View source for Phofsit Daibuun

{{Short description|Orthography in the Latin alphabet for Taiwanese Hokkien}}
{{RCL|s=s}}

'''Phofsit Daibuun (PSDB)''' (普實臺文) is an [[orthography]] in the [[Latin alphabet]] for [[Taiwanese Hokkien]] based on [[Modern Literal Taiwanese]]. It allows for the use of the [[ASCII]] character set to indicate the proper lexical [[Hokkien tones|tones]] without any subsidiary scripts or [[diacritic]] symbols.

==Phonology==

{| class="wikitable" | border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center;"
<caption>'''[[Consonant]]s<ref>[http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/pulmonic.html IPA: Pulmonic] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316003917/http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/pulmonic.html |date=2009-03-16 }}</ref>'''</caption>
|-----
| colspan=2 |&nbsp;||&nbsp;|| [[Dental consonant|Dental]] || [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-palatal]] || [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] 
|[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]||[[Velar consonant|Velar]]|| [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-----
| rowspan=3 | [[Plosive]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] || [[Tenuis consonant|unaspiration]] || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || p || d || k ||' ({{IPAblink|ʔ}})
|-----
| [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspiration]] || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || ph || t || q ||&nbsp;
|-----
| [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] || unaspiration || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || b || &nbsp; || g ||&nbsp;
|-----
| rowspan=3 | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| rowspan=2 | voiceless || unaspiration || z || c || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; ||&nbsp;
|-----
| aspiration || zh || ch || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; ||&nbsp;
|-----
| voiced || unaspiration || &nbsp; || j || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; ||&nbsp;
|-----
| rowspan=2 | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] 
| rowspan=2 | voiceless || unaspiration || s || si || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|-----
| aspiration || &nbsp; ||&nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || h
|-----
| rowspan=1 | [[Nasal stop|Nasal]] || voiced || unaspiration ||&nbsp; || &nbsp; || m/v || n || ng/v ||&nbsp;
|-----
| rowspan=1 | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] || voiced || unaspiration ||&nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || l || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|}

Nasalized syllables are indicated by "v" preceding the syllable nucleus. Except for '''b''', '''j''', '''l''', which do not precede nasalized vowels, and '''m''' and '''n''', which are already nasals.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Normal''' || c || ch || d || g || h || k || p || ph || q || s || t || z || zh || ø
|-
| '''Nasalized''' || cv || chv || dv || gv || hv || kv || pv || phv || qv || sv || tv || zv || zhv || v
|-
| '''Example''' || 爭(cvy) || 星(chvy) || 鄭(dve) || 硬(gve) || 耳(hvi) || 件(kvia) || 病(pve) || 鼻(phvi) || 扲(qvii) || 漬(svi) || 縫(tvi) || 濺(zvoa) || 青(zhvef) || 院(vi)
|}

{| class="wikitable" |border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center;"
<caption>'''[[Vowel]]s<ref>[http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/vowels.html IPA: Vowels] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313235947/http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/vowels.html |date=2009-03-13 }}</ref>'''</caption>
|-----
| &nbsp; || [[Front vowel|Front]] || [[Central vowel|Central]] || [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-----
| [[Close vowel|Close]] || i || &nbsp; || u
|-----
| [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] || e || &nbsp; || oi(2)
|-----
| [[Mid vowel|Mid]] || &nbsp; || oi(1) || &nbsp;
|-----
| [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || o
|-----
| [[Open vowel|Open]] || a || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|}

Regarding the pronunciation of "oi":
* in southern regions such as [[Tainan]], the pronunciation tends toward oi(1), the [[mid central vowel]] ə
* in central and northern regions, the pronunciation tends toward oi(2), the [[close-mid back unrounded vowel]] ɤ

===Tone spellings===
* The table below shows the spelling of the basic tone (7) mid tone, and the four sub-tones (1) high, (5) rising, (3) low falling/low, (2) falling/high falling
* (') indicates a changed tone
* (**) indicates a tone that does not exist in standard Taiwanese

====Monophthongs====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| a (ha)夏 || af 阿 || aa (gaa)牙 || ax (pax)豹 || ar (kar)絞
|-
| i 異 || y 伊 || ii 姨 || ix 意 || ie 椅
|-
| u 有 || w 污 || uu (guu)牛 || ux 熨 || uo 羽
|-
| e 下 || ef (qef)溪(qef) || ee 的 || ex (kex)嫁 || ea 矮
|-
| o 芋 || of 黑 || oo 湖 || ox (tox)兔 || or 挖
|-
| oi (goi)餓 || oy 渦 || ooi 蚵 || oix 奧 || oir 襖
|-
| ng (hng)遠 || ngf 秧 || ngg 黃 || ngx 怏 || ngr 阮
|-
| m 毋 || mf' (mfpooi)姆婆 || mm 蕾 || mx' (mxsi)不是 || mr 姆
|}

====Diphthongs====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| ai (dai)代 || ay 哀 || aai (daai)台 || aix 愛 || ae 藹
|-
| au 後 || aw 歐 || aau 喉 || aux 懊 || ao (kao)狗
|-
| ia 夜 || iaf 埃 || iaa 爺 || iax 厭 || iar 野
|-
| iau 耀 || iaw 邀 || iaau 姚 || iaux (tiaux)跳 || iao (ciao)鳥
|-
| ioi (bioi)廟 || ioy 腰 || iooi 搖 || ioix (kioix)叫 || ioir (cioir)少
|-
| iu 柚 || iw 憂 || iuu 油 || iux 幼 || iuo 友
|-
| oa (doa)大 || oaf (koaf)歌 || oaa (zoaa)蛇 || oax (hoax)化 || oar (zoar)紙
|-
| oai (hoai)壞 || oay (koay)乖 || oaai (hoaai)懷 || oaix (koaix)怪 || oae (koae)拐
|-
| oe 話 || oef 鍋 || oee 唯 || oex (hoex)貨 || oea 挖
|-
| ui 位 || uy 威 || uii 圍 || uix 畏 || uie 委
|}

====Nasal finals====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| an (han)限 || afn 安 || aan 緊 || axn 案 || arn (karn)簡
|-
| ang (bang)網 || afng 翁 || aang 紅 || axng 甕 || arng (karng)講
|-
| am 頷 || afm 醃 || aam 涵 || axm 暗 || arm 洝
|-
| eng 用 || efng 鷹 || eeng 閒 || exng 應 || erng 泳
|-
| iam 艷 || iafm 閹 || iaam 鹽 || iaxm 厭 || iarm 掩
|-
| iang 恙 || iafng 央 || iaang 陽 || iaxng 泱 || iarng 養
|-
| ien 沿 || iefn 煙 || ieen 鉛 || iexn 宴 || iern 演
|-
| in 胤 || yn 因 || iin 云 || ixn 印 || irn 引
|-
| im (dim)燉 || ym 音 || iim 淫 || ixm 蔭 || irm 飲
|-
| iong 用 || iofng 央 || ioong 容 || ioxng 擁 || iorng 勇
|-
| oan 緩 || oafn 冤 || oaan 完 || oaxn 怨 || oarn 遠
|-
| ong 旺 || ofng 汪 || oong 王 || oxng 罋 || orng 往
|-
| un 運 || wn 溫 || uun 勻 || uxn 搵 || urn 隱
|-
| om' 掩'埋 || ofm 掩 || oom** || oxm (doxm)頓 || orm' (dorm)頓'頭
|}

====Checked syllables====

* # symbol represents characters used for their meaning, rather than their pronunciation

=====Monophthong=====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| || Labial || Dental || Velar || Open
|-
| Low || ab 壓 || ad 握 || ag 渥 || aq 鴨
|-
| High || ap 盒 || at (bat)密 || ak (bak)目 || ah (tah)疊
|-
| Low || ib 揖 || id 壹 || ig** || iq (tiq)鐵
|-
| High || ip 佾 || it 軼 || ik** || ih 胰
|-
| Low || ub** || ud 熨 || ug** || uq (duq)拄
|-
| High || up** || ut (kut)滑 || uk** || uh (duh)刺
|-
| Low || eb** || ed** || eg 億 || eq (keq)格
|-
| High || ep** || et** || 役 || eh 狹
|-
| Low || ob (lob)#踏 || od** || og 惡 || oq (moq)漏平
|-
| High || op (lop'lob) || ot** || ok (dok)獨 || oh (moh)膜
|-
| Low || oib** || oid** || oig** || oiq #慢
|-
| High || oip** || oit** || oik** || oih 學
|}

=====Diphthong=====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| iab #掩藏 || ied 謁 || iag (siag)摔 || iaq 扼
|-
| iap 葉 || iet 搧 || iak (diak)彈 || iah 頁
|-
|  || oad #轉 || iog || auq (kauq)輾
|-
|  || oat 悅 || iok 育 || auh (bauh)貿
|-
| iuq (kiuq)縮 ||  ||  || iauq (hiauq)剝
|-
| iuh' (kiuh)縮 ||  ||  || iauh (hiauh)剝
|-
| oaq (koaq)割 || ioiq #猜 || oeq (hoeq)血 || uiq (huiq)血
|-
| oah 活 || ioih 藥 || oeh 劃 || uih 劃
|}

====Rarely used vowels====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Vowel !! Example
|-
| io || nio, =nio 讓；svio, =sviu 想
|-
| iof || diofng 忠；hviof, =hviw香
|-
| ioo || nioo, =niuu 量，想；hioong affectionate, cruel
|-
| iox || cioxng 將，從；hioxng 向
|-
| ior || nior, =niuo 兩；bioir 秒
|-
| ioq || hioq 嗎 (interrogative)
|-
| oaiq || voaiq 瘸著走
|-
| oaih' || vih'voaih'kioix 噫椏叫
|-
| mq || hmq, =hmr strike down forcefully
|-
| mh || hmh insidious, silent; hmq'hmh
|-
| ngq || hngq (expression of agreement)
|-
| ngh || dngh 當, 擔任；hngh (expression of disapproval)
|}

==PSDB examples==
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights===
{| border=0 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0
|- bgcolor=#eeeeee
! align=left | PSDB
! align=left | English
|-
| class="Unicode" | {{Transliteration|nan|Lienhabkog seakaix jinqoaan soangieen}}

{{Transliteration|nan|De id diaau}}

{{Transliteration|nan|Sofu ee laang cit zhutsix doixsi zuxiuu ee, jichviar di zungiaam kab qoanli siong itlut pengderng. Langlaang tiensefng doi u lysexng kab liongsym, erngkay aix kafnnar hviadi kaxngqoarn laai hoxsiong duietai.}}

|| [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]

Article 1

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
|}

===PSDB Greetings===
{| border=0 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0
|- bgcolor=#eeeeee
! align=left | PSDB
! align=left | Translation
! align=left | Remarks
|-
|Ciaqpar`boe? ||Greetings. || ("Have you eaten?")
|-
|Sitlea! ||Sorry for my impoliteness! || (lit., "Disrespect")
|-
|Goar tviaf booi. ||I don't understand. || (lit., "I hear not")
|-
|Piexnsor di doyui? ||Where's the bathroom? || (lit., "bathroom is where?")
|-
|Loflat! Kafmsia!||Thank you ||
|-
|Ho daf `lax! ||Cheers! || (lit., ''Let it [the cup/glass] be dry [empty]!'')
|-
|Lie karm korng Engguo?||Do you speak English? ||
|-
|Siensvy korng, hagsefng diaxmdiam tviaf. ||The teacher talks, the students quietly listen. || {{Audio|Taiwanese_Kana_Example.ogg|listen}}
|-
|Kin'afjit hit'ee zabor-gyn'ar laai goarn daw qvoax goar. ||Today that girl came to my house to see me. || {{Audio|Tai JintianDaoJiaKanWo.ogg|listen}}
|-
|Kin'axm larn beq qix Suxliim Iaxchi'ar.||Tonight, we want to go to Shilin Night Market.||
|}

==Comparison chart==
{{POJtable}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.lodafn.url.tw/daibuun/ PSDB(Phofsit Daibuun)] {{in lang|zh}}
*[http://www.dang.idv.tw/ Formosa culture(Kun dor guan'de)] {{in lang|zh}}

[[Category:Languages of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Romanization of Hokkien]]
[[Category:Writing systems introduced in the 20th century]]