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{{Short description|Tractate of the Talmud}}
{{Infobox Tractate
 | image = Illustration-haggadah-exodus.jpg
 | caption = Illustration in the [[Kaufmann Haggadah|Kaufmann]] [[Haggadah]].
 | english = 
 | seder = [[Moed]]
 | mishnayot = 89
 | chapters = 10
 | talmudpages = 121
 | talmudypages = 71
 | previous = [[Eruvin (Talmud)|Eruvin]]
 | next = [[Shekalim (Tractate)|Shekalim]]
}}

'''Pesachim''' ({{langx|he| פְּסָחִים}}, lit. "Paschal lambs" or "Passovers"), also spelled '''Pesahim''', is the third [[Masekhet|tractate]] of ''[[Moed|Seder Moed]]'' ("Order of Festivals") of the [[Mishnah]] and of the [[Talmud]]. The tractate discusses the topics related to the [[Jewish holiday]] of [[Passover]], and the [[Passover sacrifice]], both called ''"Pesach"'' in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. The tractate deals with the laws of ''[[matza]]'' (unleavened bread) and ''[[maror]]'' (bitter herbs), the prohibitions against owning or consuming ''[[chametz]]'' ([[Leavening agent|leaven]]) on the festival, the details of the Paschal lamb that used to be offered at the [[Temple in Jerusalem]], the order of the feast on the first evening of the holiday known as the [[Passover seder]], and the laws of the supplemental "[[Pesach Sheni|Second Pesach]]".<ref name=RGT63>{{cite book|last=Steinsaltz|first=Adin|author-link1=Adin Steinsaltz| title=Reference Guide to the Talmud|publisher=Koren| year=2013|isbn=978-1-59264-312-7 |page=63|chapter=Tractates of the Mishna and the Talmud }}</ref><ref name=Kornfeld>{{cite web |last1=Kornfeld |first1=Mordecai |title=Introduction and Bibliography for Pesachim |url=http://dafyomi.co.il/pesachim/ps-in-biblio.htm |website=dafyomi.co.il |publisher=Kollel Iyun Hadaf of Yerushalayim |access-date=2019-02-03 |language=en}}</ref>

Two reasons are given for the name of the tractate ''Pesachim'' being in the plural: either because the tractate originally comprised two parts, one dealing with the Passover sacrifice, and the second with the other aspects of the holiday, before they were combined into a single tractate named ''Pesachim'' during the [[Geonic period]] (by 1040 [[Common Era|CE]]), or, because the tractate deals with the two occasions for offering the Passover sacrifice, namely, the 14th of the [[Nisan|month of Nisan]] on the eve of the holiday, and one month later, the "[[Pesach Sheni|second Pesach]]" on the 14th of [[Iyar]] for those who were unable to offer the sacrifice on the original date.<ref name=Kornfeld/><ref name=EJ13>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Ehrman|first=Arnost Zvi|author-link=Arnost Zvi Ehrman|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Judaica |volume=13|pages= 327–328|title=Pesahim|year=1978 |edition=1st |publisher=Keter Publishing House Ltd. |location=Jerusalem, Israel }}</ref>

The basis for the [[Halakha|laws]] included in this tractate are derived from the [[Torah]], largely from the [[Book of Exodus]], in Exodus 12:1-29, Leviticus 23:5-8, Exodus 13:3-10 and Exodus 23:15-18, as well as Leviticus 23:5-8, Numbers 9:2-14 and Numbers 28:16-25, and Deuteronomy 16:1-8.<ref name=JE>{{Jewish Encyclopedia |inline=1 |wstitle= Pesaḥim}}</ref>

The tractate consists of ten chapters and has a [[Gemara]] – rabbinical analysis of and commentary on the Mishnah – in both the [[Babylonian Talmud|Babylonian]] and [[Jerusalem Talmud]]. There is also a [[Tosefta]] for this tractate.<ref name=EJ13/>

Apart from the [[Passover sacrifice]], the [[Halakha|Jewish religious laws]] derived from this tractate regarding Passover have continued to be observed, with minor variations according the interpretations of later [[Poskim|halakhic authorities]], by traditional Jewish communities since ancient times until the present. The observances include the prohibitions on eating, benefiting from or possessing any leaven, and the [[Biur chametz|sale or search for and removal of leaven]] from the house before Passover; the practices of the Seder night, including eating matza and [[Maror|bitter herbs]], drinking [[Passover Seder#The Four Cups|four cups of wine]], and reciting the [[Haggadah]] recalling the [[Exodus from Egypt]]; as well as the observances of the entire holiday, including the eating of matza and the recitation of the [[Hallel|Hallel prayer]].<ref name=RGT276>{{cite book|last=Steinsaltz|first=Adin| author-link1=Adin Steinsaltz|title=Reference Guide to the Talmud|publisher=Koren| year=2013|isbn=978-1-59264-312-7 |pages=276–277|chapter=Halakhic Concepts and Terms: Moed }}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name of the tractate ''Pesachim'' is the Hebrew plural of the name of the Passover festival ''Pesach'', and there are two explanations given for this:

Firstly, the tractate contains two distinct parts, which were originally separate, until combined into a single tractate during the [[Geonic period]] (by 1040 [[Common Era|CE]]). Until then, the tractate was divided into two parts called ''Pesaḥ Rishon'' ("First Passover" or "Passover I") and ''Pesaḥ Sheni'' ("Second Passover" or "Passover II"). After the two parts were combined, the tractate was called ''Pesachim'', in the plural.<ref name=EJ13/>

One part, now comprising chapters one to four and chapter ten, addresses the laws of Passover that apply always and everywhere, such as the removal of chametz from the home, the eating of matzah, and the Seder on Passover night. The second part, now chapters five to nine, concern the laws of how the Passover sacrifice was offered and eaten at the [[Temple in Jerusalem]] while it existed. This part is more relevant thematically to ''[[Kodashim|Seder Kodashim]]'', the order of the Mishna concerned mainly with the [[Korban|sacrificial offerings]] in the Temple.<ref name=Daf>{{cite web | title=Introductions to Tractates - Pesachim | website=Dafyomi Advancement Forum | url=https://dafyomi.co.il/pesachim/ps-in-biblio.htm | access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref>

In the only surviving manuscript that contains the complete text of the Babylonian Talmud, known as the [[Munich Codex]], the current tenth chapter appears as the fourth, so that the chapters concerning the practical observances of the festival follow one another consecutively.<ref name=EJ13/><ref>{{cite web | title=Manuscripts|website=Collections: Hebrew and Yiddish| publisher=Bayerische Staatsbibliothek [Bavarian State Library]| url=https://www.bsb-muenchen.de/en/collections/orient/languages/hebrew-and-yiddish/#c6656 | access-date=2020-04-14|quote= ''Munich Codex Hebraicus 95'', ''France, 1342'': "the world's only remaining almost entirely preserved manuscript of the Babylonian Talmud.}}</ref>

The early medieval Jewish commentators, known as the ''[[Rishonim]]'', also refer to the first part of the tractate as "''Pesach Rishon''", and the second part about the sacrifices as "''Pesach Sheni''". [[Menachem Meiri|The Meiri]] (1249–1315) states clearly in his introduction to the tractate that during the immediately preceding [[Geonic period]], ''Pesachim'' was divided into two tractates. This distinction is also marked explicitly in the [[Vilna Edition Shas|Vilna edition]] in [[Hadran (Talmud)|the Hadran]] at the end of the fourth chapter ({{Cite Talmud|b|Pesachim||57b}}) and ninth chapter ({{Cite Talmud|b|Pesachim||99a}}) of the tractate.<ref name=Daf/>

A second reason given for the plural name of the tractate is that there are, in fact, two Passovers: the "[[Pesach Sheni|second Pesach]]" on the 14th of [[Iyar]] was instituted a month after Passover for those who were unable to offer the Passover sacrifice on the eve of the holiday on 14th of the [[Nisan|month of Nisan]], in accordance with Leviticus 9:6-12. Accordingly, the title of the tractate in the plural recognizes this, although the Mishnah almost entirely concerns the first or "Great" Passover.<ref name=EJ13/><ref name=Kornfeld/><ref name=Lipman>{{cite book |editor1-last=Lipman |editor1-first=Eugene J. |title=The Mishnah: Oral Teachings of Judaism |chapter= Pesahim—Passover |date=1970 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |oclc=1043172244|location=New York |pages=95–96|edition=1st}}</ref>

==Subject matter==
The subject matter of this tractate covers the various laws of all the aspects of the [[Passover|Passover holiday]]. The Mishna follows a mostly sequential order, beginning with the search for ''[[chametz]]'' (leaven) on the evening of the thirteenth of Nisan, the day before Passover, and the prohibition of leaven in all its aspects; the details of the [[Passover sacrifice]] on the eve of the holiday; and the laws of [[matzah]] and [[Maror|bitter herbs]] with which the sacrifice was to be eaten, during the ritual meal on Passover night, known as [[the Seder]], with which the tractate concludes.<ref name=RGT63/><ref name=Soncino>{{cite book|editor1-last=Epstein|editor1-first=Isidore|editor-link=Isidore Epstein|others=Freedman, H. (translator)|title=The Babylonian Talmud|volume= Moed|year=1938|publisher=The Soncino Press|location=London|pages=xi-xiii|chapter=Pesachim: Translated into English with Notes, Glossary and Indices}}</ref>

The topics discussed in this tractate are derived from the [[Torah]] in the [[Book of Exodus]], Exodus 12:1-29, Exodus 12:43-49, Exodus 13:3-10 and Exodus 23:15-18, as well as Leviticus 23:5-8, Numbers 9:2-14 and Numbers 28:16-25, and Deuteronomy 16:1-8.<ref name=JE/><ref name=Lipman/>

Other Biblical references to the subject matter are found in Joshua 5:10-11, 2 Kings 23:21-23, Ezekiel 45:21-24, Ezra 6:19-22, 2 Chronicles 30:1-5, and 2 Chronicles 35:1-19.<ref name=Lipman/>

==Structure and content==
In all the editions of the Mishnah, Pesachim is the third tractate of the order Mo'ed. The tractate comprises ten chapters and 89 paragraphs (''mishnayot''). It has a [[Gemara]] – rabbinical analysis of and commentary on the Mishnah, of 121 folio (double-sided) pages in the [[Babylonian Talmud]] and 71 folio pages in the [[Jerusalem Talmud]]. There is a [[Tosefta]] of ten chapters on this tractate.<ref name=RGT63/><ref name=EJ13/><ref name=JE/>

Tractate Pesahim can be divided into three sections: The first four chapters dealing primarily with laws concerning the [[chametz|removal of leaven]] (''chametz''); the next five chapters dealing with the [[Passover sacrifice]] and the tenth and final chapter describing the procedure for [[the Seder]], the meal on the first night of the Passover festival.<ref name=Kulp1>{{cite web | last=Kulp | first=Joshua | title=Introduction to Pesahim | website=Conservative Yeshiva in Jerusalem | date=2014-05-02 | url=http://learn.conservativeyeshiva.org/introduction-to-pesahim/ | access-date=2020-04-06 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

An overview of the topics of the chapters is as follows:

* Chapter 1 deals with the [[Search for Leaven|search for leaven]] (''bedikat chametz'') and its removal, when and where it is necessary, and how and when ''chametz'' is to be destroyed, and the time limit for eating leavened food on the day before Passover; it describes the signal on the [[Temple Mount]] in [[Jerusalem]] to notify the people when they were required to destroy their ''chametz''; and concludes with regulations about burning unclean sacred food.<ref name=JE/><ref name=EJ13/><ref name=Soncino/>
* Chapter 2 continues the subject of ''chametz'', such as the time from which any benefit from leavened food other than eating it is forbidden, the status of leaven which was kept until after Passover, including the status of leaven pawned or as pledges for monetary loans to non-Jews; it then discusses the making of the [[matzah]], plants that can be used as ''[[maror]]'' and the circumstances under which they may be eaten, and means to prevent substances becoming [[leaven]] during the festival.<ref name=JE/><ref name=EJ13/><ref name=Soncino/>
* Chapter 3 lists various foods regarded as ''cḥametẓ'', and which are not chametz themselves but contain leaven and for which a person failing to destroy them is guilty of [[List of Talmudic principles|transgressing the Biblical prohibitions]], the search for leaven and its removal when the eve of Passover occurs on a [[Shabbat|Sabbath]], cases in which travelers, who have set out on a journey and remember that they had not destroyed leavened food at home must return to do so; and by association, cases in which a pilgrim, returning home from Jerusalem, discovers that they are carrying sacrificial meat, must go back to burn it at the [[Temple in Jerusalem]].<ref name=JE/><ref name=EJ13/><ref name=Soncino/>
* Chapter 4 begins with the statement that refraining from work on the eve of Passover depends on [[Minhag|local custom]] (''minhag'') and discusses the strength of local customs in making and determining law; it then digresses to discuss various laws which depend on local customs and the binding force of customs in several different matters, and references practices of which the Rabbis did not approve and the extent to which they were able to stop them.<ref name=JE/><ref name=EJ13/><ref name=Soncino/>
* Chapter 5 begins the discussion of the [[Passover sacrifice]] and other aspects of the sacrificial service at the [[Temple in Jerusalem]], including the timing of the [[Korban|daily sacrifice (''tamid'')]] on the eve of Passover, and time for the sacrifice of the Passover sacrifice and circumstances which disqualify a lamb for use as the Passover sacrifice; it continues to describe the ceremonies in the Temple accompanying the slaughtering of the Passover sacrifice, the rows of [[Kohen|priests]], the accompanying music, and the three groups of the people who are required to recite the ''"[[Hallel]]"'' and finally, the manner of slaughtering the sacrifice when the eve o Passover falls on a Sabbath, and further preparation of the paschal lamb.<ref name=JE/><ref name=EJ13/>
* Chapter 6 continues to discuss the sacrificial arrangement when Passover falls on a [[Shabbat|Sabbath]], and with related issues such as when another animal must be sacrificed together with the paschal lamb, animals used for this sacrifice, and cases in which slaughtering the Passover sacrifice on the Sabbath is forbidden.<ref name=JE/><ref name=EJ13/>
* Chapter 7 begins with the methods for roasting the Passover sacrifice, and examines problems regarding [[Tumah and taharah|ritual impurity]] (''tumah'') affecting a person participating in the sacrifices, including those sacrifices which a person who is in a state of ''tumah'' may offer but not eat; the position when either the community or the sacrifice or parts of it become ritually impure; the time when the inedible parts of the offering such as the bones, and other remnants of the sacrifice must be burned, what part of the animal can be eaten, and the regulations about separate groups eating their sacrificial meat together in the same location.<ref name=JE/><ref name=EJ13/><ref name=Soncino/>
* Chapter 8 considers the questions of who may offer the Passover sacrifice on behalf of another, the position of women, slaves, mourners, and the ritually impure in respect of the Passover offering, and the requirement of registering for a particular sacrifice and being permitted to eat only of that sacrificial animal’s meat, and by association with this, other laws of registration are also discussed.<ref name=JE/><ref name=EJ13/><ref name=Soncino/>
* Chapter 9 begins with the regulations for those who are ritually impure or on a distant journey and unable to observe the Passover sacrifice at the proper time and are required to observe the [[Second Passover]] a month later, the difference between the first and the second Passover and the difference between the Passover which was celebrated in Egypt during [[the Exodus]] and all subsequent Passovers; the chapter transitions to discuss a variety of other problems, such as the exchange ''("[[Temurah (Talmud)|temurah]]")'' of a Passover sacrifice, offering of a female animal, mixing of the Passover sacrifice with other sacrifices, and cases in which the animal designated as a Passover sacrifice has been lost or exchanged.<ref name=JE/><ref name=EJ13/><ref name=Soncino/>
* Chapter 10 reviews the arrangements and regulations for the Passover night meal, [[the Seder]], in detail, including the four cups of wine, and the [[Berakhah|blessings]] recited over them, the questions asked and the narrative response to them (from which the [[Haggadah]] is compiled), as well as additional blessings and the recitation of the ''"[[Hallel]]"'' thanksgiving praise.<ref name=JE/><ref name=Soncino/>

==Historical context and significance==
{{rquote|1=right|2="And thou shalt tell your child in that day, saying: It is because of that which the Lord did for me when I came forth out of Egypt."|3= Exodus 13:8|4=<ref name=Lipman/>}}

The Mishna was composed towards the end of the [[Tannaim|Mishnaic period]] ({{circa}} 30 BCE - 200 [[Common Era|CE]]) in the Roman province of [[Judea (Roman province)|Judea]] and forms an early part in the lengthy development of Jewish law regarding the observance of the [[Passover|Passover holiday]].<ref name=RGT16>{{cite book|last=Steinsaltz|first=Adin|title=Reference Guide to the Talmud|publisher=Koren|year=2013|location=Jerusalem|isbn=978-1-59264-312-7|chapter=Life in the Talmudic Period|page=16}}</ref>

The Passover holiday was a central [[Three Pilgrimage Festivals|pilgrimage festival]] of the Jews when the [[Temple in Jerusalem]] still stood. Passover was a unique combination of a home and Temple holiday — although the paschal lamb was slaughtered in the Temple, it was not consumed by the [[Kohanim|priests]] but rather by groups of Jews called ''havurot'' — fellowship groups, and the rules of composition for these groups are detailed in the tractate. The tenth chapter of the tractate, containing the descriptions and instructions for [[the Seder]], as it became known in the post-Talmudic period, has been of continued importance from the time of its composition in antiquity, describing as it does one of the most carefully observed rituals of all Jewish communities until modern times.<ref name=Lipman/><ref name=Kulp10>{{cite web | last=Kulp | first=Joshua | title=Pesahim, Chapter 10, Mishnah 1 | website=Conservative Yeshiva in Jerusalem | date=2014-05-02 | url=http://learn.conservativeyeshiva.org/pesahim-chapter-ten-mishnah-one/ | access-date=2020-04-06 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Goodman>{{cite book |last1=Goodman |first1=Philip |title=The Passover Anthology|date=1973 |publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America |location=Philadelphia |isbn=0827600194 |pages=74–76 |edition=1st. |chapter=The Development of the Passover Haggadah}}</ref>

By the time the Mishnah was compiled in the second century C.E., significant parts of [[Haggadah|the Haggadah]], the traditional Passover narrative, were already formulated and in use as they are today. What are now the "[[Four Questions]]" originate in the Mishnah (Pesahim 10:4), and includes the question "On all other nights we eat meat roasted, stewed, or cooked; why on this night only roast meat?" The "Questions" were thus already part of the Seder during the period of the [[Second Temple]] when the Passover lamb was sacrificed as an offering and roasted and eaten at the home celebrations.<ref name=Goodman/> After the destruction of the Temple, the question concerning leaning was substituted for the one about the roast offering, which had by then lost its immediate relevance to the evening’s ceremonial meal. The question about [[Maror|bitter herbs]] was also a later addition.<ref name=Kulp1/><ref name=Goldschmidt>{{cite book |last1=Goldschmidt |first1=E.D. |title=Haggadah shel Pesah |date=1947 |publisher=Shocken |location=Tel Aviv |pages=12–13 |language=he}}</ref>

The annual retelling of the story of the [[Exodus from Egypt|redemption from Egypt]], as prescribed by the Mishnah, formed an ongoing reiteration of the Jewish belief in God’s past and ongoing protection. Throughout history, the story of the Exodus continued to capture the imagination of Jews, and non-Jews, who drew inspiration from it to strive for their freedom and the connection of their history to the future.<ref name=Kulp1/>

==Liturgical uses==
[[File:Scribe- Menahem - The Birds' Head Haggadah - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|14th century [[Birds' Head Haggadah|illuminated Haggadah manuscript]] showing text quoted from the Mishnah (Pesachim 10:5)]]
{{further|Haggadah}}

The structure and content of most of the liturgical selections used at the Seder were defined during the period of the Mishnah, and with some minor variations, came to comprise the traditional Haggadah that is used by Jewish communities to this day. The Talmudic passages of this tractate formed the basis for one of the earliest known partial texts of the Haggadah, included by [[Amram Gaon]] ({{c.}} 850 C.E.) in his daily prayer book, and the prayer book of [[Saadia Gaon]] (10th century) presents the earliest complete text of the Haggadah, although it begins differently from today's version. By the 11th century, the version in ''[[Mahzor Vitry]]'' is almost the same as that in use today. By the time [[Maimonides]] (1135-1204) published it in his ''[[Mishneh Torah]]'', the text of the Haggadah was essentially the same as the one in present use.<ref name=Goodman/>

The opening words of the Haggadah, after the [[Kiddush]] that is recited at all holiday meals, is a declaration in [[Talmudic Aramaic|Aramaic]] that appears to have been added to the Seder liturgy after the [[Destruction of the temple|destruction of the Temple]], commencing with the words {{lang|tmr|ha lahma anya}} ("this is the bread of affliction") describing the matzo, and inviting the poor to join the meal. It ends with the declaration "This year we are here; next year may we be in the [[Land of Israel]]; this year we are slaves, next year may we be free people", encapsulating an essential theme of the Seder’s message.<ref name=EJ7>{{cite encyclopedia|last= Goldschmidt |first=Ernst Daniel |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Judaica |volume=7|pages=1079, 1091|title= Haggadah, Passover|year=1978 |edition=1st |publisher=Keter Publishing House Ltd. |location=Jerusalem, Israel }}</ref>

The text of ''[[Ma Nishtana]]'' ("How is this night different") and now known as "The Four Questions" originates in the Mishnah (Pesachim 10:4) as a set of statements said after the meal and not before it, by the father rather than the child ({{Cite Talmud|b|Pesachim||116a}}). It passed through several stages, notably after the destruction of the Temple, when the statements were posed as questions designed to [[Passover Seder#Focus on the children|maintain the attention of the children]] during the telling of the Passover story which now took place before the meal; the statement about the roast offering was replaced by the one concerning reclining, and the question about [[Maror|bitter herbs]] was added.<ref name=Goodman/><ref name=Goldschmidt/><ref name=EJ7/><ref name=Sacks>{{cite book |editor1-last=Sacks |editor1-first=Jonathan |editor1-link=Jonathan Sacks |title=The Koren Haggada: with commentary by Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks |date=2013 |publisher=Koren Publishers |location=Jerusalem, Israel |isbn=978-9657760369 |pages=38, 40}}</ref>

The passage ''Avadim Hayinu'' ("We were slaves of Pharaoh in Egypt") begins the formal telling of the story of the exodus from Egypt, following the Mishnah’s directive to "begin with the shame and end with the praise" (Pesachim 10:4). The Talmud records the views of two third-century [[Amoraim|Talmudic sages]], [[Abba Arikha|Rav]] and [[Samuel of Nehardea|Shmuel]], regarding the starting point and content of the narrative ({{Cite Talmud|b|Pesachim||116a}}), either "We were slaves..." or "In the beginning our ancestors were idol worshippers..." At different times one or the other introduction was used, but both views were finally accommodated in the Haggadah, beginning with the answer according to Shmuel.<ref name=Goodman/><ref name=EJ7/><ref name=Sacks/>

The account in the Haggadah of five leading [[Tannaim|sages of the Mishnah]] the second century C.E., Rabbis [[Eliezer ben Hurcanus|Eliezer]], [[Joshua ben Hananiah|Joshua]], [[Eleazar ben Azariah]], [[Rabbi Akiva|Akiba]] and [[Rabbi Tarfon|Tarfon]], who spent the entire night in [[Beneberak|Bnei Brak]] talking about the Exodus from Egypt, is found only in the Haggadah, but the debate is cited in the Mishnah (Berachot 1: 5) and in the [[Midrash]], and a similar story is found in Tosefta of this tractate (Pesachim 10:12).<ref name=Goodman/>

Following the ruling prescribed in the Mishnah "that according to the understanding of the child, the father instructs him" (Pesachim 10:4), the Haggadah liturgy includes the section of [[The Four Sons]] from the [[Jerusalem Talmud]] and the midrashic [[Mekhilta de-Rabbi Ishmael]]. Although there are differences between the versions in the Talmud and the Haggadah, the text incorporates the four biblical verses describing the Exodus (Ex. 12:26, 13:8, 13:14, and Deut. 6:20) and associates them with four archetypical children who are to be instructed according to their temperaments.<ref name=EJ7/><ref>{{cite book|last1= Lauterbach|first1=Jacob|title=Mekhilta de-Rabbi Ishmael|date=1933|publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America|location=Philadelphia|pages=166–167|volume=I}}</ref>

The statements of [[Rabban Gamaliel]] explaining the significance of the Passover sacrifice, the matzah, and the bitter herbs (Pesachim 10:5), are included in the Haggadah. These were formulated into a question and answer arrangement in the text of the Haggadah after the Talmudic period. From the same Mishnah, a fundamental passage of the Haggadah, "Every person in every generation must regard themselves as having been personally freed from Egypt…" is also quoted directly. The text concluding the narration of the story and introducing the first part of the [[Hallel]] thanksgiving prayer, beginning "Therefore it is our duty to thank…" is also directly quoted from this Mishnah.<ref name=EJ7/><ref name=Goodman/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Pesachim.1?lang=bi Full Hebrew and English text of the Mishnah for tractate Pesachim] on [[Sefaria]]

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