View source for Peru–Bolivian Confederation

{{Short description|State in western South America from 1836 to 1839}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox country
|native_name       = {{lang|es|Confederación Perú-Boliviana}}
|conventional_long_name = Peru–Bolivian Confederation
|common_name       = Peru–Bolivian Confederation
|image_flag        = Flag of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation.svg
|image_coat        = Emblem of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation.svg
|symbol_type       = Emblem
|motto             = ''[[Firm and Happy for the Union|Firme por la Unión]]''
|anthem            = [[National Anthem of Peru]]{{efn|''De facto.''}}
|image_map         = Peru–Bolivia Confederation (orthographic projection).svg
|image_map_caption = Map of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation (including territorial claims) 
|capital           = [[Tacna]]
|population_estimate_year=1835–1836
|population_estimate= 2,434,513<ref>[https://www.opinion.com.bo/articulo/informe-especial/censo-bolivia-inicio-1831/20121118193500663158.html Censo en Bolivia se inició en 1831]</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gootenberg |first1=Paul |title=Population and Ethnicity in Early Republican Peru: Some Revisions |journal=Latin American Research Review |date=1991 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=109–157 |doi=10.1017/S0023879100023955 |id={{ProQuest|1297374817}} |jstor=2503666 |s2cid=252940541 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|official_languages= [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
|regional_languages= {{plainlist|
* [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]
* [[Aymara language|Aymara]]
* [[Guarani language|Guarani]]
* Other Indigenous languages
}} 
|membership_type   = Constituent countries
|membership        = {{plainlist|
* [[North Peru]]
* [[South Peru]]
* [[Bolivian Republic (Peru-Bolivian Confederation)|Bolivia]]}}
|government_type   = [[Confederation|Confederated]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]]
|title_leader      = [[Protector (title)|Supreme Protector]]
|year_leader1      = 28 October 1836 – 20 February 1839
|leader1           = [[Andrés de Santa Cruz]]
|event_start       = Established by decree
|year_start        = 1836
|date_start        = 28 October
|date_event1       = 1 May 1837
|event1            = Pact of Tacna
|date_event2       = 20 January 1839
|event2            = [[Battle of Yungay]]
|event_end         = [[Dissolution of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation|Dissolution]] declared{{efn|[[Agustín Gamarra]] first declared the Confederation dissolved on August 25, while [[José Miguel de Velasco]] later declared the confederation dissolved on October 26, 1839.}}
|date_end          = 25 August
|year_end          = 1839
|event_post        = [[Iquicha War of 1839|Capitulation of Iquicha]]
|date_post         = 15 November 1839
|currency          = [[Peruvian real]], [[Bolivian sol]]
|p1                = History of Peru (1821–1842){{!}}Peru
|flag_p1           = Flag of Peru (1825–1884).svg
|p2                = Republic of Bolivia (1825–1836){{!}}Bolivia
|flag_p2           = Flag of Bolivia (state, 1826-1851).svg
|s1                = Restoration (Peru){{!}}Peru
|flag_s1           = Flag of Peru (1825–1884).svg
|s2                = Republic of Bolivia (1839–1879){{!}}Bolivia
|flag_s2           = Flag of Bolivia (state, 1826-1851).svg
|today             = [[Peru]]<br/>[[Bolivia]]<br/>[[Argentina]]<br/>[[Brazil]]<br/>[[Chile]]<br/>[[Colombia]] <br/>[[Ecuador]]<br/>[[Paraguay]]
}}
The '''Peru–Bolivian Confederation''' ({{langx|es|Confederación Perú-Boliviana}})<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.leyes.congreso.gob.pe/Documentos/Constituciones/Ecpb1836.pdf |title=Decreto del 28 de Octubre de 1836 (Establecimiento de la Confederación Perú - Boliviana) |date=1836-10-28 |website=[[Congress of Peru]] |last=Santa-Cruz |first=Andrés |author-link=Andrés de Santa Cruz}}</ref> was a short-lived state that existed in [[South America]] between 1836 and 1839. The country was a loose [[confederation]] made up of three states: [[North Peru]] and [[South Peru]]—states that arose from the division of the [[Peruvian Republic]] due to the civil wars of [[Peruvian Civil War of 1834|1834]] and [[Salaverry-Santa Cruz War|1835 to 1836]]—as well as the [[Bolivian Republic (Peru-Bolivian Confederation)|Bolivian Republic]].<ref name=leyf>{{Cite web |url=https://www.leyes.congreso.gob.pe/Documentos/constituciones_ordenado/CONSTIT_1837/Lcpb1837.pdf |title=Ley Fundamental de la Confederación Perú-Boliviana (1837) |date=1837-05-01 |website=[[Congress of Peru]]}}</ref>

The geographical limits of the Confederation varied over time, with Bolivia [[Bolivian annexation of northern Argentina|occupying and incorporating]] the disputed territories in northern Argentina in 1838. It also possessed ''[[de facto]]'' [[autonomous]] indigenous territories, such as [[Iquicha]], all under the supreme command of Marshal [[Andrés de Santa Cruz]], who assumed the position of [[Supreme Protector]] in 1836, while he was [[president of Bolivia]].

Although its institutional creation arose on May 1, 1837, with the {{ill|Pact of Tacna|es|Pacto de Tacna}}, its ''de facto'' establishment dated from October 28, 1836<ref name=leyf/>—with the end of the [[Salaverry-Santa Cruz War|war between Salaverry and Santa Cruz]]—until August 25, 1839, with its [[Dissolution of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation|dissolution]] proclaimed by General [[Agustín Gamarra]],<ref name="archivo"/> the Peruvian ''restorationist'' president who [[War of the Confederation|declared war against the Confederation]], supported by the [[United Restoration Army]] headed by himself and Chilean [[Manuel Bulnes]]—formerly the [[Restoration Army of Peru]]—made up of Peruvian and Bolivian opponents of the Confederation, as well as the governments and armies of [[Conservative Republic|Chile]] and [[Argentine Confederation|Argentina]]. Both Chile and Argentina opposed the Confederation as a potential military and economic threat, and for its support for dissidents in exile.

Argentina and Bolivia reached an agreement after their [[Tarija War|war over Tarija]], and the [[Confederate Army (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Confederate Army]] was ultimately defeated by the United Restoration Army in the 1839 [[Battle of Yungay]], which put an end to the [[War of the Confederation]]. Historian [[Jorge Basadre]] frames the confederation as part of a period of "determination of the nationalities" in western South America.<ref name=Cuadernos2021>{{Cite journal|title=La presencia del Ejército restaurador en Perú (1837-1839), un vacío historiográfico|journal=[[Cuadernos de Historia]]|url=https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0719-12432021000100095&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=es|last=Serrano del Pozo|first=Gonzalo|volume=54|doi=10.4067/S0719-12432021000100095|year=2021|issue=54 |pages=95–117 |s2cid=238047546 |language=Spanish|trans-title=The presence of the Restoring Army in Peru (1837-1839), a historiographic vacuum|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==History==
===Background===
{{See also|Salaverry-Santa Cruz War}}
At the beginning of the 19th century, [[Simón Bolívar]] postulated the idea of creating a great nation, coinciding with [[Andrés de Santa Cruz]], who thought of uniting [[Peru]] and [[Bolivia]] in a single country, the latter colloquially known as [[Upper Peru]]. The idea of uniting both countries was the general idea of several influential political leaders in Peru—including [[Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro]], {{ill|José María Pando|es}}, {{ill|Manuel Lorenzo de Vidaurre|es}}, [[Agustín Gamarra]], among others—who sought to reintegrate the two Perus, disagreeing only in the form of the “union”: confederation or merger. An important factor in the desire to unite these two states were the historical ties between both regions, even after independence.{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=252}}

After political instability and a coup d'état in 1835, a [[Salaverry-Santa Cruz War|civil war]] broke out between newly self-declared president [[Felipe Santiago Salaverry]] and constitutional president [[Luis José de Orbegoso]], who allowed Bolivian president [[Andrés de Santa Cruz]] to send his troops through the Peruvian border.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=93–115}} After the latter's triumph in 1836, assemblies were soon established to make way for the creation of the Confederation.

===Prelude===
Two constituent congresses were established in each of the three founding states of the confederation, in the cities of [[Huaura]] (North Peru), [[Sicuani]] (South-Peru) and {{ill|Tapacarí|es}} (Bolivia). Immediately, the representatives of the three states promised to celebrate the union pact of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation as soon as possible.

The [[Sicuani Assembly]] was established on March 16, 1836, and closed on March 22. It featured representatives from [[Ayacucho Department|Ayacucho]], [[Arequipa Department|Arequipa]], [[Cuzco Department|Cuzco]], [[Puno Department|Puno]] and [[Tacna Department|Tacna]].{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=253}} On April 10, Orbegoso recognized [[South Peru]] as an independent state through a decree, and a Supreme Court was installed in [[Cuzco]] on August 24. The assembly also created the country's flag and currency. Fines were put in place to prevent the [[Flag of Peru|(now North) Peruvian flag]] from being flown.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=118}}

The [[Huaura Assembly]] lasted from August 3 to 24, 1836, and featured representatives from [[Department of La Libertad|La Libertad]], [[Lima Department|Lima]], [[Department of Huaylas|Huaylas]], [[Department of Amazonas, Peru|Maynas]] and [[Department of Junín|Junín]].{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=253}} On August 11, [[North Peru]] was officially established through the promulgation of its constitution by the then President Orbegoso, naming Santa Cruz—who triumphantly entered [[Lima]] on August 15—as the Supreme Protector of the state. Orbegoso also presented his resignation, but it was not approved by the assembly, who named him provisional president. The assembly also established the new territorial divisions of the country.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=119}} Unlike its new southern neighbour, North Peru maintained the national symbols of its predecessor.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=119–121}}

In the case of Bolivia, a special session of the {{ill|Tapacarí Congress|es|Congreso de Tapacarí}} had previously been held on June 21, 1836, which authorized Santa Cruz to complete the confederation project to which Bolivia had already adhered with the Law of July 22, 1835. Around that time, Santa Cruz received the diploma and insignia of Grand Officer of the [[Legion of Honour]], with which the [[King of France]] honored him. He also received a communication from [[Pope Gregory XVI]] and a rosary with his medal, blessed by the Pope himself.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=121}}

===Establishment===
Provided, then, with all the legal elements granted by the assemblies of the three states, Santa Cruz decreed the establishment of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation, by decree given in Lima on October 28, 1836.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=121}}{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=254}} A congress known today as the '''Congress of Tacna''' ({{langx|es|Congreso de Tacna}}) was ordered to meet in [[Tacna]] to establish the foundations of the confederation. A [[Customs|customs office]] was also opened in [[Arica]], which employed both South Peruvians and Bolivians.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=121–122}}

During the meeting, Santa Cruz arranged for each state to send a priest, a soldier and a lawyer as delegates before, and consequently, three religious, three lawyers and three soldiers marched to Tacna. The nine delegates were as follows:
*Representing '''North Peru'''
**{{ill|Tomás Diéguez de Florencia|es}}, bishop of Trujillo
**{{ill|Manuel Tellería Vicuña|es}}, lawyer and member of the Supreme Court
**{{ill|Francisco Quirós y Ampudia|es}}, colonel
*Representing '''South Peru'''
**{{ill|José Sebastián de Goyeneche y Barreda|es}}, bishop of Arequipa
**Pedro José Flórez, lawyer and judge of Ayacucho
**Juan José Larrea, colonel
*Representing '''Bolivia'''
**José María Mendizábal, bishop of [[Sucre|La Plata]]
**Pedro Buitrago, lawyer and member of the Supreme Court
**Miguel María de Aguirre, colonel

Initially, January 24, 1837, was chosen as the congress' date, but it had to be postponed. Santa Cruz decided to accompany the plenipotentiaries of the North-Peruvian State, for which reason he left Lima and embarked on the frigate ''Flora'' on February 9, but instead of disembarking in [[Islay Province|Islay]], he went to [[Arica]], where he arrived on February 27. The congress was postponed to April 18; Meanwhile, Santa Cruz remained in Arica, but on March 2 he headed for Tacna, where he was received with much fanfare. From Tacna he went to [[Viacha]] on March 10, arriving in [[La Paz]] the following day. There, together with the Bolivian plenipotentiaries Aguirre and Buitrago, and Bolivian Vice President [[Mariano Enrique Calvo]], he agreed on the project that should be discussed and approved in Tacna. Then, in the first days of April, he went down to Tacna again.

On April 18, 1837, the Tacna Congress was inaugurated, with the presence of the nine delegates. The [[#Government and politics|Pact of Tacna]] ({{langx|es|Pacto de Tacna}}) was signed without debate during the congress. It established the [[Constitution|legal framework]] through which the state would operate, and also included the design of the flag.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=122}} Reactions to the pact were mixed event among its signatories, and disagreements led to the establishment of one constituent congress per member state.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=124–125}} The act was later promulgated in 1837.

===Political instability and wars===
{{main|War of the Confederation|Tarija War}}
Like Orbegoso, Santa Cruz also had many opponents and enemies born in the frequent caudillo clashes of the early years of Peru's republican history. Among those enemies were powerful characters such as [[Agustín Gamarra]] and [[Ramón Castilla]], who at the time were exiled in Chile.{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=253}}<ref name=Tauro>{{Cite book|title=Enciclopedia ilustrada del Perú: CAN-CHO|last=Tauro del Pino|first=Alberto|publisher=[[El Comercio (Peru)|Empresa Editora El Comercio S. A.]]|year=2001|isbn=9972401499|location=Lima|pages=544–545|language=es}}</ref>

The rivalry that existed between the ports of [[Callao]] and [[Valparaíso]] worsened as a result of the establishment of the Confederation.{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=254}} A tariff war soon began between both states,{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=128–129}} and Orbegoso supported [[Ramón Freire]]'s failed expedition against [[Diego Portales]].{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=129–131}}{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=255}} The [[Congress of Chile]] approved the declaration of war on December 26, 1836,{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=255}} claiming that Santa Cruz's rule over Peru was illegitimate, and that his influence threatened the integrity of other [[South America]]n nations, as seen by Orbegoso's support for the attempted invasion of Chile by Freire, specifically pointing out the attempt on Portales.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=131}}

A territorial dispute between Argentina and Bolivia over the territory of [[Tarija Department|Tarija]] escalated, as Bolivia occupied and annexed the territory<ref>{{Cite journal |title=La anexión e incorporación de Tarija a Bolivia |journal=Tarija200 |url=https://www.tarija200.com/post/la-anexion-e-incorporacion-de-tarija-a-bolivia |last=Avila Echazú |first=Edgar |date=2011-04-14 |issue=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616040041/https://www.tarija200.com/post/la-anexion-e-incorporacion-de-tarija-a-bolivia |archive-date=16 June 2020 }}</ref> and [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]] then [[Tarija War|declared war]] on the Confederation on May 19, 1837, accusing Santa Cruz of harboring supporters of the [[Unitarian Party]]. The accusations ended up being true, as Santa Cruz had financially supported the émigrés.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=133}}

Portales was assassinated in [[Valparaíso]] after a mutiny broke out in [[Quillota]], leading to preparations for the invasion of South Peru.{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=255}} Thus, the first "Restorative Expedition" left Valparaíso on September 15, 1837, landing in [[Quilca District|Quilca]], and occupying [[Arequipa]] on October 12, establishing a [[Peruvian Republic (1837)|local government]] on October 17.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=135}} The [[Confederate Navy (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Confederate Navy]] captured the [[Juan Fernández Islands]] on November 14.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=137}}

On November 17, after the Chileans were surrounded by Peruvian troops, the [[Treaty of Paucarpata]] was signed by [[Manuel Blanco Encalada]] under the guarantee of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]], through which the occupation was undone six days later and the Peruvian ships captured by Chile were to be returned.{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=255}}{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=136}} After Blanco Encalada's troops arrived in Valparaíso, he was met with hostile demonstrations and the Chilean government repudiated the treaty of Paucarpata.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=137}} A second expedition headed by [[Manuel Bulnes]] was organized,{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=138}} which left for Peru on July 19, 1838.{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=255}}

===Dissolution===
[[File:Confederacion Perú Boliviana cronologia.png|thumb|right|275px|{{Collapsible list | title = Dissolution of Peru-Bolivia
| 1 = {{Legend|#C00000|Peru-Bolivia}}
{{Legend|#0000FE|Controlled by the [[United Restoration Army]]}}
{{Legend|#FCC300|[[Peruvian Republic (1837)|First Provisional Government of Peru]]}}
{{Legend|#1dacd6|[[Peruvian Republic (1838-1839)|Northern Peruvian Republic]]}}
{{Legend|#FFFF00|[[Agustín Gamarra#Second presidency and invasion of Bolivia|Second Provisional Government of Peru]]}}
{{Legend|#800080|[[José Miguel de Velasco|Provisional Government of Bolivia]]}}
{{Legend|#E65F00|New [[Peru]]vian State}}
{{Legend|#006400|New [[Bolivia]]n State}}
{{Legend|#000000|Controlled by the United Restoration Army during the ''[[#Restoration (1839–1841)|restoration]]''}}
{{legend-line|solid 2px #000000;|''[[De facto]]'' borders after the dissolution}}
{{Legend|#FE0000|Disputed between Peru-Bolivia and [[Argentine Confederation|Argentina]]}}
{{Legend|#0BDA51|Disputed between [[Bolivia]] and [[Argentine Confederation|Argentina]]}}}}]]
{{main|Dissolution of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation}}
Around the same time, [[Peruvian Republic (1838–1839)|North Peru seceded]] from the Confederation on July 30,{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=139}} but was nevertheless attacked and defeated by the United Restoration Army in the [[Battle of Portada de Guías]] of August 21.{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=256}}{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=142}} Meanwhile, Confederate troops in Callao were [[Third siege of Callao|besieged]] by the same army.

During this time, the Confederation's stability collapsed, as by September, Peru (i.e. North and South Peru) was under the ''de jure'' control of seven different presidents at one time: Santa Cruz, who was the Supreme Protector; Gamara, the restorationist president; Orbegoso, leader of the secessionist North Peruvian state; [[José de la Riva Agüero]], who replaced Orbegoso, being appointed by Santa Cruz; [[Pío de Tristán]], president of South Peru; [[Domingo Nieto]], in the north; and [[Juan Francisco de Vidal]] in Huaylas.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=145}}

Santa Cruz occupied Lima on November 10, ending the siege in Callao, but left for the north, where the restaurateurs were located. He was defeated in the [[Battle of Yungay]] on January 20, 1839, and thus, the Confederation was dissolved,{{sfn|Tamayo|1985|page=256}} with Gamarra announcing its dissolution on August 25.<ref name=archivo>{{Cite book |title=Archivo diplomático peruano |last=Ortiz de Zevallos Paz-Soldán |first=Carlos |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Peru)|Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Perú]] |year=1972 |language=es |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p1kPAAAAYAAJ |volume=9: Confederación Perú-Boliviana (1835-1839)}}</ref> The Confederate defeat led to the exile of Santa Cruz, first to [[Guayaquil]], in Ecuador, then to Chile, and finally to Europe, where he died.

After the Confederation was defeated, loyalists such as [[Antonio Huachaca]] kept fighting against the new Peruvian government, being also [[Iquicha War of 1839|defeated]] in November 1839.<ref>{{Cite book|title=La historia oculta: La lucha del pueblo argentino por su independencia del imperio inglés|last=Gullo|first=Marcelo|publisher=Editorial Biblos|year=2013|isbn=978-9876912969|language=Spanish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIfyDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>

==Government and politics==
According to the '''Fundamental law of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation''' ({{langx|es|Ley fundamental de la Confederación Perú-Boliviana}}) [[#Establishment|signed on April 18, 1837]], in each of the Confederation's states, there was, from 1837 until the dissolution, a “provisional president” under Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz, who was styled the “supreme protector” and was also president of [[Bolivia]].

*'''[[Bolivian Republic (Peru-Bolivian Confederation)|Bolivia]]'''
:*'''President:''' General [[José Miguel de Velasco]]

*'''[[North Peru]]''' (also known as ''Republic of the North of Peru'', or ''North-Peruvian Republic'')
:*'''First President:''' General [[Luis José de Orbegoso y Moncada|Luis Orbegoso]] (August 21, 1837 – July 30, 1838){{efn|He declared secession of the North-Peruvian Republic from the Peru-Bolivian Confederation on July 30, 1838, but continued as Provisional President until September 1, 1838.}}
:*'''Second President:''' General [[José de la Riva Agüero]] (August 1, 1838 – January 24, 1839)

*'''[[South Peru]]''' (also known as ''Republic of the South of Peru'', or ''South-Peruvian Republic'')
:*'''First President:''' General [[Ramón Herrera y Rodado]] (September 17, 1837 – October 12, 1838)
:*'''Second President:''' [[Pío de Tristán|Juan Pío de Tristán y Moscoso]] (October 12, 1838 – February 23, 1839)

This was in accordance to the constitution's stating that each of the three republics would have its own government, with equal rights between the three, but they were subject to the authority of a General Government, whose three powers would have the following characteristics:

*The '''Central Executive Power''' would be in the hands of Santa Cruz with the title of Protector of the Confederation, with a term of 10 years and the possibility of being re-elected, although the latter was not applicable if he had been removed from office by the Senate. The general customs and the general postal administration depended on him, as well as all diplomatic, [[Confederate Army (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|military]] and [[Confederate Navy (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|naval]] appointments. He was also [[Generalissimo]] of the sea and land forces of the confederate republics. He exercised the executive power of the state in which he was found. He appointed and removed the ministers of State and other public employees, being able to create new ministries. He chose the presidents of the confederate states, the senators of the General Congress and the ministers of the three supreme courts from among those proposed by their respective senates. He presented to the apostolic chair the archbishops and bishops of the three republics. He could dissolve the General Congress when a spirit of disorder manifestly seized the chambers, threatening the internal peace of the confederation.
*The '''General Legislative Power''' would be made up of two Chambers: one of Senators, with 15 members (five per State), and another of Representatives, with 21 members (7 per State). They met every two years for fifty days, and may be extended at the discretion of the Executive. He could be summoned extraordinarily by the government, having to deal exclusively with the matters imposed by it. All this made him a kind of caricature of legislative power.
:*The senators had to be appointed by the Protector from among those proposed by the Electoral Colleges of each department. Their functions were similar to those of the censors mentioned in the [[Constitution of Peru (1826)|Lifetime Constitution of 1826]].
:*The representatives had to be chosen by the General Congress of the confederation, from among those proposed by the Electoral Colleges of each of the confederate republics.
*The '''Judicial Power''' would be constituted on the basis of the Supreme Courts of the three Confederate Republics.

In addition to the above, the constitution also defined the flag of the confederation.

===Administrative divisions===
{{Main|Subdivisions of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation}}
[[File:Mapa de la Confederación Perú-Boliviana.png|thumb|right|De jure map of the Confederation.]]
{| style="margin:1em auto;"
|-
!{{flagdeco|Peru|1825}} [[Republic of North Peru|North Peru]]
!{{flagdeco|Peru|south}} [[Republic of South Peru|South Peru]]
!{{flagdeco|Bolivia|1831}} [[Bolivian Republic (Peru-Bolivian Confederation)|Bolivia]]
!Special administration
|-
|
# [[Department of Amazonas (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Amazonas]]
# [[Callao Littoral Province|Callao]]
# [[Department of Huaylas (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Huaylas]]
# [[Department of Lima (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Lima]]
# [[Department of Junín (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Junín]]
# [[Department of La Libertad (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|La Libertad]]
|
# [[Department of Arequipa (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Arequipa]]
# [[Department of Ayacucho (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Ayacucho]]
# [[Department of Cuzco (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Cuzco]]
# [[Litoral Department (1837–1857)|Litoral]]
# [[Department of Puno (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Puno]]
|
#
# [[Atacama Province (1829–1839)|Atacama]]
# [[Cochabamba Department (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Cochabamba]]
# [[Chuquisaca Department (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Chuquisaca]]
# [[La Paz Department (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|La Paz]]
# [[Oruro Department (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Oruro]]
# [[Potosí Department (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Potosí]]
# [[Santa Cruz Department (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Santa Cruz]]
# [[Tarija Department (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Tarija]]
|
# [[Port of Arica (Peru–Bolivian Confederation)|Arica]]
# [[Iquicha|Carhuaucran]]
|}

===Foreign relations===
*{{flag|Argentine Confederation|name=Argentina}}: after Bolivia [[Bolivian annexation of northern Argentina|occupied and annexed]] the disputed territory of [[Tarija Department|Tarija]], Argentina declared war on the Confederation on May 19, 1837.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=133}} After the war ended, Argentina negotiated with the new Bolivian state over the territories, and Tarija ultimately remained in Bolivia.
*{{flag|Empire of Brazil|name=Brazil}}: Brazilian diplomat [[Duarte da Ponte Ribeiro]] was appointed as the [[List of ambassadors of Brazil to Peru|Brazilian chargé d'affaires to Peru]] in 1829, and continued his functions after the establishment of the Confederation in 1836.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.br/funag/pt-br/chdd/historia-diplomatica/historia-das-relacoes-bilaterais-do-brasil/peru |title=Peru |website=Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão}}</ref> After the state's dissolution, he remained as the representative to Peru, signing a border treaty in 1841.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Um diplomata do Império: Barão da Ponte Ribeiro |last=Souza |first=José Antônio Soares de |publisher=FUNAG |year=2021 |isbn=978-65-87083-78-0 |location=Brasilia |pages=23–24 |language=pt |url=https://funag.gov.br/biblioteca-nova/produto/1-1160 |quote=Nunca será excessivo destacar a importância de Ponte Ribeiro na fixação do 'uti possidetis' como doutrina para a discussão dos limites brasileiros. Na negociação do tratado de 1841 com o Peru, o diplomata atuou inicialmente sem orientação clara do Rio de Janeiro e quando finalmente chegaram as instruções, estas contrariavam o rumo que ele havia dado à negociação. Ainda assim, insistiu na tese do 'uti possidetis de facto' mesmo chocando-se frontalmente com a orientação que recebera da capital. Ainda que o tratado tenha sido posteriormente rejeitado, quando seus termos foram retomados, no tratado de 1851, prevaleceria a tese de que a utilização do critério da posse efetiva se constituía no argumento mais vantajoso para o Brasil nas negociações com os vizinhos hispanos. O tratado assinado durante a Missão Especial, em sua essência, repetiu os termos negociados uma década antes e tornou-se modelo para as discussões de limites que se seguiram.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Exposição dos trabalhos historicos geographicos e hydrographicos que serviram de base a carta geral do imperio exhibida na exposição nacional de 1875 |last=da Ponte Ribeiro |first=Duarte |publisher=Typographia Nacional |year=1876 |language=pt |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/637997136 |oclc=637997136}}</ref>
*{{flag|Federal Republic of Central America|name=Central America}}: Morazán and Andrés de Santa Cruz never met, due to political circumstances.
*{{flagdeco|Chile}} [[Conservative Republic|Chile]]: relations soured quickly after the establishment of the Confederation as Chile wanted to maintain its hegemony over trade in the South Pacific. Peruvian support for a failed naval invasion led to the declaration of war in 1836, which led to a Chilean-backed [[Peruvian Republic (1837)|naval invasion]] in South Peru, through which relations were reestablished via the 1837 [[Treaty of Paucarpata]].
*{{flagdeco|Ecuador|1830}} [[History of Ecuador (1830–1860)|Ecuador]]: [[Vicente Rocafuerte]], then [[president of Ecuador]], presented a neutral position despite repeated attempts by Chile to get Ecuador to join the conflict, offering instead to act as a [[Mediation|mediator]]. Despite this, according to J.P. Roldán, then [[List of ambassadors of Peru to Ecuador|Consul]] in [[Guayaquil]], supporters of [[Juan José Flores]] were eager to join Chile in its war effort. Santa Cruz's government favoured Ecuador by sending subversive leaders [[José María Urvina]] and Juan Otamendi to Jauja, as well as interning subversive Ecuadorians to the [[Sierra (Peru)|''Sierra'']]. Ecuador had signed a treaty with the three member states of the Confederation, which was annulled by the [[Congress of Ecuador|Ecuadorian Congress]] in 1837 under Flores' influence.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=133–134}} When the Confederation ceased to exist, its consulate in Guayaquil was transferred to the new Peruvian government.<ref name=archivo/>
*{{flagdeco|France|1830}}: The French King [[Louis Philippe I]] has cordial relations with Andrés de Santa Cruz. The French government has given Andrés de Santa Cruz asylum after his exile after the dissolution of the confederation. 
*{{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain|name=Great Britain}}: The British government acted as guarantor of the Treaty of Paucarpata of 1837. When the treaty was annulled, the Consul General notified the Chilean government of [[Queen Victoria]]'s disapproval of the continuation of the war.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=136–137}} Then chargé d'affaires Belford Hinton Wilson made demands to guarantee the safety of British goods in Lima, which were later moved to Callao.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=145}}
*{{flag|Centralist Republic of Mexico|name=Mexico}}: The Government of [[José Justo Corro]] has diplomatic relations with both Peru and Bolivia. 
*{{flag|Republic of New Granada|name=New Granada}}: When pressed by Chilean minister Ventura Lavalle to join the conflict, then president [[Francisco de Paula Santander]] expressed his belief that, despite him agreeing with Chile over the threat the state posed to the region (and his personal disliking of Santa Cruz's government and person), the state was doomed due to its dysfunctionality between Santa Cruz's government and Peruvian elements in Bolivia, and recommended that he accept the Ecuadorian mediation so that the war could end.{{sfn|Basadre|2014|page=134}}
*{{flag|Paraguay|1826}}: the government of [[José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia]] did not have establish relations with Andrés de Santa Cruz due to political circumstances.
*{{flagdeco|Spain|1785}} [[History of Spain (1808–1874)|Spain]]: Spain did not have diplomatic relations with the confederation, because it had not recognized either Peru or Bolivia, largely due to the skirmishes caused by the wars of independence.
*{{flag|United States|1836}}: The Confederation was recognized by the U.S. on March 16, 1837, and James B. Thornton was appointed as [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Peru|chargé d'affaires]] to the new state. After the country's dissolution in 1839, the U.S. did not recognize Bolivia as a separate state until 1848.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bo.usembassy.gov/es/historia/ |title=UNA GUÍA PARA LA HISTORIA DE LAS RELACIONES DE RECONOCIMIENTO, DIPLOMÁTICAS Y CONSULARES DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS |website=Embajada de EE.UU. en Bolivia|date=21 March 2021 }}</ref>
*{{flag|Uruguay|name=Uruguay}}: [[Manuel Oribe]] and Andrés de Santa Cruz never met due to political circumstances.

==Legacy==
In 2011, President [[Ollanta Humala]] of Peru proposed Bolivian president [[Evo Morales]] to reunite the countries in a confederation.<ref>{{cite web | title=Humala Invites Morales to Consider the Re-Unification of Peru and Bolivia | url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/06/22/humala-invites-morales-to-consider-the-re-unification-of-peru-and-bolivia | date=22 June 2011 |publisher=MercoPress| access-date=25 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Humala Says Dreams of Peru-Bolivia Reunification | url=http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/70817/humala-says-dreams-of-perubolivia-reunification | date=22 June 2011 |newspaper=[[Buenos Aires Herald]]|access-date=25 May 2016}}</ref> The Cabinets of the two countries have held joint meetings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://perureports.com/2015/06/23/humala-and-evo-morales-reach-gas-deal-at-bi-national-cabinet/|title=Peru and Bolivia reach gas deal at 'bi-national cabinet'|date=24 June 2015|work=perureports.com|access-date=22 July 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[War of the Confederation]]
*[[Gran Colombia]] – Bolívar's Federation
*[[Federal Republic of Central America]] – another federal state on the American continent that underwent a similar fate.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book|ref=Altuve-Febres Lores|first=Fernán|last=Altuve-Febres Lores|year=1996|title=Los Reinos del Perú: apuntes sobre la monarquía peruana|url=|publisher=|isbn=}}
* {{Cite book|ref={{harvid|Basadre|2014}} |first=Jorge|last=Basadre Grohmann|year=2014|title=Historia de la República del Perú [1822-1933]|volume=2|publisher=[[El Comercio (Peru)|El Comercio]]|isbn=978-612-306-353-5|author-link=Jorge Basadre}}
* {{Cite book|ref=Husson|first=Patrick|last=Husson|year=1992|title=De la guerra a la rebelión: (Huanta, siglo XIX)|publisher=Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos "Bartolomé de Las Casas" & Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos}}
* {{Cite journal|ref=Méndez Gastelumendi|first=Cecilia|last=Méndez Gastelumendi|year=2002|title=El poder del nombre, o la construcción de identidades étnicas y nacionales en el Perú: Mito e historia de los iquichanos|journal=Documento de Trabajo|publisher=Instituto de Estudios Peruanos (IEP)|issn=1022-0356}}
* {{Cite book|ref=Méndez Gastelumendi|first=Cecilia|last=Méndez Gastelumendi|year=2005a|title=The Plebeian Republic: The Huanta Rebellion and the Making of the Peruvian State, 1820–1850|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|isbn=978-0822334415}}
* {{Cite book|ref=Parkerson |first=Phillip T. |last=Parkerson |year=2009 |title=Andrés de Santa cruz y la Confederación Perú-Boliviana, 1835-1839 |publisher=Biblioteca del Bicentenario de Bolivia}}
* {{Cite book|ref={{harvid|Tamayo|1985}} |title=Nuevo Compendio de Historia del Perú|last=Tamayo Herrera|first=José|author-link=José Tamayo Herrera|publisher=Editorial Lumen|year=1985|isbn=}}

==External links==
*[https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Peru.htm List of Peruvian heads of state] at ''WorldStatesmen.org''.

{{coord|13.4|S|68.9|W|display=title}}

{{South America in topic|History of}}
{{Coord missing|Bolivia}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord missing|Peru}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Peru-Bolivian Confederation}}
[[Category:Peru–Bolivian Confederation| ]]
[[Category:Former countries in South America]]
[[Category:War of the Confederation]]
[[Category:19th century in Bolivia]]
[[Category:1836 in Bolivia]]
[[Category:1838 in Bolivia]]
[[Category:1839 in Bolivia]]
[[Category:1836 in Peru]]
[[Category:1838 in Peru]]
[[Category:1839 in Peru]]
[[Category:1830s establishments in Bolivia]]
[[Category:1830s establishments in Peru]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1839]]
[[Category:Pan-Americanism]]
[[Category:1836 establishments in South America]]
[[Category:1839 disestablishments in South America]]
[[Category:1837 in South America]]