View source for Persian musical instruments

{{Short description|none}}
{{Iranian music}}
[[File:IranianMusicGroup.jpg|thumb|250px|Portrait of a music group in the [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar]] era, 1886]]
[[File:Chehel Sotoun 006.jpg|thumb |250px|17th century fresco at [[Chehel Sotoun]] showing musicians at a 1658 entertainment, in which [[Abbas II of Persia|Shah Abbas II]] hosted Nadr Mohammed Khan.]]

'''Persian musical instruments''' or '''Iranian musical instruments'''
can be broadly classified into three categories: [[Persian traditional music|classical]], [[Persian Symphonic Music|Western]] and [[Iranian folk music|folk]]. Most of Persian musical instruments spread in the former [[Persian Empire]]s states all over the [[Middle East]], [[Caucasus]], [[Central Asia]] and through adaptation, relations, and trade, in [[Europe]] and far regions of [[Asia]]. In the ancient era, the [[Silk Road]] had an effective role in this distribution.

== String instruments ==
'''Orchestral'''
*[[Tar (lute)|Tar]]
*[[Setar]]
*[[Kamancheh]]
*[[Ghaychak]]
*[[barbat (lute)|Barbat]]
*[[Chang (instrument)]]/[[Angular harp]]
*[[Santoor (Persian instrument)|Santoor]]
*[[Qanun (instrument)|Qānūn]]
* [[Shurangiz]]
<gallery>
Safavid-style portrait, female musician plays a tar.jpg|Tar
Woman with a setar, Safavid Iran, Isfahan (ca. 1600-1610).jpg|Setar, ca. 1610
A court musician playing the kemanche, painting by Abul Qasim, Qajar Iran.jpg|Kamancheh
Woman playing a santur, Qajar Iran, artist named Ahmad.jpg|Woman playing a santur, 19th century
File:Ralamb-89.jpg|Qanun, from Rålamb Costume Book, 1657
</gallery>

'''Folklore'''
*[[Dotar]]
*[[Tanbur]]
*[[Tar (Azerbaijani instrument)]]
* [[Bağlama|Divan]] (diwan or divan sazı, type of Bağlama)
*[[Sallaneh]]
*[[Sorahi]]
*[[Suroz]]
*[[Rubab (instrument)]]
<gallery>
Jean-Paul Flandrin - Odalisque with Slave - cropped to show dutar.jpg|Dotar (2 courses of strings)
</gallery>

== Wind instruments ==
'''Orchestral'''
*[[Ney]]
'''Folklores''' 
*[[Balaban (instrument)]]
*[[Donali]]
*[[Doudouk]]
*[[Dozaleh]]
*[[Garmon]]
*[[Karnay|Karna]]
*[[Ney-anbān]]
*[[Sorna]]

'''Historical'''
*[[Nafir (trumpet)|Nafir]]
<gallery>
File:Qajar Iran scene with women playing ney, tar and dancing.jpg|19th century C.E. [[Qajar Iran]] scene with women playing ney (flute), tar (lute) and dancing.
</gallery>

==Percussion instruments==
While Arabic and Persian are separate languages, to a great extent the [[Islamization of Iran|cultures intermixed]] during and after the [[Muslim conquest of Persia]]. Arabic became the [[lingua franca]] from the Middle East to the edge of China and into India, much as Latin was in Europe. As a result, the list below may contain Arab words that don't belong, but may also include words shared by both languages. An example is ''daf'' (دف), for which the Arab word is also ''daf'' or ''duff'' (plural ''dofuf''). Similarly, conquests and cultural intermixing have made Turkish words available, such as [[kudum]].

<gallery>
File:Persian woman playing the Daf, from a painting on the walls of Chehel-sotoon palace, Isfahan, 17th century.jpg|Persian woman playing the Daf, from a painting on the walls of [[Chehel Sotoun|Chehel Sotoun Palace]], [[Isfahan]], 17th century
File:Persian miniature of Woman with Daf in Qajar Iran, 19th century.jpg|Persian miniature of Woman with frame drum in Qajar Iran, 19th century. Possibly a [[daf]]; the red and white circles are links of chain attached to the inner edge of the drum.
File: Dancing girl percian hermitage.jpg|Woman playing Kastan (کاستانیـِت), or possibly ghashoghak or [[zill]]s.
File:Woman with Zarb drum, Qajar Iran,19th century.jpg|Woman with Zarb drum, Qajar Iran, 19th century
File:Woman playing drums, Qajar Iran, 19th century.jpg|Woman playing drums, Qajar Iran, 19th century
File:Woman playing Dayereh-zangi (دایره‌زنگی) or tambourine, ca 1820.jpg|Woman playing Dayereh-zangi (دایره‌زنگی) or tambourine, ca 1820
</gallery>

===Membranophones===
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
! Name in English
! Name in Persian or other names
! Description
! Picture
|-
| Arkal
| 
| A kind of drum, possibly of the frame type.
| 
|-
| Arabaneh
| 
| A kind of frame drum, sometimes fitted with jingles. Possibly same as ''arbana'', drum of Muslims in [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{cite book |title= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |volume=1 |page= 68 |author= L. K. A. K. Iyer |article= Arbana |editor= Stanley Sadie |date= 1984 |publisher=Macmillan Press |place=London}}</ref>
|
|-
| Batare
| 
| A kind of frame drum, maybe the same as Daf. It should be mentioned that Bateri is the same as the English word Battery (sound of drum and also a kind of percussion instrument).
| 
|-
| [[Bendir]]
[[:fa:بندیر|بندیر]] 
|Bendayer
| A large frame drum with thumb-hole on side. Today the Bendir is a typical frame drum. Similar instruments are common in the whole Near East from Morocco to Iraq and also in Northern Africa. A distinctive feature of this instrument is the set of snare strings fitted to the interior of the drum skin.
|[[File:A man playing the Bendir in Laghouat, Algeria.jpg|thumb|A man playing the bendir in [[Laghouat]], [[Algeria]]]]
|-
| Chumlak-dombolak
| 
| A kind of Turkish-Egyptian Dombak with clay body
|
|-
| Dabdab<ref name=Farmer2>{{cite book |first= Henry George |last= Farmer |title= A History of Arabian Music to the XIIIth Century |date= 2001 |page= 154 |publisher= Goodword Books |isbn= 9788187570639 |place=New Delhi  |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofarabian0000farm/page/154/mode/2up |quote=...pomp and circumstance of war became the order of the day, and we finds bands with the ''[[Būq an-nafīr|būq al-nafīr]]'' (large metal trumpet), the ''dabdāb'' (kettledrum), the ''qaṣ'a'' (shallow kettledrum), as well as the ''ṣunūj'' (cymbals).}}</ref><ref name=Farmer9>{{cite book |first= Henry George |last= Farmer |title= A History of Arabian Music to the XIIIth Century |date= 2001 |page= 207 |publisher= Goodword Books |isbn= 9788187570639 |place=New Delhi  |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofarabian0000farm/page/207/mode/2up |quote= granted leave to a general to have kettledrums (''dabādib'', sing. ''dabdāb'')}}</ref>
| 
| kettledrum.
|
|-
| [[Daf]]
[[:fa:دف|دف]]

[[Dayereh]] [[:fa:دایره_(ساز)|دایره_(ساز)]]

Riq 
[[:fa:رق|رق]]
| ''Dafif'', ''Dap'', ''Dareh'', ''Dariye'', ''Kichik Dap'', ''Dizeh'', Dofuf, ''Duff'', ''Dup'', ''Kafeh'', ''Raq'', ''Req'', ''Rik'', ''Riqq''
| The daf is one of the most ancient frame drums in Asia and North Africa. As a Persian instrument, in the 20th century, it is considered as a Sufi instrument to be played in Khaghan-s for Zikr music but now this percussion instrument has recently become very popular and it has been integrated into Persian art music successfully.
*Dap/Dup Some believe that Dap or Dup is a Hebraic word (Hebrew תוף ''tof''), which means stroke or beat and Daf is Arabicized of Dap. In Uyghuristan (Xinjiang of China) there are two kinds of frame drums. One is Dap and other that is smaller is Kichik Dap (Kichik literally means small). In Malaysia, ''Dup'' is a double-headed drum and is cylindrical in shape. Dup is usually used in the Ghazal and 'Gambuh' performance. The [[drumhead]] is of [[goat]] [[hide (skin)|hide]] and it is beaten either with the hand or with cloth-padded drumsticks. The word "Dup" is an [[onomatopoeia]].''Dup'' - Malay community in Johor
*''Dofuf'': Arabic pl. of Daf.
*''Dareh'' A kind of Persian frame drums same as Dayereh. It is played in folk music of Dezful city in Khuzestan province of Iran. There is a proverb that is: Dara seda nadara, which means Dareh, has not sound! Dara is a dialect of Dareh and Dareh in Dezful is called Dara. In Dezful Dar means coarse sieve.
*Dayereh literally means circle. It is Persian frame drum, though Dayereh is an Arabic word. Some believe that Dayereh is the same as the Persian word Dareh.
*Kafeh: A kind of Daf (frame drum) to be played by the palm of the hand. Kaffeh means circular thing.
|[[File:13981226000162637199477900324612 «دف نوازی» در كردستان.jpg|thumb|Women playing dafs in Kurdistan.]][[File:Daf-Khalaj.jpg|thumb|Iranian percussionist Majid Khalaj playing the dayereh]]
[[File:Riqq.jpg|thumb|Egyptian ''Riqq'', also spelled'' riq'', ''req''.]] 
|-
| Daf-e-chahar-gush
| 
| A kind of squared Daf. This percussion-skinned instrument is played in Egypt and Syria.
|
|-
| [[Dammam (drum)|Dammam]]
[[:fa:دمام (ساز)|دمام (ساز)]]
| Damameh
| May denote both a drum of bowl shape and a type of cylindrical drum.
|[[File:دمام زنی بوشهر.jpg|thumb|Demam drums during Ramadan, Bushehr city, Iran. Instruments in photo struck with drumstick and open hand.]]
|-
| ''Damz''
| 
| A kind of frame drum.
|
|-
| ''Davat'' 
| 
| A kind of drum to be stroke by Ghazib (drumstick).
|
|-
| ''Dā'ira''<ref name=Farmer8>{{cite book |first= Henry George |last= Farmer |title= A History of Arabian Music to the XIIIth Century |date= 2001 |page= 38 |publisher= Goodword Books |isbn= 9788187570639 |place=New Delhi  |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofarabian0000farm/page/38/mode/2up |quote= dā'ira (round tambourine)}}</ref> [[:fa:دایره (ساز)|دایره (ساز)]]

''Dayereh-zangi'' ([[:fa:دایره‌زنگی|دایره‌زنگی]])
| ''Dayera''
| Frame drum.
* ''Dā'ira'' means round tambourine<ref name=Farmer8/> (a reminder that older tambourines may have been square. 
*The modern ''dayera'' looks like a tambourine, without jingles. The ''dayereh-zangi'' has those jingles and  is the same as the [[Tambourine]].  It's not absolute, but a difference between the ''daf'' and the ''dayereh-zangi'' can be the size; the ''daf'' is often larger, the ''dayereh'' smaller.
|[[File:Daf-isfahan.jpg|thumb|Woman playing ''dayereh-zangi'' or ''daf''. The ''zangi'' refers to the metal disks embedded in the instrument's edge. See ''zang'']]
|-
| ''[[Dohol]]''
[[:fa:دهل|دهل]]
| 
''Dobol'', ''Gapdohol'', ''Jure''
| A big cylindrical two-faced drum to be played by two special drumsticks. One is wooden thick stick that is bowed at the end and its name is Changal (or Kajaki). The other is thin wooden twig and its name is Deyrak. (In Hormozgan province of Iran, Dohol is played by two hands.) Dohol is the main accompaniment of Sorna (Persian Oboe, Turkish Zurna, Indian Shehnay and Chinese Suona).
*''Dabal'', big drum. ''Dabalzan'' means ''Dabal'' player
*''Dobol'': A dialect of Dohol in Shushtar city of Khuzestan province of Iran.
*''Dohol-e-baz'': Small brazen Dohol to be played in the time of hunting in order to encourage the prey hawk (falcon) for hunting.
*[[Gapdohol]]: A kind of Dohol to be played in [[Hormozgan]] province of Iran.
*Jure: A kind of cylindrical drums same as [[Dohol]] to be used in folk music of Hormozgan province of Iran for accompanying [[Sorna]] (Persian Oboe, Turkish Zurna, Indian Shehnay and Chinese Suona) in wedding ceremonies or any other festive occasions.
*Keser: A kind of Dohol to be played in Hormozgan province.
*Tanbal: Tablak or Dohol.
*[[Timbook]]: A kind of cylindrical drums same as Dohol.
|[[File:2 dhols.jpg|thumb|Two dohol drums.]][[File:Dohol دهل from Khorasan.jpg|thumb|Dohol دهل from Khorasan,  played with curved drumstick. Called ''[[davul]]'' in Turkish. ]]
|-
|  Doholak
| 
| A Dohol from Baluchestan, played with both hands. Called Nal in Pakistan, Dholki in Mahashtra, India. The Dholak in India is a folk drum characterized by a cylindrical wooden shell covered with skin on both sides.
*Nal. Another name for Doholak.
|
|-
| ''Dulab'' 
| 
| Sarcastic or ironical name of drum.
|
|-
| ''Dulakvat'' 
| 
|  A kind of cylindrical drum, like the dohol, of Pakistan and Afghanistan.
|
|-
| ''[[Ghaval]]'' 
| 
| Azerbaijani frame drum with or without rings. Ghavalchi means Ghaval player.
|
|-
| ''Ghodum'' 
| [[Kudum]] (in Turkey)
|  A kind of drum to be played in Turkish Sufi music.
|[[File:Kudüm.jpg|thumb|''Kudüm'']]
|-
| ''Jam-Danbolak'' 
| 
| A kind of drum similar to  the Tonbak. ''Jam'' means "cup".
|
|-
|  ''Kaseh'' (کاسه‌)

*''[[Kaseh-pil]]'' (کاسه‌پیل)<ref name=EncyPersPerc>{{cite web |title= An Encyclopedia of Persian Percussion Instruments |first= Peyman |last= Nasehpour|url= https://www.nasehpour.com/persian-percussion-instruments}}</ref>
| elephant (پیل)

+

bowl (کاسه‌)
|''Kaseh'' means "bowl"; in music is referring to a kettledrum.<ref name=EncyPersPerc/> Kasehzan and Kasehgar both mean Kaseh player.<ref name=EncyPersPerc/> 

''Kaseh-pil'': A kind of drum that was banded on elephant. <ref>{{cite web |title= 
موسیقی شناسی قومی – تاریخی: برداشتی از تاریخ بیهقی |trans-title= Ethno-historical musicology: a view of Beyhaqi history |language= ar |publisher= مجله ویستا (Vista magazine) |author= محسن حجاریان (Mohsen Hajarian) |url= https://vista.ir/w/a/21/5bvy0 |quote= [Note: the quote comes from the author Mohsen Hajarian's commentary about another book, ''Tarikh Beyhaqi'', written by Khwaja Abulfazl Muhammad bin Hossein Beyhaqi.] (مراسم اجرای بوق و كوس و كاسه پیل در ورود رسول خلیفه بغداد به غزنین است.) the ceremony of performing trumpets, kos, and bowls at the arrival of the Messenger of the Caliph of Baghdad to Ghaznin.}}</ref> See [[Ayine-pil]].
|[[File:Detail of Celebrations at the time of the marriage of Aurangzeb, cropped to show size of elephant drums.jpg|thumb|Detail of Celebrations at the time of the marriage of Aurangzeb, cropped to show size of elephant drums]]
|-
|  ''Khom''
| 
| Kettledrum.
*''Khom-e-ruyin'': A kind of Khom with brazen body.
|
|-
|  ''Koli''
| 
| A Persian frame drum.
|
|-
|  Kube
| 
| In Arabic, Al-kube. An hourglass drum. Kube comes from the Persian verb Kubidan (to strike).
|
|-
|  ''[[Kus]]''<ref name=Farmer3>{{cite book |first= Henry George |last= Farmer |title= A History of Arabian Music to the XIIIth Century |date= 2001 |page= 211 |publisher= Goodword Books |isbn= 9788187570639 |place=New Delhi  |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofarabian0000farm/page/210/mode/2up |quote=jalājil (bells), and nāqūs (clapper)}}</ref>
[[:fa:کوس (ساز)|کوس (ساز)]]
| ''Kas''
| Persian/Arab/Turkish Kettledrum.
*[[:tr:Kös|Kös]] Turkish, from Persian.
*''Gavorga(ke)'': also called ''Kus'' (Kettledrum).
* ''Kurka'' (e): A Turkish word. Same as ''Gavorga'' .
*''Kus-e-Ashkebus'': Kus attributed to Ashkebus, famous commander of King Afrasiyab mentioned in masterpiece Shahnameh of the famous poet of Persia, Ferdosi.
*''Kus-e-dolat'': Kettledrum to be played during the victories.
*''Kus-e-id'': Kettledrum to be played during id (festival).
*''Kus-e-Iskandar'': Kus attributed to [[Iskandar (Timurid dynasty)|Iskandar]].
*''Kus-e-jang'': Kettledrum used in wars in order to embolden and encourage the soldiers.
*''Kus-e-khaghani'': Kettledrum for [[Khaghan]] (title of Chinese emperors).
*''Kus-e-Mahmudi'': Kettledrum attributed to King [[Mahmud Ghaznavi]].
*''Kus-e-rehlat'': Kettledrum to be played during the decamping.
*''Kus-e-ruyin'': Kettledrum with brazen body.
*''Kust'': Another name of Kus mentioned in [[Shahnameh]] of [[Ferdosi]].
*''Ruyin-khom'': Kettledrum. Same as ''Khom-e-ruyin''.
|[[File:A camel with its rider playing kettle drums..jpg|thumb|Large kettle drums from the Moghul Empire]][[File:No. 816 Chameause de mariage arabe (Marriage camels, Arabia) - DPLA - db6871a0c247247a53ea9e79f9f323e5.jpg|thumb|Camel drums in Cairo mark a marriage.]]
|-
|  Mohre
| 
| A war drum
|
|-
|  [[Nagara (drum)|Naqara]]
[[:fa:ناقارا|ناقارا]]
| 
| Azerbaijani drum
|[[File:Natiq Shirinov Eurovision 2012.jpg|thumb|Naqara]]
|-
| ''*[[Naqareh]]'' 
[[:fa:نقاره|نقاره]]

''Naqqāra''<ref name=Farmer3/>
| 
''Desarkutan'', Naghghareh, Naker
| A kind of drum to be stroke by Ghazib (drum stick). 
*''Naqqāra'', a kettledrum<ref name=Farmer3/>
*''Nakers'' were made of wood, metal, or clay and were sometimes equipped with snares. They were almost always played in pairs and were struck with hard sticks. They were probably tuned to high and low notes of identifiable pitch.
*''Desarkutan'' A kind of drum to be played in Mazandaran province of Iran. See Naghghareh-ye-Shomal
* ''Naghghareh-ye-Fars'': A kind of Naghghareh to be played in Fars province of Iran.
* ''Naghghareh-ye-Sanandaj'': A kind of ''Naghghareh'' to be played in Sanandaj city of Kurdistan province of Iran.
* ''Naghghareh-ye-Shomal'': A kind of Naghghareh to be played in North of Iran. Its name in Mazandaran province of Iran is ''Desarkutan''. ''Desarkutan'' is the combination of the words ''De'', ''Sar'' and ''Kutan'' that they respectively mean two, head and to beat.
|[[File:Military band, from manuscript, Bahram Recovers the Crown of Rivniz , Folio 245r from the Shahnama (Book of Kings) of of Abu'l Qasim Firdausi MET DP107153 (1).jpg|thumb|''[[Naqqāra-khāna]]'' or ''naubat'' (band). Features large ''nagaras'' on camel, smaller ''nagaras'' on horse, [[nafir]] trumpet and ''[[sorna]]'' (or ''[[zurna]]'').]]
[[File:Iraqi Naqqarat.jpg|thumb|Iraqi naqqarat]][[File:Aserbaidschanische Volksinstrument Goschanaghara.JPG|thumb|A pair of gosh naghara.]]
|-
|  Samma
| 
| A frame drum used in [[Sufi]] (mystic) music of Sistan-Baluchestan and other parts of southern Iran . 
|
|-
|  Shaghf
| 
| A frame drum.
|
|-
|  ''Shahin-Tabbal''
| ''shahin-tabl''
| [[Pipe and tabor]]. 
*''shāhin'' (شاهین) is a [[Fife (instrument)|fife]]. ''ṭabl'' (فایف) is a drum. The two were allowed to be played together (with reservations as an old/pre-Islamic combination).<ref name=Farmer7>{{cite book |first= Henry George |last= Farmer |title= A History of Arabian Music to the XIIIth Century |date= 2001 |page= 34 |publisher= Goodword Books |isbn= 9788187570639 |place=New Delhi  |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofarabian0000farm/page/34/mode/2up }}</ref>
Shahin means royal falcon, but refers here to a wind instrument. Tabbal means drummer. Shahin-Tabbal is a person who plays Shahin by one hand and Tabl (drum) by the other one.
|
|-
|  Tabare
| Tabire
| Tabire means drum. In Arabic it means Tabl. In French encyclopedia of Littreé it has been mentioned that the French word Tabur (small drum used in medieval times to accompany folk-dancing) comes from the Persian word Tabire.
*Tabur An Eastern percussion instrument called Tambour there, which immigrated westward.
*Taburak: A kind of frame drum. The word comes from Tabire, with a diminutive suffix "ak" and means small Tabire.
|
|-
|  ''Ṭabl''
[[:fa:طبل|طبل]]
| ''Kabar''
| Drum.
*''ṭabl'' is a generalized word for [[drum]], any kind of drum
*''ṭabl-e-baz'': A kind of drum to be used in the time of hunting. See Dohol-e-baz.
*''ṭabl ṭawīl'', ordinary long drum<ref name=Farmer3/>
*''ṭabl al-mukhannath'', hourglass-shaped drum<ref name=Farmer3/>
|[[File:Drum, 1861-1865 - North Carolina Museum of History - DSC06014.JPG|thumb|''Ṭabl'', name for any kind of drum.]]
|-
|  ''Tablak''
| ''[[Doplak]]'', ''[[Gushdarideh]]''
| Small drum
*Tanbal: Tablak or Dohol.
|
|-
|  Tas
[[:fa:طاس (ساز)|طاس (ساز)]]
| [[Tasht]]
| Small copper bowl drum covered with sheep or cow skin and beaten with a drumstick, or leather or rubber straps. The instrument may be related to the Indian Tasa or Tasha drums. Alternatively is copper bowls without skin, called Jal-Tarang in India.  Tasht means tub or basin. Tashtgar means Tasht player.
[[File:Batcha, or Dancing Boys, one with a cymbal, one with qairaq (or kairak).jpg|thumb|Russian Turkestan, circa 1869. ''Tas'' (left), ''[[qairaq]]'' or ''kairak'' right. In another photo from the series, the back of the tas shows it has no drumhide, but is sounded like a cymbal.]]
|[[File:Tas Kurdish instrument.jpg|thumb|Tas from Kurdistan]]
|-
|  Tempo
| 
| A goblet drum similar to Turkish-Arabic Dumbek or Darbuka.
|
|-
|  Tiryāl
| Tirpal
| a type of frame drum/tambourine<ref name=Farmer4>{{cite book |first= Henry George |last= Farmer |title= A History of Arabian Music to the XIIIth Century |date= 2001 |page= 211 |publisher= Goodword Books |isbn= 9788187570639 |place=New Delhi  |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofarabian0000farm/page/211/mode/2up |quote=jalājil (bells), and nāqūs (clapper)}}</ref>
|
|-
| [[Tombak]]
[[:fa:تمبک|تمبک]]

[[Tonbak]]
(تنبک)

[[Tonbak|Zarb]] 
(ضَرب)
| [[Dombak]], [[Dombalak]], [[Donbak]], [[Tonbak|Zarb]]
| Tonbak: Persian goblet drums. There are many names for this instrument. Some of them are: 1. Dombar 2. Dombarak 3. Tabang 4. Tabnak 5. Tobnak 6. Tobnok 7. Tobnog 8. Tonbik 9. Tonbook 10. Tontak 11. Khonbak 12. Khombak 13. Khommak 14. Damal 15. Dambal 16. Donbalak 17. Dombalak 18. Khoorazhak 19. Khomchak 20. Tonbak 21. Tombak 22. Donbak 23. Dombak 24. Zarb.
*''Dombak'': a[[goblet drum]] Another name of Tonbak. It is derived from the Pahlavi (Persian ancient language) word, Dombalak.
*''Dombalak'': Pahlavi name of Tonbak.
*''Dombalak-e-ayyubi'': Dombalak attributed to Ayyub (a Middle Eastern rhythm played in belly dance).
*''Donbak'': Another name of Tonbak.
*''Donbalak-e-Moghren'': An ancient drum that was a pair of Tombaks.
*[[Khombak]]: Another name for [[Tonbak]]. Khomak: Khom-e-ruyin. It literally means small barrel. There is a kind of cylindrical drum in Bengal and its name is Khomok. The khomok of the Baul people of Bengal is also known as a [[khamak]], anandalahari, and gubgubi. It looks like a small drum with a wooden body and a skinhead. The head is pierced with a string attached to a small piece of wood or metal to prevent it from passing all the way through the skin. The other end of the string travels through the instrument to come out the bottom opening and is attached to a small brass handle. The khomok is played by placing the drum body under the arm and pulling on the handle thus pulling the string and placing tension on the drum skin. The string is plucked while the tension on the string is varied, producing a surprising vocal-like sound. Some khomok have two strings that are played at the same time increasing both the volume and complexity of the sound.
*Khonb: Khom. Same as Khonbak.
*Khonbak: Some believe that Khonbak was a small Kettledrum with metallic body. Then it was made of clay and now it is made of wood and it is same as today Tonbak.
*Tonbak-e-zourkhaneh: A slightly larger than normal Tonbak to be played in zourkhaneh (Traditional Persian Gymnasium). Zourkhaneh literally means house of power.
*Tonbak-e-bazmi: A kind of Tonbak to be played in parties.
*Tonbak-e-razmi: Tonbak-e-zourkhaneh.
*Tonbak-e-Ta'lim: A kind of Tonbak for training the athletes in zourkhaneh (Traditional Persian Gymnasium).
*Tonbook: Another name of Tonbak.
*Zarb (ضَرب): Another name of Tonbak. Zarbgir is old expression for Tonbak player and it comes from the verb Zarb gereftan that means to play on Zarb.
*Zarb-e-zourkhaneh: A kind of Tonbak to be played in zourkhaneh (Traditional Persian Gymnasium). Zourkhaneh literally means house of power.
*Zarbuleh: A kind of goblet drum to be played in North Africa and Syria. In Syria it is covered with fish-skin and in North Africa with goatskin
*Tabang: Another name of Tonbak (Persian goblet drum).
|[[File:Woman with Zarb drum, Qajar Iran, early 19th century CE.jpg|thumb|Early to mid 19th-century ''zarb'', part of [[Qajar Iran]].<ref name=grovezarb>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last= Sadie |editor-first=Stanley |author1= Jean During |entry= Zarb |encyclopedia= The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |year=1984 |id= Volume 3 |pages= 891 |quote=}}</ref>]][[File:Mk-solo.jpg|thumb| Madjid Khaladj playing Tombak]]
|-
|  Zirbaghali
| Zerbaghali
| A goblet drum with a body made of clay. It is similar to the tonbak and used in Afghanistan. The skin has a black spot called siyahi, made of tuning paste. Drum influenced by India with technique that draws on Persian Tonbak and Indian tabla and darbuka.
|
|-
|  Zu-jalal
| 
| A kind of frame drum with bells.
|
|-
|zorkhaneh beat
[[:fa:ضرب زورخانه|ضرب زورخانه]]
|
|Clay-bodied drum with hide stretched across, used by a [[Murshid]] (mentor) in a [[Zurkhaneh|zorkhaneh]] gym to guide the exercise. Used alongside the Zang-e-zourkhaneh bell (زنگ زورخانه ای). The name is actually the name of the rhythm or drum-beat, applied to the instrument.
|[[File:Shahid Fahmideh Zurkhaneh.jpg|thumb|Zorkhaneh drum and zang-e-zourkhaneh bell, right side of image.]]
|}

===Idiophones===
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
! Name in English
! Name in Persian or other names
! Description
! Picture
|-
| Alvah
| 
| It is a set of wooden or metallic plates that is played by being struck with sticks. 
|
|-
| ''[[Ayine-pil]]'' (آیینه پیل)
| 
| A metal gong, beaten with sticks –  so large that it had to be carried by elephant and played by a mounted musician. 
| 
|-
| [[Boshghabak]]
| 
| Small cymbal to be used by dancers.
|
|-
| Chini
| 
| A shaken percussion instrument used in military bands. It consists of an earthenware body hung with small bells.
|
|-
| ''[[Ghashoghak]]'' 
| 
| Castanets.
|
|-
| ''[[Gong]]'' 
| [[Khar-mohre]]
| Metal disk with a turned rim giving a resonant note when struck with a stick. Gong apparently is of Chinese origin.
* ''Khar-mohre'': A kind of Gong.
*[[Naghus]]: Gong.
|
|-
|''[[Jalājil]]''<ref name=Farmer>{{cite book |first= Henry George |last= Farmer |title= A History of Arabian Music to the XIIIth Century |date= 2001 |page=6 |publisher= Goodword Books |isbn= 9788187570639 |place=New Delhi  |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofarabian0000farm/page/6/mode/2up |quote=jalājil (bells), and nāqūs (clapper)}}</ref> (Arabic, جلجل)
| ''Ghalāghil'', ''Juljul''<ref name=Farmer/>
| Jalājil is plural of Juljul. Arabic word for bells.<ref name=Farmer/> The word may have spread as far as Nepal where a type of cymbal is called [[Jhyali]]. Juljul can also be used of the bells hung on herd animals.<ref>{{cite book |title= A Survey of Musical Instruments |first=Sibyl |last= Marcuse |publisher= Harper & Row |place= New York |date= 1975 |isbn= 0-06-012776-7 |pages= 62–63}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Bell LACMA M.76.97.894.jpg|Ancient bell, Western Iran, circa 150 B.C. - 224 A.D.
File:Bell LACMA M.76.97.526.jpg|Ancient bell, Western Iran, circa 1000-650 B.C.
</gallery>
|[[File:Bell LACMA M.76.97.529.jpg|thumb|Ancient bell, Western Iran, circa 1000-650 B.C.]]
|-
|
kozeh (saz)
[[:fa:کوزه (ساز)|کوزه (ساز)]]
|
|Used in the music of [[Bandar Abbas]], Iran and some other cities in southern Iran
|[[File:Udu.jpg|thumb|Kozeh. Instrument made from imitation of Udu from Africa.]]
|-
|  [[castanet|Kastan]] [[:fa:قاشقک (ساز)|قاشقک (ساز)]]
|
| two bowl or shell-shaped finger-clappers that dancers wear on their fingers, clapped together rhythmically while dancing.
|[[File:Castagnetten.jpg|thumb|Wooden kastan, shaped like shells]]
|-
|[[Naqus]]
ناقوس
|
|Historically, a wooden plank hit with a hammer or tapped on cobblestone to make clanking noise. In modern Persian, ''naqus'' ([[:fa:ناقوس|ناقوس]]) means [[bell]]. According to Islamic tradition, the [[companions of Muhammad]] were unsure of what the sign for the daily prayers (''[[salāt]]'') should be. Mohammad therefore decided between a fire, a bell, a Jewish horn ([[shofar]]) and the ''nāqūs'' for the muezzin's call to prayer (''[[adhān]]'').<ref>{{cite dictionary |first= Thomas Patrick |last= Hughes |title= A Dictionary of Islam |publisher= W.H. Allen & Co |place= London |date= 1895 |page= 430 |entry= Naqus |url= https://answering-islam.org/Books/Hughes/n.htm}}</ref>  Apparently, in the early days of [[Fustat]], the Muslims struck the ''nāqūs'' as an early-morning call to prayer.<ref>{{cite journal |first= Richard JH |last= Gottheil |title= The Origin and History of the Minaret |work= Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= 2 |date= March 1910 |page= 134}}</ref> The sound of the ''nāqūs'' as a call to prayer was heard along with the crowing of the cocks.<ref>{{cite book |author= [[Georg Jacob]] |title= Das Leben der vorislâmischen Beduinen. (Studien in arabischen Dichtern, Heft III) |publisher= Mayer & Müller |place= Berlin |date= 1895 |page= 85 |url= https://archive.org/details/daslebendervori00jacogoog/page/n100/mode/2up}}</ref> 

As a wooden plank,  it was considered by Muhammed to signal a call to prayer. Early use among Muslims, Jewish people and Christians. Later known mainly as Christian instrument, allowed to be used in Muslim areas instead of a bell (which was louder and more disruptive).
|[[File:Hölzernes und Metallenes Semantron am Kloster Neamt.JPG|thumb|Instruments which fit as naqus, both a board and a metal gong. These are from Romania, used in Orthodox Christianity today.]]
|-
| ''Senj'' ''sinj'' سِنج
(Plural ''ṣunūj''<ref name=Farmer2/><ref name=Farmer5>{{cite book |first= Henry George |last= Farmer |title= A History of Arabian Music to the XIIIth Century |date= 2001 |page=263 |publisher= Goodword Books |isbn= 9788187570639 |place=New Delhi  |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofarabian0000farm/page/263/mode/2up |quote=ṣinj (pl. sunūj}}</ref>)

[[Sanj]]
[[:fa:سنج|سنج]]
| Boshqābak, [[Chalab (cymbal)|Chalab]], Chalap, Zang, Tal
| Large cymbal played in mourning ceremonies. A smaller version, by contrast, is used in festive ceremonies.
 His elephant-attendants' crowns of gold,
 Their golden girdles and their golden torques,
 Their golden Sanj (cymbals) and their golden Zang (bells)...
 --[[Shahname]]
*In moderns use, ''senj'' (سِنج) is the same as [[cymbal]].
*As they have been transcribed into European script, ''sanj'' and ''sinj'' have been confused. Farmer makes it clear that ''sinj'' was the cymbals, while ''sanj'' was the ''[[chang (instrument)|jank]]''. However, in the [[Arabic script|Arabic]] and [[Persian alphabet|Persian]] scripts, [[Arabic diacritics|diacritical mark]]s to indicate vowels are optional, and sanj/sinj are spelled the same.
*''ṣunnūj ṣaghīra'', small metal castanets used by dancers<ref name=Farmer6>{{cite book |first= Henry George |last= Farmer |title= A History of Arabian Music to the XIIIth Century |date= 2001 |page=47 |publisher= Goodword Books |isbn= 9788187570639 |place=New Delhi  |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofarabian0000farm/page/47/mode/2up}}</ref> (now called [[Zill]])
|[[File:Beckenpaar Mesopotamien Slg Ebnöther.jpg|thumb|Sanj, large cymbals or [[crash cymbals]] go back into antiquity; these are from Mesopotamia,  3rd millennium B.C.]]
[[File:Military band behind Emperor Humayun.jpg|thumb|Military band behind Emperor Humayun includes sanj.]]
|-
|  Saz-e-fulad
| 
|A percussion instrument made 35 metallic plates of different sizes. Fulad (Arabicized of Pulad) means "steel". Saz means "musical instrument".
*Saz-e-kubei: Percussion instrument. Kubei (from the verb Kubidan) means "percussion" and means to beat or strike.
*Saz-e-zarbi: Percussion instrument. Zarbi means rhythmic composition.
*Saz-e-zarbi-ye-pusti: Percussion skinned instrument. Pust and pusti mean "skin" and "skinned". 
|
|-
|  [[Zang (bell)|Zang]]
زنگ
| 
| [[File:Zang-e zurchaneh.jpg|thumb|right|Zang-e zurchaneh, bells used in [[Zurkhaneh]] power house, Iran]]
Persuan word for bells.
*''Zang-e-zourkhaneh'' (زنگ زورخانه ای): A kind of Zang to be played in zourkhaneh (Traditional Persian Gymnasium). Not finger cymbals but hanging bells.
*''zang-i kaftar'', bells worn on the wrist
*''zang-e schotor'', camel bells, larger bells, small bells, bells attached to cloth (as neck band or knee band), clusters of bells suspended from larger bells 
*Zangol: Another name of Zang.
*Zangolicheh: Small Zang or Jaras. It comes from Zangol and the diminutive suffix "cheh".
*Zanguleh: Small bell.
|[[File:Kaiser Akbar bändigt einen Elefanten.jpg|thumb|[[Akbar]] riding an elephant. The elephant has multiple bells, as well as chains that jingle.]]
[[File:A soldier (?) on a camel. Gouache painting, 19th century Wellcome V0045595.jpg|thumb|''zang-e schotor'', camel bells]][[File:Zang, braclet of bells.jpg|thumb|Zang, braclet of bells from Uzbekistan]]
|-
|*''Zang-e-sarangoshti''
''sanj angshati'' [[:fa:سنج انگشتی|سنج انگشتی]]

[[Zill]]
|
|Finger cymbals made of copper, played per pairs fixed on the inch and the major one of each hand. Mainly employed to stress the dance, one finds them in particular present in the miniatures Persians on figurines dancers of the beginning of the century, and in the past on low-relieves. Their existence seems to go back to immemorial times.

Names in Persian relate to the [[Sanj]] (''sanj angshati'') and the [[Zang (bell)|zang]] (''Zang-e-sarangoshti'')
| 
|-
|  ''Zanjir''
زنجی
| ''Zanchir'' in Pahlavi
| ''Zanjir'' means chain. It is a string or loop of hawk bells, able to be hung. It sounds by shaking.
[[File:Portrait of Kay Khusraw, by Mihr 'Ali, Qajar Iran, Isfahan 1803-4, cropped.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Kay Khusraw, by Mihr 'Ali, Qajar Iran, Isfahan 1803-4, cropped to show hawk. Hawk has on hawk bells, not a ''zanjir'' string, but 2 single bells.]]
|[[File:Grotesque Dancer wearing Zanjir (زنجی)- 1971.88 - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|Grotesque dancer wearing  Zanjir (زنجی).]]
|}

===Shaken idiophones===
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
! Name in English
! Name in Persian or other names
! Description
! Picture
|-
|''Akhlakandu''
|''Ajlakandu''
|A very ancient percussion instrument. It was a type of rattle made from a skull part-filled with small stones. Its modern name is Jeghjeghe meaning simply 'rattle'. It was played by being shaken.
|
|-
| ''Chaghaneh''
| ''Chaghabeh''
| A type of gourd rattle, filled with small stones. Used by dancers.
|
|-
|''Jeghjeghe''
[[:fa:جغجغه|جغجغه]]
| 
| Persian rattle. Today in Iran it is considered as an instrument for entertaining children.
|[[File:Plastic baby rattle toy 2.jpg|thumb]]
|-
|[[Qairaq]]
|''kairak''
|Musical instruments of the Tajiks, also used by Uzbeks and in Afghanistan. Flat river stones, held in pairs and shaken; makes clicking and rattling noise; some sounds are similar to castanets.
|[[File:Qairaq or kairak (stone castanets) mid-20th century.jpg|thumb|Qairaq from Afghanistan. From the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]
|-
|}

===Lamellophones=== 
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
! Name in English
! Name in Persian or other names
! Description
! Picture
|-
| ''Ghopuz'' 
| Zanburak
| [[Jaw harp]] of Turkmen Sahra of Iran.
|
|}

==Images from Turkestan==
These images are from the [[Russian Turkestan]], circa 1865-1872, an area in which Persian, Turkish, Arab/Islamic and Mongol peoples conquered and settled over the ages. When the Russians conquered, both Turkish and Persian languages were being spoken. The images of musical instruments show the mixing of cultures; some such as the ''[[tanbur]]'' appear normal for Persian culture. But there are variations, such as a ''[[kamanche]]'' that appears to be a bowed ''tanbur'', and the ''kauz'' or ''[[kobyz]]'', which is a Turkish word for an instrument that is closely related to the ''[[Ghaychak]]'', a Persian instrument.

<gallery>
File:Pastimes of Central Asians. Musicians. A Man Playing a Surnay, a Small Flute-like Instrument WDL10822.png|Russian Turkestan, about 1872. [[Dozaleh]] or "koshnai"
File:Dayra player.jpeg|[[Dayereh|Dayra]] 
File:Troupe of Musicians. A Woman Holding a Dayra, or Frame Drum WDL11114.png|[[Dayereh]]
File:Musical Instruments and Musicians. A Man Playing a Koshnai, a Clarinet-like Instrument WDL10768.png|[[Sorna]].
File:Pastimes of Central Asians. Musicians. A Man Playing a Karnay, a Long-necked Trumpet-like Instrument WDL10827.png|[[Karnay]]
File:Pastimes of Central Asians. A Musician Playing a Kauz, a Small Two-Stringed Instrument with a Bow WDL10823.png|Kauz or [[Kobyz]]. Also spelled ''qobuz''.
File:Musical Instruments and Musicians. A Man Playing a Nagara, a Double-Headed Folk Drum WDL10772.png|[[Nagara (drum)|Nagara]]
File:Musical Instruments and Musicians. A Man Playing a Dutar, a Long-Necked Fretted Lute WDL10767.png|[[Dutar]]
File:Pastimes of Central Asians. A Musician Playing a Gydzhak, a Stringed Instrument WDL10821.png|[[Ghijak|Gydzhak]]. Instrument in the [[Kamanche]] tradition. Not a [[Ghaychak]]; the name variation applied to two different fiddles. 
File:Pastimes of Central Asians. A Musician Playing a Nai, a Flute-like Instrument WDL10825.png|The ''nai'' in Turkestan was side-blown, like the flutes in [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]], and [[Karakalpakstan]]. 
File:Pastimes of Central Asians. A Musician Playing a Rubab, a Fretted Lute-like Instrument WDL10826.png|[[Rubab (instrument)|Rubab]]
File:Pastimes of Central Asians. A Musician Playing a Tambur, a Long-necked Stringed Instrument WDL10828.png|[[Tanbur]] 
File:Pastimes of Central Asians. Musicians. A Man Practicing the Kamancha, a Long-necked Stringed Instrument WDL10824.png|The "Mashki" [[Kamanche]], possibly related to the [[Sato (instrument)|sato]]
File:Musical Instruments and Musicians. Various Musical Instruments, Including a Koshnai WDL10771.png|from left: [[Nagara (drum)|nagaras]], [[sorna]], [[bülban]], [[ghoshmeh]], tas
File:Musical Instruments and Musicians. Various Musical Instruments, Including a Dutar, a Long-Necked Fretted Lute WDL10769.png|From left: [[dutar]], kauz or [[kobyz]], frame drum with drumstick, [[karnay]], [[ney]] (horizontal variation, above drum).
File:Musical Instruments and Musicians. Stringed Instruments and a Frame Drum WDL10770.png|From left: [[dutar]], [[rubab (instrument)|rubab]], [[daf]] (above rubab), [[ghijak|gydzhak]], mashki kamanche.

File:Syr Darya Oblast. City of Tashkent and the Types of People Seen on Its Streets. A Dervish Playing an Instrument WDL10952.png|[[Ney]], end-blown flute

File:Women's Customs Among the Tajiks- Fortune-Telling WDL2516.png|Tajik women, "fortune telling", one with a [[daf]]
File:Women's Customs among the Tajiks. Group of Young Women, Sitting Together with Their Arms around Each Other and Their Eyes Closed. One Woman Holds a Drum WDL11183.png|Tajik women, one [[daf]]
File:Folk Festival at Kurban Bayram in Tashkent. Pastimes at the Tea Stand WDL10776.png|
File:Troupe of Musicians. Group of Musicians and a Batcha, or Dancing Boy WDL11112.png|From left: [[bülban]], [[Nagara (drum)|nagara]]s, sorna, sorna, daf, tas, qairaqs.
</gallery>

== Others ==
The [[electronic keyboard]] is a popular western instrument.

There are numerous native musical instruments used in folk music.

== See also ==
* [[Music of Iran]]
* [[Persian traditional music]]

== References ==
*Abbas Aryanpur and Manoochehr Aryanpur, ''The Concise Persian-English Dictionary'', Amir Kabir Publication Organization, Tehran, 1990.
*David R. Courtney, ''Fundamentals of Tabla'', Vol. I, Sur Sangeet Services, Houston, 1998.
*[[Michael Kennedy (music critic)|Michael Kennedy]], ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music'', Oxford Univ. Press, London, 1980.
*Cemsid Salehpur, ''Türkçe Farsça Genel Sözlügü'', Tehran, 1996.
*Mehdi Setayeshgar, ''Vazhe-Name-ye-Musighi-ye-Iran Zamin'', Tehran, Vol. I (1995) & Vol. II (1996).
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Musical instruments of Iran }}
*[http://www.parstimes.com/music/local_instruments.html Introduction to Iranian Indigenous and Local Musical Instruments] by Kamran Komeylizadeh
{{Asian musical instruments}}
{{Iranian musical instruments}}
{{Music of Iran}}
{{Musical radif}}

[[Category:Persian musical instruments| ]]
[[Category:Iranian inventions|Musical instruments]]