</ref> Among standard measurements, the [[Wing chord (biology)|wing chord]] is {{convert|10.2|to|11.6|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the [[tail]] is {{convert|7.8|to|9.5|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the [[Beak|bill]] is {{convert|1.4|to|1.65|cm|in|abbr=on}} and the [[Tarsus (skeleton)|tarsus]] is {{convert|1.9|to|2.3|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name = "CRC">''CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses'' by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), {{ISBN|978-0-8493-4258-5}}.</ref><ref name="Clement">{{Cite book|last1=Clement|first1=Peter|last2=Harris|first2=Alan|last3=Davis|first3=John|title = Finches and Sparrows: an Identification Guide|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1993|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn= 0-691-03424-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Adkisson|first= C. S. |year=1999|chapter=Pine grosbeak (''Pinicola enucleator'')|editor-last=Poole|editor-first= A.|title=The Birds of North America Online|publisher= Cornell Lab of Ornithology|location=Ithaca}}</ref> Adults have a long forked black tail, black wings with white wing bars and a large bill. Adult males have a rose-red head, back and rump, They also possess black wings and tail, with a conical beak. Adult females are olive-yellow on the head and rump and grey on the back and underparts. Young birds have a less contrasting [[plumage]] overall, appearing shaggy when they [[moult]] their colored head plumage.

Its voice is geographically variable, and includes a whistled ''pui pui pui'' or ''chii-vli''. The [[Bird vocalization|song]] is a short musical warble.

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Pine grosbeak.png|thumb|[[Kenai National Wildlife Refuge]], Alaska]]
Pine grosbeaks breed in the boreal forests of northern Eurasia and North America, and typically either remain resident near their breeding grounds or migrate relatively short distances to the southern extent of boreal forests. During irruptive years, more travel to southern boreal forests and some move further south. In such years in the New World, they can occur well south of their typical winter distribution, which is the northern [[Great Lakes region]] and northern [[New England]] in the United States. This species is a very rare vagrant to [[temperate]] parts of [[Europe]]; in all of [[Germany]], for example, not more than 4 individuals per year and often none at all have been recorded since 1980.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Töpfer|first=Till|year=2007|title=Nachweise seltener Vogeltaxa (Aves) in Sachsen aus der ornithologischen Sammlung des Museums für Tierkunde Dresden|trans-title=Records of rare bird taxa (Aves) in Saxony from the ornithological collection of the Zoological Museum Dresden|journal=Faunistische Abhandlungen|volume=26|issue=3|pages=63–101|language=de|url=http://globiz.sachsen.de/snsd/publikationen/Faun_Abh/Faunistische_Abhandlungen_26_63-Toepfer.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The birds have also been known to live in coniferous forests, and other woodlands of the sort.<!-- only references vagrant status in Germany. -->

==Behaviour and ecology==
The breeding habitat of the pine grosbeak is [[conifer]]ous [[forest]]s. They nest on a horizontal branch or in a fork of a conifer. This bird is a permanent resident through most of its range; in the extreme north or when food sources are scarce, they may [[bird migration|migrate]] farther south. When breeding both sexes develop {{Birdgloss|gular pouches}} which they use to store seeds before feeding them to the young.<ref>{{Cite journal | last=French | first=Norman R. | date=1954| title=Notes on breeding activities and on gular sacs in the Pine Grosbeak | journal=The Condor | volume=56 | issue=2 | pages=83–85 | doi=10.2307/1364663 | jstor=1364663 | url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v056n02/p0083-p0085.pdf }}</ref>

Pine grosbeaks [[forage]] in trees and bushes. They mainly eat [[seed]]s, buds, berries, and [[insect]]s. Outside of the nesting season, they often feed in flocks.

<gallery>
Pinicola enucleator5.jpg|Immature male
Pine Grosbeak, female.jpg|Front view of female, notice forked tail, [[Gatineau Park]], [[Quebec]]
Pinicola enucleator MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.220 Suomussalmi Naurois.jpg|Eggs of ''Pinicola enucleator'' [[MHNT]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

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==Further reading==

===Thesis===
* Adkisson CS. Ph.D. (1972). ''An Analysis of Morphological and Vocal Geographic Variation in North American Pine Grosbeaks, ''Pinicola enucleator'' (Aves)''. University of Michigan, United States—Michigan.

===Articles===
* Adkisson CS. (1977). ''Morphological Variation in North American Pine Grosbeaks''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''89''', no 3. p.&nbsp;380–395.
* Adkisson CS. (1981). ''Geographic Variation in Vocalizations and Evolution of North American Pine Grosbeaks ''Pinicola enucleator'' ''. Condor. vol '''83''', no 4. p.&nbsp;277–288.
* Babenko VG & Redkin YA. (1999). ''Ornithogeographical characteristics of the Low Amur basin''. Zool Zhurnal. vol '''78''', no 3. p.&nbsp;398–408.
* Boev Z. (1999). ''Earliest finds of crossbills (genus Loxia) (Aves: Fringillidae) from Varshets (NW Bulgaria)''. Geologica Balcanica. vol '''29''', no 3-4. p.&nbsp;51–57.
* Brotons L, Monkkonen M, Huhta E, Nikula A & Rajasarkka A. (2003). ''Effects of landscape structure and forest reserve location on old-growth forest bird species in Northern Finland''. Landscape Ecology. vol '''18''', no 4. p.&nbsp;377–393.
* Davies C & Sharrock JTR. (2000). ''The European Bird Report: Passerines''. British Birds. vol '''93''', no 9. p.&nbsp;415–427.
* Desgranges JL & Rondeau G. (1995). ''CHANGES IN THE BIRD COMMUNITIES OF A BALSAM FIR WHITE BIRCH FOREST FOLLOWING AN INSECT PEST EPIDEMIC''. For Chron. vol '''71''', no 2. p.&nbsp;201–210.
* Dunn EH. (1989). ''Are Pine Grosbeaks Increasing at Bird Feeders in Ontario Canada''. Ontario Birds. vol '''7''', no 3. p.&nbsp;87–91.
* Fuiimaki Y, Toda A & Yoshida S. (1979). ''Rosy Finch Leucosticte-Arctoa New-Record and Pine Grosbeak Pinicola-Enucleator New-Record from Hidaka Mountains Central Hokkaido Japan''. Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology. vol '''11''', no 1. p.&nbsp;67–69.
* Groth, J. G. 1994. A mitochondrial cytochrome b phylogeny of cardueline finches. Journal für Ornithologie, 135: 31.
* Groth, J. G. 1998. Molecular phylogeny of the cardueline finches and Hawaiian honeycreepers. Ostrich, 69: 401.
* Kinch B. (2006). ''Northern Shrike preys on Pine Grosbeak''. Ontario Birds. vol '''24''', no 3. p.&nbsp;160–161.
* Koenig WD & Knops JMH. (2001). ''Seed-crop size and eruptions of North American boreal seed-eating birds''. Journal of Animal Ecology. vol '''70''', no 4. p.&nbsp;609–620.
* Mikaelian I, Ley DH, Claveau R, Lemieux M & Berube J-P. (2001). ''Mycoplasmosis in evening and pine grosbeaks with conjunctivitis in Quebec''. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. vol '''37''', no 4. p.&nbsp;826–830.
* Mills A. (1986). ''Correlations among Winter Finch Numbers at Ottawa Canada 1958–1983''. Ontario Birds. vol '''4''', no 1. p.&nbsp;30–32.
* Peck MK, Coady G, Binsfeld G & Konze KR. (2004). ''First documented nest record of Pine Grosbeak in Ontario''. Ontario Birds. vol '''22''', no 1. p.&nbsp;2–8.
*Pittaway R. (1989). ''Pine Grosbeaks Using Bird Feeders''. Ontario Birds. vol '''7''', no 2. p.&nbsp;65–67
*Pittaway R. (1998). ''Two song types of the pine grosbeak''. Ontario Birds. vol '''16''', no 1. p.&nbsp;38–39
* Pruitt WO, Jr. (2005). ''Why and how to study a snowcover''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '''119''', no 1. p.&nbsp;118–128.
* Pulliainen E. (1979). ''On the Breeding of the Pine Grosbeak Pinicola-Enucleator in Northeastern Finland''. Ornis Fennica. vol '''56''', no 4. p.&nbsp;156–162.
* Pulliainen E, Saari L & Tunkkari P. (2002). ''Life strategy of Finnish pine grosbeaks Pinicola enucleator''. Aquilo Ser Zoologica. vol '''30''', p.&nbsp;83–96.
* Pyle, P. (1997). Identification Guide to North American Birds, part I. Slate Creek Press, Bolinas, CA.
* Spicer GS. (1978). ''A New Species and Several New Host Records of Avian Nasal Mites Acarina Rhinonyssinae Turbinoptinae''. Journal of Parasitology. vol '''64''', no 5. p.&nbsp;891–894.
* Stephen LJ & Walley WJ. (2000). ''Alcohol intoxication contributing to mortality in Bohemian Waxwings and a Pine Grosbeak''. Blue Jay. vol '''58''', no 1. p.&nbsp;33–35.
* Stradi R, Celentano G & Nava D. (1995). ''Separation and identification of carotenoids in bird's plumage by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection''. Journal of Chromatography B. vol '''670''', no 2. p.&nbsp;337–348.
* Stradi R, Celentano G & Nava D. (1995). ''SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF CAROTENOIDS IN BIRDS PLUMAGE BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY DIODE-ARRAY DETECTION''. Journal of Chromatography B vol '''670''', no 2. p.&nbsp;337–348.
* Stradi R, Pini E & Celentano G. (2001). ''Carotenoids in bird plumage: the complement of red pigments in the plumage of wild and captive bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula)''. Comp Biochem Physiol B-Biochem Mol Biol. vol '''128''', no 3. p.&nbsp;529–535.
* Stradi R, Rossi E, Celentano G & Bellardi B. (1996). ''Carotenoids in bird plumage: The pattern in three Loxia species and in Pinicola enucleator''. Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology B. vol '''113''', no 2. p.&nbsp;427–432.
*Svingen D & Rogers TH. (1994). ''Winter Season: December 1, 1993 – February 28, 1994: Idaho/Western Montana Region''. National Audubon Society Field Notes. vol '''48''', no 2. p.&nbsp;228–229
* Taylor P. (1979). ''Interspecific Vocal Mimicry by Pine Grosbeaks Pinicola-Enucleator''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '''93''', no 4. p.&nbsp;436–437.
* Taylor P. (1996). ''Winter songs of the Pine Grosbeak''. Blue Jay. vol '''54''', no 2. p.&nbsp;82–84.
* Topp CM. (2004). ''EPSCoR graduate fellowship phase I, Alaska genomic diversity (2003–2004)''. Arctic Science Conference Abstracts. vol '''55''', no September 29.
* Virkkala R. (1987). ''Effects of Forest Management on Birds Breeding in Northern Finland''. Annales Zoologici Fennici. vol '''24''', no 4. p.&nbsp;281–294.
* Virkkala R. (1991). ''Population Trends of Forest Birds in a Finnish Lapland Landscape of Large Habitat Blocks Consequences of Stochastic Environmental Variation or Regional Habitat Alteration''. Biological Conservation. vol '''56''', no 2. p.&nbsp;223–240.
* Wolfe DFG. (1996). ''Opportunistic winter water acquisition by Pine Grosbeaks''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''108''', no 1. p.&nbsp;186–187.
-->

==External links==
{{Commons category|Pinicola enucleator|Pine grosbeak}}
{{Wikispecies|Pinicola enucleator}}
* {{InternetBirdCollection|pine-grosbeak-pinicola-enucleator|Pine grosbeak}}
* [https://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i5150id.html Pine Grosbeak – ''Pinicola enucleator''] – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
* [https://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Pinicola-enucleator Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the pine grosbeak]
* {{VIREO|Pine+Grosbeak|Pine grosbeak}}

{{Passeroidea|N.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q214571}}

[[Category:Grosbeaks|pine grosbeak]]
[[Category:Pinicola|pine grosbeak]]
[[Category:Holarctic birds]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758|pine grosbeak]]
[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|pine grosbeak]]