View source for Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny

{{short description|French composer}}
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[[File:Lefèvre - Portrait de Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny (1729-1817), compositeur.jpg|thumb|Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny]]
'''Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny''' ({{IPA|fr|pjɛʁ alɛksɑ̃dʁ mɔ̃siɲi}}; {{birth date|df=y|1729|10|17}} – {{death date|df=y|1817|01|14}}) was a French [[composer]] and a member of the French [[Académie des Beaux-Arts]] (1813).

He is considered alongside [[André Grétry]] and [[François-André Danican Philidor]] to have been the founder of a new musical genre, the ''[[opéra comique]]'', laying a path for other French composers such as [[François-Adrien Boieldieu]], [[Daniel Auber|Daniel-François-Esprit Auber]], [[Charles Gounod]], [[Georges Bizet]], and [[Jules Massenet]] in this genre.

==Biography==
Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny was born at [[Fauquembergues]], near [[Saint-Omer]], in the former [[Artois]] region of France (now [[Pas-de-Calais]]), four months before the marriage of his parents, Marie-Antoinette Dufresne and Nicolas Monsigny.

He was educated at the Walloon Collége des Jésuites in Saint-Omer. It was here that he first discovered his aptitude for music.

As the eldest child, in 1749, a few months after his father's death, he left for Paris with only a few coins in his pocket, a [[violin]] and a recommendation letter, in an attempt to further his musical career and provide for his siblings. He entered into the service of the connoisseur of art and the theater, Louis Guillaume Baillet de Saint-Julien, in the bureau of the Comptabilité du Clergé de France. In 1752, after watching a performance of ''[[La serva padrona]]'' by [[Giovanni Battista Pergolesi]] at the [[Paris Opera]], he decided upon his true vocation. He then became Pietro Gianotti's student, and a contra-bassist at the Paris Opéra.

Secretly, with a text by La Ribardière, he wrote ''Les aveux indiscrets'', his first comic opera, which premiered at the theater of the Foire St Germain in February 1759. This work was well received, and that encouraged him to compose a second opera, in two acts, on a [[libretto]] by [[Pierre-René Lemonnier]]. ''Le maître en droit'', the following year, received the same positive public response. [[Michel-Jean Sedaine]], a well-liked librettist, proposed to Monsigny a collaboration, following ''Le cadi dupé''{{'s}} success. Their common production was excellent: ''On ne s'avise jamais de tout'', ''Le roi et le fermier'' and ''[[Rose et Colas]]''. On 15 April 1766, at the [[Paris Opera|Académie royale de Musique]], his epic ballet in three acts ''[[Aline, reine de Golconde]]'' was not as successful as expected. The critics were harsher two years later, with ''L'île sonnante''. The music, it is true, preserves its usual grace of Monsigny's touch. However, [[Charles Collé]]'s libretto happened to be ill-adapted to the stage and justified the work's lack of success.

It is during this same year of 1768 that the composer purchased the post of maître d'hôtel in the service of the great courtier [[Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans]]. A place in the entourage of this patron proved favorable to Monsigny's inspiration. [[Michel-Jean Sedaine]] submitted his libretto, ''[[Le déserteur (opera)|Le déserteur]]'', for which he composed his most successful score. Yet ''Le faucon'', created in 1771 was a failure. On 17 August 1775, ''[[La belle Arsène]]'' caused controversy among critics.

In 1777, following the success of ''Félix, ou L'enfant trouvé'', Monsigny stopped composing. At the beginning of 1784, he married Amélie de Villemagne, with whom he lived peacefully until 1789. The [[French Revolution]] and [[Reign of Terror|The Terror]] deprived them of all their material existence. The musician and his family sank into deep misery and oblivion for a few years. Hearing of the composer's state of poverty, the members of the [[Opéra-Comique]] gave him a pension of 2400 pounds, in order to prove their gratitude to one of the founders of their theater.

The years of adversity came to an end and Monsigny reached once again his deserved success. He became inspector of teaching at the [[Conservatoire de Paris|Conservatoire de Musique de Paris]]. In 1804, he received the title of [[Legion of Honour|Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur]]. In 1813, he succeeded [[André Grétry|Grétry]] at the institute. He was totally blind during his last years.{{cn|date=June 2023}} Monsigny died in Paris.

==Works==

See '''[[List of operas by Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny]]'''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
;Sources
*Noiray, Michel (1992), 'Monsigny, Pierre-Alexandre' in ''The [[New Grove Dictionary of Opera]]'', ed. Stanley Sadie (London) {{ISBN|0-333-73432-7}}

==Bibliography==
* [[Bruce Alan Brown]]: ''Gluck and the French Theatre in Vienna'' (Oxford, 1991)
* [[André Grétry|A. E. M. Grétry]]: ''Mémoires, ou Essais sur la musique'' (Paris, 1789, 2/1797)
* [[Daniel Heartz]]: "The Beginnings of Operatic Romance: Rousseau, Sedaine, and Monsigny", ''Eighteenth Century Studies'', xv (1981–2), 149–78
* Raphaëlle Legrand: "L'opéra comique de Sedaine et Monsigny", ''Michel Sedaine (1719–1797): Theatre, Opera and Art'', ed. D. Charlton and M. Ledbury (Aldershot, forthcoming)
* [[:fr:Pierre-Jean-Baptiste Nougaret|P. J. B. Nougaret]]: ''De l'art du théâtre'' (Paris, 1769)
* Karin Pendle: "L'opéra-comique à Paris de 1762 à 1789", ''L'opéra-comique en France au XVIIIe siècle'', ed. P. Vendrix (Liège,1992), 79–178
* [[Arthur Pougin]]: ''Monsigny et son temps'' (Paris, 1908). [https://archive.org/stream/monsignyetsontem00poug#page/n8/mode/1up Copy] at the [[Internet Archive]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=VjM5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA5 Copy] at [[Google Books]].

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{IMSLP|id=Monsigny, Pierre-Alexandre}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Monsigny, Pierre-Alexandre}}
[[Category:1729 births]]
[[Category:1817 deaths]]
[[Category:Blind classical musicians]]
[[Category:Knights of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:French Classical-period composers]]
[[Category:French opera composers]]
[[Category:French male opera composers]]
[[Category:People from Pas-de-Calais]]
[[Category:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery]]
[[Category:18th-century French composers]]
[[Category:19th-century French male musicians]]
[[Category:French blind people]]