View source for Pileus (hat)

{{Short description|Felt conical or half-egg-shaped cap, worn in Ancient Greece, Rome and by ecclesiastics}}
{{distinguish|plis (hat)}}
[[File:Man pilos Louvre MNE1330.jpg|thumb|[[Apulian vase painting#Red-figure pottery|Apulian red figure]] depicting a conical pileus hat, third quarter of the 4th century BC, [[Louvre]] ]]
The '''pileus''' ({{langx|grc|πῖλος}}, {{lang|grc-Latn|pîlos}}; also '''{{lang|la|pilleus}}''' or '''{{lang|la|pilleum}}''' in [[Latin]]) was a brimless [[felt]] cap worn in [[Ancient Greece]], [[Etruria]], [[Illyria]] (especially [[Pannonia]]),<ref name="Wagner">{{cite book|last=Wagner|first=Hendrik|title=Das spätantike Rom und die stadtrömische Senatsaristokratie (395–455 n. Chr.): Eine althistorisch-archäologische Untersuchung|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|year=2021|isbn=9783110727630|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBcmEAAAQBAJ|page=375|quote=Zu erkennen an der „illyrischen Kappe", dem sog. pileus Pannonicus, bekannt u. a. von der bekannten Tetrarchengruppen in Venedig und dem Ambulatio-Mosaik von Piazza Armerina. Auch auf den Sarkophagen tragen die Soldaten, die Petrus Oder Paulus in Haft nehmen, diese Kopfbedeckung (z. B. lunius-Bassus-Sarkophag).}}</ref><ref name=Cleland>{{cite book |last1=Cleland |first1=Liza |last2=Davies |first2=Glenys |last3=Llewellyn-Jones |first3=Lloyd |page=88 |title=Greek and Roman Dress from A to Z |year=2007 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTaCAgAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-203-93880-5|quote=Pannonia and Illyria also appear to have been especially associated with hats. Plautus (...) lampoons an Illyrian hat so big the wearer looks like a mushroom. The pilleus Pannonicus, a pill-box hat adopted from Pannonia by Roman soldiers in the late third century AD, came to be worn almost exclusively by the late imperial military.}}</ref><ref name=Rocco>{{cite book|last=Rocco|first=Marco|title=L'esercito romano tardoantico: persistenze e cesure dai Severi a Teodosio I|series=Studi e progetti: scienze umanistiche|publisher=Libreria Universitaria|year=2012|isbn=9788862922302|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0FQsPbim6wC&pg=PA557|page=557|quote=Soprattutto durante il periodo degli imperatori-soldati prevalgono nettamente gli influssi delle province illiriche, che si esplicano nell'ampia diffusione del pilleus pannonico, delle ring-buckle belts e della tunica a maniche lunghe chiamata dalmatica.}}</ref><ref name="Campbell">{{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Duncan B. |page=34 |title=Spartan Warrior 735–331 BC |year=2012 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5aW6CwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1849087018}}</ref> later also introduced in [[Ancient Rome]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/460407/pileus |title=pileus |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> The pileus also appears on [[Apulian vase painting#Red-figure pottery|Apulian red-figure pottery]].

The pilos together with the [[petasos]] were the most common types of hats in Archaic and Classical era (8th–4th century BC) Greece.<ref name=Lee /> In the 5th century BC, a bronze version began to appear in Ancient Greece and it became a popular infantry helmet. It occasionally had a horsehair crest.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ober |first1=Jesse |title=A Brief History of Greek Helmets |journal=AncientPlanet Online Journal |date=2012 |volume=2 |page=15 |url=http://issuu.com/ancientplanet/docs/ancientplanet_vol.2 |access-date=1 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The Greek pilos resembled the Roman and Etruscan pileus, which were typically made of felt.<ref name=Yarwood /> The Greek {{lang|grc|πιλίδιον}} ({{lang|grc-Latn|pilidion}}) and Latin {{lang|la|pilleolus}} were smaller versions, similar to a [[wikt:skullcap#Noun|skullcap]].

Similar caps were worn in later antiquity and the early medieval ages in various parts of Europe, as seen in [[Gauls|Gallic]] and [[Franks|Frankish]] dress.<ref name=Yarwood>{{cite book |last1=Yarwood |first1=Doreen |title=Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Costume |date=1 January 2011 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=978-0-486-43380-6 |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdP_sSKIxf0C&pg=PA65 |language=en |quote=The Greek pilos... Carolingian dress.}}</ref> The [[Albanians|Albanian]] traditional felt cap, the [[plis (hat)|plis]], worn today in [[Albania]], [[Kosovo]] and adjacent areas, originated from a similar felt cap worn by the ancient [[Illyrians]].

A pointed version called ''[[jewish hat|pileus cornutus]]'' served as a distinguishing sign for the Jewish people in the [[Holy Roman Empire]] for five centuries (12th–17th centuries).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=LUBRICH |first1=NAOMI |title=The Wandering Hat: Iterations of the Medieval Jewish Pointed Cap |journal=Jewish History |date=2015 |volume=29 |issue=3/4 |pages=203–244 |doi=10.1007/s10835-015-9250-5 |jstor=24709777 |s2cid=159821873 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24709777 |access-date=6 May 2022 |issn=0334-701X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Name==
The word for the cap in antiquity was ''pil(l)eus'' or ''pilos'', indicating a kind of felt.<ref name="Summer-D'Amato" /> [[Greek language|Greek]] πῖλος {{Transliteration|grc|pilos}}, [[Latin]] {{lang|la|pellis}}, [[Albanian language|Albanian]] {{lang|sq|plis}}, as well as [[Old High German]] {{lang|goh|filiz}} and [[Proto-Slavic]] ''*pьlstь'' are considered to come from a common [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] root meaning "felt".<ref name="Orel199a">{{cite book|author=Vladimir Orel|title=Albanian Etymological Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yJQYAQAAIAAJ&q=albanian+etymological+dictionary|year=1998|pages=334|publisher=Brill Academic Pub|isbn=9004110240}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Peasant basket Louvre Myr330.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Ancient Greek]] terracotta statuette of a peasant wearing a pilos, 1st century BC]]
[[File:IAM 85T - Funerary stele of a soldier.jpg|thumb|Funerary stele of an [[Ancient Macedonians|Ancient Macedonian]] soldier from [[Pella]], 4th century BC]]

===Ancient Greece===
====Pilos hat====
The '''''pilos''''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: πῖλος, ''felt''<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpi%3Dlos2 πῖλος], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref>) was a typical [[pointed hat|conical hat]] in [[Ancient Greece]] among travelers, workmen and sailors, though sometimes a low, broad-rimmed version was also preferred, known as ''[[petasos]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sacks |first1=David |last2=Murray |first2=Oswyn |title=A Dictionary of the Ancient Greek World |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195112061 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofanci00sack/page/62 62] |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofanci00sack |url-access=registration |language=en |quote="Travelers, workmen, and sailors might wear a conical cap known as a pilos; travelers, hunters, and other sometimes wore the low, broad-rimmed hit (petasos)}}</ref> It could be made of felt or leather. The pilos together with the petasos were the most common types of hats in Archaic and Classical era (8th–4th century BC) Greece.<ref name=Lee>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Mireille M. |title=Body, Dress, and Identity in Ancient Greece |date=12 January 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-05536-0 |page=160 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpvWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA160 |language=en |quote=The pilos... periods.}}</ref>

Pilos caps often identify the mythical twins, or [[Castor and Pollux|Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux]], as represented in sculptures, bas-reliefs and on ancient ceramics. Their caps were supposedly the remnants of the egg from which they hatched.<ref>[[John Tzetzes]], ''On Lycophron'', noted by [[Karl Kerenyi]]'s ''The Heroes of the Greeks'', 1959:107 note 584.</ref> The pilos appears on [[Votive object|votive figurines]] of boys at the sanctuary of the [[Cabeiri]] at [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]], the ''Cabeirion''.<ref>[[Walter Burkert]]. ''Greek Religion'', 1985:281.</ref>

In warfare, the pilos type helmet was often worn by the [[peltast]] light infantry, in conjunction with the [[exomis]], but it was also worn by the heavy infantry.{{Citation needed|date= January 2018}}

In various artistic depictions in the middle Byzantine period soldiers are seen wearing pilos caps.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Diamanti |first1=Charikleia |last2=Vassiliou |first2=Anastasia |title=En Sofía mathitéfsantes: Essays in Byzantine Material Culture and Society in Honour of Sophia Kalopissi-Verti |date=19 December 2019 |publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-1-78969-263-1 |page=229 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRUSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA229 |language=en |quote=Most of them... πίλος.}}</ref>

====Pilos helmet====
From the 5th century BC the Greeks developed the pilos helmet which derived from the hat of the same name.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Everson |first1=Tim |title=Warfare in Ancient Greece: Arms and Armour From the Heroes of Homer to Alexander the Great |date=18 November 2004 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-0-7524-9506-4 |page=55 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sluPAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22&pg=PT93 |language=en |quote=the Greeks also developed the Pilos, Boeotian and Thracian helmets, which soon supplanted the former in popularity. The Pilos helmet derived from a felt cap called the Pilos.}}</ref> This helmet was made of bronze in the same shape as the pilos which was presumably sometimes worn under the helmet for comfort, giving rise to the helmet's conical shape.<ref>Nick Sekunda,''The Spartan Army'', p.30</ref> Some historians theorize that the pilos helmet had widespread adoption in some Greek cities such as [[Sparta]],<ref name="Jesse Obert p.16">Jesse Obert, ''A Brief History of Greek Helmets'', p.16</ref><ref name="Campbell" /> however, there is no primary historical source or any archeological evidence that would suggest that Sparta or any other Greek state would have used the helmet in a standardized fashion for their armies. What led historians to believe that the helmet was widespread in places such as Sparta was, amongst other reasons, the supposed advancement of battlefield tactics that required that infantry have full vision and mobility.<ref name="Jesse Obert p.16"/> However, many other types of Greek helmet offered similar designs to the pilos when it came to visibility, such as the [[konos]] or the chalcidian helmets.

===Etruria===
Being of Greek origin the Pilos helmet was worn in the late Etruscan Period by the local armies in the region.<ref>{{cite book |last1=D’Amato |first1=Raffaele |last2=Salimbeti |first2=Andrea |title=The Etruscans: 9th–2nd Centuries BC |date=20 September 2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4728-2832-3 |page=50 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ojFjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 |language=en|quote=The pilos helmet, of Greek origin, ... }}</ref>

===Illyria===
A so-called "Illyrian cap" was also known as "Panonian pileus" in the period of the Tetrarchy.<ref name="Wagner"/> As such during the period of the Emperor-soldiers the influences of the Illyrian provinces of the Roman Empire were evident, such as the wide use of the Pannonian pileus.<ref name=Rocco/>

The [[Albanians|Albanian]] traditional felt cap ({{langx|sq|[[plis (hat)|plis]]}}, cognate of ''pilos''<ref name="Orel199a"/> and ''pileus'') originated from a similar felt cap worn by the [[Illyrians]].<ref name="Stipčević">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLcWAQAAIAAJ|title=The Illyrians: History and Culture|last=Stipčević|first=Aleksandar|publisher=Noyes Press|year=1977|isbn=0815550529|series=History and Culture Series|pages=89|quote=It is generally agreed, and rightly so, that the modern Albanian cap originates directly from the similar cap worn by the Illyrians, the forefathers of the Albanians.}}</ref><ref name="Recherches albanologiques: Folklore et ethnologie">{{cite book|last=Qosja|first=Rexhep|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6niAAAAMAAJ|title=Recherches albanologiques: Folklore et ethnologie|publisher=Instituti Albanologijik i Prishtinës|year=1982|page=52|quote=Ne kuadrin e veshjeve me përkime ilire, të dokumentuara gjer më tani hyjnë tirqit, plisi, qeleshja e bardhë gjysmësferike, goxhufi-gëzofi etj.|access-date=14 April 2013}}</ref> The 1542 Latin dictionary {{lang|la|De re vestiaria libellus, ex Bayfio excerptus}} equated an Albanian hat with a [[kyrbasia]], and described it as a "tall pileus [hat] in the shape of a cone" ({{lang|la|pileus altus in speciem coni eductus}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bernis |first=Carmen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mnrAAAAMAAJ |title=Actes du XXIIe Congrés International d'Histoire de l'Art, Budapest, 1969: Évolution générale et développements régionaux en histoire de l'art |date=1969 |publisher=[[Akadémiai Kiadó]] |editor-last=Rósza |editor-first=György |volume=1 |publication-date=1972 |page=706 |language=fr |chapter=Échanges pendant la Renaissance entre les modes espagnoles et les modes de l'Europe centrale et orientale (hongroise, albanaise et turque) |quote=Le dictionnaire latin BAYFIO. «De re vestiaria», publié à Paris en 1542, constitue un témoignage intéressant du fait que les occidentaux consideraient le chapeau albanais comme un chapeau haut. Ce dictionnaire décrit la «cibaria» [kyrbasia] comme un chapeau albanais ou comme un «pileus altus in speciem coni eductus».}}</ref>

An Illyrian wearing a pileus has been hesitantly identified on a Roman [[frieze]] from [[Tilurium]] in Dalmatia; the monument could be part of a [[Tropaion|trophy]] base erected by the Romans after the [[Great Illyrian Revolt]] (6–9 BC).<ref>{{cite book|last=Polito|first=Eugenio|title=Fulgentibus armis: introduzione allo studio dei fregi d'armi antichi|publisher=L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER|year=1998|isbn=9788870629927|pages=61, 155–156|language=it|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNGqNQcIhtMC}}</ref>

A cylindrical flat-topped felt cap made of [[fur]] or [[Hide (skin)|leather]] originated in Pannonia, and came to be known as the Pannonian cap (''pileus pannonicus'').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schrenk |first=Sabine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYTWAAAAMAAJ |title=Textiles in Situ: Their Find Spots in Egypt and Neighbouring Countries in the First Millennium CE |date=2006 |publisher=Abegg-Stiftung |isbn=978-3-905014-29-7 |pages=154 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Summer-D'Amato">{{Cite book |last1=Summer |first1=Graham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbvgAwAAQBAJ |title=Arms and Armour of the Imperial Roman Soldier |last2=D'Amato |first2=Raffaele |date=2009 |publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books|Frontline Books]] |isbn=978-1-84832-512-8 |pages=218 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cooper |first=Stephen Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwhREAAAQBAJ |title=Marius Victorinus' Commentary on Galatians |date=2005 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-152077-8 |pages=74 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Rocco/><ref name="Wagner"/>

===Rome===
[[File:Eid Mar.jpg|thumb|left|Pileus between two daggers, on the [[obverse|reverse]] of a [[denarius]] issued by [[Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger|Brutus]] to commemorate the [[assassination of Julius Caesar]] on the [[Ides of March]]]]
The Roman pileus resembled the Greek pilos and was often made of felt.<ref name=Yarwood /> In [[Ancient Rome]], a slave was freed in a ceremony in which a [[praetor]] touched the slave with a rod called a ''vindicta'' and pronounced him to be free. The slave's head was shaved and a pileus was placed upon it. Both the ''vindicta'' and the cap were considered symbols of [[Libertas]], the goddess representing liberty.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cobb|first=T.R.R.|author-link=Thomas Reade Rootes Cobb|page=[https://archive.org/details/inquiryintolawof01cobbiala/page/285 285], 285n2|title=An inquiry into the law of Negro slavery in the United States of America|url=https://archive.org/details/inquiryintolawof01cobbiala|place=Philadelphia|year=1858|publisher=T. & J.W. Johnson}}</ref>

The rod and hat were part of a legal ritual of [[manumission]].  A 3rd-party ''adsertor libertatis (liberty asserter, neither slaver or enslaved)'' would state: ''Hunc Ego hominem ex jure Quiritum liberum esse aio (I declare this man is free)'' while using the "vindicta" (one of multiple manumission types). The legal ritual was explicitly designed to be anti-slavery in the interest of self-empowerment of all members of society, even those legally unable to pursue it directly e.g. the enslaved, and to guarantee that liberty was permanent.<ref>{{cite book |last=Leage |first=Richard William |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8PcHAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA53&lpg=PA54 53-54], 53n2 |title=Roman Private Law, Founded on the 'Institutes' of Gaius and Justinian - 3rd edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8PcHAAAAMAAJ |year=1920 |publisher=Macmillan and Company, limited}} The law was meant to increase liberty rather than continue to allow society to stagnate in the Byzantinian dynasty (Justinian is credited with the policy while "restoring the empire"). By legally declaring the intrinsic liberty of the person, even on fictional grounds e.g. ''manumissio censu (freedom due to census-based citizenship that didn't exist due to being enslaved)'', slaves were allowed to improve their condition.  By declaring it intrinsic, the anti-class-mobility slavers could pretend to agree to it.  The pronouncement would be repeated by the enslaver if they agreed.  (With optional Pileus?) In case of enslaver silence, they would be compelled to agree by the praetor.  Over time the ritual became more universal, simpler, and redundant; it could be performed without a 3rd party present or even ''manumissio minus justa (without fair hearing)''.  All kinds of manumission (including the use of the Vindicta and the Pileus) were collectively ''manumissiones legitimae (legit)''.  Nevertheless it implied guaranteed freedom permanently due to lack of assistance by the praetors to renegers wanting to re-enslave.</ref>

One 19th-century dictionary of classical antiquity states that, "Among the Romans the cap of felt was the emblem of liberty. When a slave obtained his freedom he had his head shaved, and wore instead of his hair an undyed pileus."<ref>πίλεον λευκόν, [[Diodorus Siculus]] Exc. Leg. 22 p. 625, ed. Wess.; [[Plautus|Plaut.]] Amphit. I.1.306; [[Persius]], V.82</ref> Hence the phrase ''servos ad pileum vocare'' is a summons to liberty, by which slaves were frequently called upon to take up arms with a promise of liberty ([[Livy|Liv.]] XXIV.32). The figure of Liberty on some of the coins of [[Antoninus Pius]], struck 145&nbsp;AD, holds this cap in the right hand.<ref>Yates, James. Entry "Pileus" in William Smith's ''A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities'' ([[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]], London, 1875).</ref>

In the period of the [[Tetrarchy]], the Pannonian cap (''pileus pannonicus'') was adopted as the main military cap of the Roman army, until the 6th century AD; it was worn by lightly armed or off-duty soldiers, as well as workmen.<ref name=Cleland /><ref name=Rocco /><ref name="Summer-D'Amato" /> It often appears in Roman artwork, in particular mosaics, from the late 3rd century AD. The earliest preserved specimen of the hat was found at the Roman [[quarry]] of [[Mons Claudianus]], in the eastern desert of [[Egypt]], and is dated to 100–120 AD; it has a dark-green color, and looks like a low [[Fez (hat)|fez]] or [[pillbox hat]].<ref name="Summer-D'Amato" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bender Jørgensen |first=Lise |chapter-url=https://books.openedition.org/cdf/5234 |title=The Eastern Desert of Egypt during the Greco-Roman Period: Archaeological Reports |date=2018 |publisher=[[Collège de France]] |isbn=9782722604889 |editor-last=Brun |editor-first=Jean-Pierre |language=en |chapter=Textiles from Mons Claudianus, ‘Abu Sha’ar and other Roman Sites in the Eastern Desert. |editor-last2=Faucher |editor-first2=Thomas |editor-last3=Redon |editor-first3=Bérangère}}</ref>

===Later periods and variants===
Similar caps were worn in later antiquity and the early medieval ages in various parts of Europe, as seen in [[Gauls|Gallic]] and [[Franks|Frankish]] dress, in particular of the [[Merovingian dynasty|Merovingian]] and [[Carolingian dynasty|Carolingian]] era.<ref name=Yarwood/>

{{Clear}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Bronze helmet of conical shape MET DP21094.jpg|Ancient Greek pilos type helmet, 450–425 BC
File:Rhesos MNA Naples.jpg|[[Odysseus]] wearing the pilos. [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] [[Red figure pottery|red-figure]] situla from [[Apulia]], ca. 360 BC, Museo Nazionale Archaeologico, Naples
File:Odysseus bjuder cyklopen vin, Nordisk familjebok.png|Odysseus wearing a pilos, an [[exomis]] and a [[chlamys]]
File:Kastor Niobid krater Louvre G341.jpg|[[Castor and Pollux|Castor]] wearing a pilos-like helmet, [[Attica|Attic]] [[Red figure pottery|red-figure]] calyx-[[krater]], c. 460–450 BC
File:Dioscuro cordonata2.jpg|The ''pileus'' particularly identifies the [[Dioscuri]] (here on a colossal statue of late Antiquity in the [[Campidoglio]], Rome).
File:William Hogarth - John Wilkes, Esq.png|[[John Wilkes]] depicted by [[William Hogarth|Hogarth]] with the cap of Liberty on a pole, as it was sometimes carried in public demonstrations during the 18th century
File:Five Ancient Greek helmets.jpg|Ancient Greek helmets. Top line, from left to right: [[Illyrian type helmet]], [[Corinthian helmet]]. Bottom line, from left to right: [[Phrygian helmet|Phrygian type helmet]], Pileus helmet with an olive branch ornament, [[Chalcidian helmet]]. [[Staatliche Antikensammlungen]]
File:Odysseus -01.jpg|[[Odysseus]] wearing pileus depicted in a 3rd-century BC coin from [[Ithaca (island)|Ithaca]]
File:Villa Romana de La Olmeda Mosaicos romanos 001 Ulises.jpg|Part of a [[Roman mosaic]] depicting Odysseus at Skyros unveiling the disguised [[Achilles]],<ref>[http://www2.uned.es/geo-1-historia-antigua-universal/NOTICIAS/INICIO_NOTICIAS_26-mayo_05.htm Documentation on the "Villa romana de Olmeda"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204161344/http://www2.uned.es/geo-1-historia-antigua-universal/NOTICIAS/INICIO_NOTICIAS_26-mayo_05.htm |date=2016-12-04 }}, displaying a photograph of the whole mosaic, entitled "Aquiles en el gineceo de Licomedes" (Achilles in [[Lycomedes]]' 'seraglio'). {{verify source|date=September 2019|reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/907360049 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot from the original cite located at Special:Permalink/902860499 cite #30 - verify the cite is accurate and delete this template. [[User:GreenC bot/Job 18]]}}</ref> from [[La Olmeda]], [[Pedrosa de la Vega]], Spain, 5th century AD
File:Venice – The Tetrarchs 03.jpg|The [[Tetrarchs]], a [[porphyry (geology)|porphyry]] statue on [[Venice]]'s [[Basilica di San Marco (Venice)|Basilica di San Marco]], shows the emperor [[Diocletian]] and his three imperial colleagues. All wear the woollen "Pannonian" ''pileus'' caps worn by officers in the late army.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of hat styles]]
* [[Phrygian cap]]
* [[Attic helmet]]
* [[Barbute]]
* [[Boar's tusk helmet]]
* [[Boeotian helmet]]
* [[Kegelhelm]]
* [[Witch hat]]
* [[Zucchetto]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Sumner |first=Graham |title=Roman Military clothing (2) AD 200 to 400 |year=2003|isbn=978-1841765594}}

==Further reading==
*Sekunda, Nicholas and Hook, Adam (2000). ''Greek Hoplite 480–323 BC''. Osprey Publishing. {{ISBN|1-85532-867-4}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051013033133/http://www.institut-de-france.fr/institut/sap/costume_grec_prof.pdf Institute of France – Greek Costume] (PDF in French)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707004350/http://elearning.unifr.ch/antiquitas/notices_images.php?id=129 Antiquitas – Casque corinthien et pilos]
*[http://issuu.com/ancientplanet/docs/ancientplanet_vol.2 ''A Brief History of Greek Helmets'' by Jesse Obert – AncientPlanet Online Journal Vol. 2 (2012), 48 – 59]
*{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Biretta |volume=3 |page=980}}  "similar to the ''pileus'' or ''pileolus'' (skull-cap)"

{{Hats}}
{{Historical clothing}}
{{Helmets}}
{{Illyrians}}

[[Category:Roman-era clothing]]
[[Category:Symbols]]
[[Category:Society of ancient Rome]]
[[Category:Greek clothing]]
[[Category:Illyrian clothing]]
[[Category:Caps]]
[[Category:Liberty symbols]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek helmets]]
[[Category:Pointed hats]]
[[Category:Castor and Pollux]]
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