View source for Periphery countries

{{Update|reason=Sources are from the late 20th century and early 21st century. These sources need to be updated|date=September 2023}}
{{Short description|Less developed, poorer countries}}
[[File:World trade map.svg|thumb|428x428px|A world map of countries by their supposed [[International trade#Largest countries or regions by total international trade|trading status]] in 2000, using the world system differentiation into core countries (blue), semi-periphery countries (yellow) and periphery countries (red). Based on the list in Chase-Dunn, Kawana, and Brewer (2000).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chase-Dunn |first1=Christopher |last2=Kawano |first2=Yukio |last3=Brewer |first3=Benjamin D. |date=2000 |title=Trade Globalization since 1795: Waves of Integration in the World-System |journal=American Sociological Review |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=77–95 |doi=10.2307/2657290 |jstor=2657290 |s2cid=147609071 |issn=0003-1224 |author1-link=Christopher Chase-Dunn}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20220305181504/https://www.irows.ucr.edu/cd/appendices/asr00/asr00app.htm See appendix with the country list ("Table A2")]. Some countries with a population of less than one million were excluded from the analysis.</ref>]]
[[File:World trade map 1965.png|thumb|428x428px|A world map of countries in 1965 colour-coded into 'blocks' based on trade, military interventions, diplomats and treaties:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Snyder |first1=David |last2=Kick |first2=Edward L. |date=1979-03-01 |title=Structural Position in the World System and Economic Growth, 1955–1970: A Multiple-Network Analysis of Transnational Interactions |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/226902 |journal=American Journal of Sociology |volume=84 |issue=5 |pages=1096–1126 |doi=10.1086/226902 |s2cid=144895613 |issn=0002-9602 |access-date=2022-04-08 |archive-date=2022-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408033741/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/226902 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> {{Legend|#e41a1c|Block A}} {{Legend|#4daf4a|Block B}} {{Legend|#377eb8|Block C & with dashed lines indicates colonies of Block C countries}} {{Legend|#74a9cf|Block C'}} {{Legend|#ff7f00|Block D}} {{Legend|#feb24c|Block D'}} {{Legend|#984ea3|Block E}} {{Legend|#8c6bb1|Block E'}} {{Legend|#35978f|Block F}} {{Legend|#80cdc1|Block F'}}]]
{{International relations theory sidebar}}

In [[world-systems theory]], '''periphery countries''' are those that are [[Developing country|less developed]] than the [[Semi-periphery countries|semi-periphery]] and [[core countries]]. These countries usually receive a [[International inequality|disproportionately small share of global wealth]]. They have weak state institutions and are dependent on—and, according to some, exploited by—[[Developed country|more developed countries]]. These countries are usually behind because of obstacles such as lack of [[technology]], unstable government, and poor education and [[Health system|health systems]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/25642636|title=Peripheral Realism Revisited|first1=Carlos |last1=Escudé|first2=Luis L|last2=Schenoni|journal=Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional|volume=59|issue=1|pages=1–18}}</ref> In some instances, the exploitation of periphery countries' [[agriculture]], cheap labor, and natural resources aid core countries in remaining dominant. This is best described by [[dependency theory]],<ref name= Shannon>Thomas Shannon. An Introduction to the World-System Perspective. 1996.</ref> which is one [[theory]] on how [[globalization]] can affect the world and the countries in it. It is, however, possible for periphery countries to rise out of their status and move into semi-periphery or core status. This can be done by doing things such as [[Industrialisation|industrializing]], stabilizing the government and [[political climate]], etc.

==Background==
Periphery countries are those that exist on the outer edges of global trade. There could be many reasons for a country to be considered peripheral. For example, some nations' customs and ports are so inefficient that even though they are geographically closer it is cheaper to ship goods from longer distances.<ref name=dollar>Dollar, David, "Globalization, Inequality, and Poverty since 1980" Development Research Group, World Bank. November 2001, Page 21.</ref>

Usually a peripheral country will specialize in one particular industry, leaving it vulnerable to economic instability and limiting international investment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peripheral Countries - (AP Human Geography) - Vocab, Definition, Explanations {{!}} Fiveable |url=https://library.fiveable.me/key-terms/ap-hug/peripheral-countries |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=library.fiveable.me |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Médici |first=Florencia |date=2020-10-01 |title=Financial instability in peripheral economies: an approach from the balance-of-payments constraint |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01603477.2020.1811126 |journal=Journal of Post Keynesian Economics |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=515–539 |doi=10.1080/01603477.2020.1811126 |issn=0160-3477|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sometimes countries decide to isolate themselves, such as 14th century China.<ref name="Before">Abu-Lughod, Janet L., "Before European Hegemony" Oxford University Press, 1989.</ref>

==Formation==
There are a variety of reasons that periphery countries remain the way they are. One important factor that keeps countries in the periphery is the lack of development of [[technology]].<ref name="world">Immanuel Wallerstein. The Modern World System : Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. Academic press. 1976.http://marriottschool.byu.edu/emp/WPW/Class%209%20-%20The%20World%20System%20Perspective.pdf.</ref> Another way periphery countries come to be is either the lack of a central [[government]] or the periphery country is under the control of another country. Periphery countries are known for exporting raw goods to core countries. What tends to happen is the maximum gain a periphery nation could earn is less than needed to maintain an equilibrium between [[cost]]s and [[revenues]]. One thing periphery nation could do is to stop the increase of exports.<ref name="periphery">{{Cite journal |last=Prebisch |first=Raúl |date=1959 |title=Commercial Policy in the Underdeveloped Countries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1816120 |journal=The American Economic Review |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=251–273 |issn=0002-8282}}</ref> At the beginning of the 19th century, [[Asia]] and [[Africa]] were considered periphery and their lack of development enabled the United States and Germany to remain successful core nations.<ref name="world"/>

Although periphery nations are exploited by core countries, there is a purpose to the unequal exchanges of goods. For instance, the core countries have an incentive to gain a [[Profit (economics)|profit]] and this enables the [[world]] [[Market (economics)|market]] to further grow. At times, there is a change in the balance of trade between the periphery and core countries. In this case, the [[governments]] of the periphery nation are affected in several ways. For instance, there is an increase in [[unemployment]] as well as a decrease in state income. This type of interaction is unique because the core country involved is somewhat weaker than normal. An example of this occurring is the growth of the industrial capabilities of [[Italy]] and [[Russia]] towards the end of the 19th century. This has also occurred in other periphery nations such as [[Brazil]], [[Mexico]], and [[South Africa]].<ref name="global">{{Cite journal |last=Wallerstein |first=Immanuel |date=1974 |title=Dependence in an Interdependent World: The Limited Possibilities of Transformation within the Capitalist World Economy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/523574 |journal=African Studies Review |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.2307/523574 |issn=0002-0206|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==History==

===15th century and 16th century===
The world-system of the 15th and 16th centuries was very different from the world-system of today. Several areas were beginning to develop into trading powers, but none were able to gain total control.  For this reason, a core and periphery developed in each region as opposed to a global scale. Cities began to become the "core" with the more agricultural countryside becoming a sort of "periphery". The most underdeveloped region that was still involved in trade at the time was Europe.  It had the weakest core and periphery areas.<ref name="Shannon"/>

Two examples of periphery countries in the late 15th century and early 16th century are [[Poland]] and [[Latin America]]. At this time, Poland was mainly exporting wheat to other areas of [[Europe]] and Poland wanted cheap labor. As a result, [[landlord]]s enslaved rural workers on their estate lands. Also, Latin America experienced an enslavement of their natives and imports of [[slaves]] from [[Africa]]. Forced mining labor was placed on the slaves, which enabled Latin America to export cheap goods to Europe.<ref name="world"/> Both Poland and Latin America were similar during this time period because the [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocrats]] of these areas became more wealthy due to their interactions with the [[world economy]]. These areas of the world were also different from during medieval times in Europe. They are different because during the late 15th century and early 16th century, Poland and Latin America were producing goods and exporting them rather than simply consuming their raw goods.<ref name="world"/>

==Interactions==
The relationship that the periphery countries have with the core countries is one that is defined by the exploitation of the periphery countries by the core countries. As many countries began to [[industrialize]] they looked for cheap goods and products.<ref name=Kardulias>{{cite book |editor-last=Kardulias |editor-first=P. Nick |title=World-systems Theory in Practice: Leadership, Production, and Exchange|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fFmBTldqTbsC&pg=PA203|year=1999|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8476-9104-3 |page=203}}</ref> These [[industrialized]] "core" countries would then look to the less developed "periphery" countries for cheap goods.  In most cases it is much easier and inexpensive to get these goods from other countries.<ref name= Hobsbawm>{{cite book |first=Eric |last=Hobsbawm |title=The Age of Empire: 1875-1914 |publisher=Vintage Books |year=1987 |isbn=978-0679721758 }}</ref> Core countries realized this and began to use these cheap resources.

For the core countries to remain at the core, it is necessary that the periphery countries keep producing these cheap goods and remain mostly [[agricultural]] while the core countries are able to get goods very cheaply from the periphery and then are able to [[manufacture]] products and sell them at a relatively high price.<ref name= Shannon /> The periphery countries are unable to make any gains because of this relationship and it is therefore impossible for them to ever industrialize. It is argued that if these countries are never able to industrialize, they will continue to remain on the periphery.<ref name= Shannon />

===Imperialism's effect on core-periphery interactions===
The current relationship between core countries and periphery countries was mostly defined in the era of [[imperialism]] that occurred in the late 19th through the early 20th centuries. It was at this time that the countries with the strongest [[economy|economies]] and military forces began to exploit those countries with weaker states.<ref name= Hobsbawm /> A result of this exploitation was the tendency of underdeveloped states or [[colony|colonies]] to move more towards the production of one type of [[export]] that would then come to  dominate their land, territory and lifestyle economy. Some examples of the time include Brazil's [[coffee]] production and Cuba's [[cigar]] production.<ref name= Hobsbawm />

==Economic possibilities==
Periphery countries are continuously exploited by countries due to the exportation of surpluses of raw goods to the more technologically industrialized core countries for manufacturing and distribution.<ref name=Martinez-Vela>Martinez-Vela. [http://marriottschool.byu.edu/emp/WPW/Class%209%20-%20The%20World%20System%20Perspective.pdf World Systems Theory] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306210823/http://marriottschool.byu.edu/emp/WPW/Class%209%20-%20The%20World%20System%20Perspective.pdf |date=2009-03-06 }}. ESD-83. Fall 20001.</ref> Recently some of the manufacturing has been moved to periphery countries but it is still controlled and owned by the core countries. There are, however, ways in which periphery countries can rise from their poor status and become semi-periphery countries or even core countries. It is crucial for the core countries to keep exploiting the natural resources of the periphery countries and to keep the governments semi-stable or else it could cause economic unrest for the core countries as a whole.<ref name="Soc">{{Cite book |last=Andersen |first=Margaret |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7s9hvROWjoC&dq=sociology+core+countries&pg=PA218 |title=Sociology: The Essentials |last2=Taylor |first2=Howard |date=2006-02-22 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-495-00683-1 |language=en}}</ref>

===Ways to improve===
There are several ways in which periphery countries are able to escape their poor status. Some of these ways are stabilizing their governments, becoming more industrialized and using [[natural resource]]s to benefit themselves rather than core countries, and creating a better [[education system]].<ref name = Soc/> Developing a banking system that can compete on a global scale is also another way in which periphery countries can help better themselves in the global market.<ref name = Soc/>

====Stabilized government====
One main way in which a periphery country can rise to [[semi-periphery]] or core status is through the stabilization of its government. A country with a [[dictatorship]] type government is much easier to exploit and corrupt than one with a well-organized, elected government and core countries use this to their advantage.<ref name = Soc/> Political unrest is usually a cause for military action from the core countries in order to protect their interests and keep a cooperative dictator or government in power.<ref name = Soc/>

Once the citizens of these countries become exploited enough, they can stage a coup in order to overthrow their government and put someone who they feel will help the country into power. If this is done successfully and the new leader is stays true to his/her word, the country can take the next necessary step in rising from periphery status and that is to start to industrialize.<ref name="Soc" />

Some [[Neo-Marxists]] believe that it would actually be best for periphery countries to cut all economic and political ties with the core countries. This would, in their opinion, allow the periphery countries to develop and industrialize at their own pace instead of being exploited and driven by core countries demands. Doing this would allow these countries to spend their money on industrializing and bettering themselves, rather than importing goods from core countries. It also would allow these countries to become more independent from the core countries, causing them to move to semi-peripheral status.<ref name="Politics">{{Cite book |last=Duncan |first=W. Raymond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQIy4FjLEC0C&dq=%22periphery+countries%22&pg=PA416 |title=World Politics in the 21st Century: Student Choice Edition |last2=Jancar-Webster |first2=Barbara |last3=Switky |first3=Bob |date=2008 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |isbn=978-0-547-05634-0 |pages=416 |language=en}}</ref>

====Industrializing====
Most periphery countries rely almost entirely on agriculture and other natural resources such as oil, coal, and diamonds in order to gain some sort of profit, but this also keeps them from growing economically. In order for them to grow they must industrialize in order to produce finished goods for exportation around the world, instead of allowing the core countries to profit from their natural resources. Industrializing and adapting newer technology is one of the major ways in which periphery countries can begin to raise their standard of living and help increase the wealth of their citizens.<ref name = Martinez-Vela/> Becoming industrialized also will help to force trade to come to their cities, if they can produce goods at competitive prices, allowing them to reach out to the global market and take hold.<ref name = Martinez-Vela/> Once a periphery country can industrialize, and use its own resources to its own benefit, it will begin to enter semi-periphery status.

In order for a periphery country to industrialize, it must first undergo [[proto-industrialization]].<ref name = proto/> In this stage, a [[market economy|market-based economy]] begins to form, normally in rural areas, using agricultural products. Proto-industrialization also helps to organize the rural market in this country and allows for them to become more capitalistic. Finally, once these countries develop this style of economy, they can begin to build factories and machines.<ref name = proto>John Hicks. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2117187 A Theory of Economic History]. page 141. Cambridge University Press.</ref>

====Education====
One of the final steps for a periphery country to rise to semi-periphery or core status is to educate its citizens. Raising the [[literacy]] rate allows ideas to spread more quickly through a country and also allows people to better communicate with themselves and the rest of the world. Also, once universities are developed, a country can begin to research new technology. Researching new technology can help a country to better compete in the global market by becoming more efficient or selling new technology and industrial techniques. If education and industry become developed enough, it is entirely possible for a periphery country to rise to [[core country]] status and become a leader in the global market.<ref name = Education/> Another way in which periphery countries better their education system is by spending money to send university-level students and staff abroad to places such as the U.S. and Europe to receive a better education.<ref name="Education">{{Cite journal |last=Arnove |first=Robert F. |date=1980 |title=Comparative Education and World-Systems Analysis |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1187395 |journal=Comparative Education Review |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=48–62 |issn=0010-4086}}</ref>

Once the people in these countries have become educated enough and they realize their place in the world economy, they can also demand help from the core countries. Although unlikely, due to the fact that the core countries rely on the exploitation of the periphery, there have been pushes for core countries to help better the periphery countries. Some of the ideas suggested are to help aid the periphery countries in developing by exploiting them less, help the periphery countries lose some of their debt and raise the prices on goods coming from these countries to allow them to be more profitable.<ref name = Politics/> These policies are obviously not beneficial to the core countries and is mostly why they have never been adapted successfully but this is another way in which the periphery could rise to a higher status.<ref name = Politics/>

===Examples===

====Russia====
During the early 20th century, the economy of the Russian Empire was a primarily agrarian country with isolated pockets of heavy industries. The Empire fell in 1917; the core of its industrial workers shrank from 3.6 million in 1917 to 1.5 million in 1920.<ref name="R141">Sheila Fitzpatrick (2008). ''The Russian Revolution''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-923767-0}}. p. 141</ref> After the end of the [[Russian Civil War]] the Soviet Union [[History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)#Industrialization in practice|industrialized]] under the rule of [[Joseph Stalin]]. Industrialization peaked in 1929–1932 in a [[First five-year plan (Soviet Union)|rapid campaign]] described as "a revolution from above".<ref name = R121>Sheila Fitzpatrick (2008). ''The Russian Revolution''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-923767-0}}. p. 121</ref> Former personal private farms were [[Collectivization in the Soviet Union|collectivized]] in the early 1930s and gradually supplied with tractors and other machinery. Mechanization of farm labor, among other factors, contributed to freeing up workers for the newly built factories. In 1928–1932 alone at least 10 million peasants migrated to the cities, causing "an unprecedented demographic upheaval".<ref name="R141"/> Industrialization allowed the country to trade in the global trade market. By the 1950s and 60s, only about 30 years after it began to industrialize, the Soviet Union was considered by most scholars a core country along with the United States.

===Adaptation===
Once a periphery country rises up to [[core countries]] status it will be more dependent on other periphery countries for natural resources. They may also start to exploit other periphery countries to continue to better themselves. One of the biggest impacts of this rise of status is the effects it has on the people of these countries. [[Health care]] is one of the first major improvements these countries will see, people will no longer die en masse from diseases such as [[malaria]] and will be better treated for [[non-communicable diseases]].<ref name="Globalization and NC disease">{{cite journal | url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673603143358 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14335-8 | title=Globalisation and the prevention and control of non-communicable disease: The neglected chronic diseases of adults | journal=The Lancet | date=13 September 2003 | volume=362 | issue=9387 | pages=903–908 | last1=Beaglehole | first1=R. | last2=Yach | first2=D. | pmid=13678979 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Education]] is also another way in which the citizens will benefit.<ref name = Education/> As a [[country]] becomes richer, it is able to build more [[schools]] and better fund the schools already built. This was seen in Russia after the [[October Revolution]]. A better educated public leads to a more efficient [[workforce]], and can also lead the country to technological breakthroughs in [[Industrial sector|industry]] and [[manufacturing]]. These countries will also experience much less severe famine now that they are able to trade successfully on a [[world|global]] scale.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

==Current periphery==

===List of current periphery countries===
Periphery countries as listed in the appendix of "Trade Globalization since 1795: waves of integration in the world-system" that appeared in the [[American Sociological Review]] (Dunn, Kawana, Brewer (2000)).<ref name=dunn>Dunn, Kawana, Brewer, ''Trade Globalization since 1795'', American Sociological Review, 2000 February, Vol. 65 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2657290 article], [http://www.irows.ucr.edu/cd/appendices/asr00/asr00app.htm#Table%20A2 Appendix with the country list]</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| {{flag|Afghanistan}} || {{flag|Albania}} || || {{flag|Angola}}
|-
| {{flag|Azerbaijan}} || {{flag|Bahamas}} || {{flag|Bahrain}} || {{flag|Bangladesh}} || {{flag|Barbados}}
|-
| {{flag|Belarus}} || {{flag|Belize}} || {{flag|Benin}} || {{flag|Bhutan}} || {{flag|Bolivia}}
|-
| {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} || {{flag|Botswana}} || || {{flag|Burkina Faso}} || {{flag|Burundi}}
|-
| {{flag|Cambodia}} || {{flag|Cameroon}} || {{flag|Cape Verde}} || {{flag|Central African Republic}} || {{flag|Chad}}
|-
| {{flag|Chile}} || {{flag|Colombia}} || {{flag|Comoros}} || {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} || {{flag|Congo}}
|-
| {{flag|Costa Rica}} || {{flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} || || {{flag|Cuba}} || {{flag|Cyprus}}
|-
| {{flag|Czech Republic}} || {{flag|Djibouti}} || {{flag|Dominican Republic}} || {{flag|Ecuador}} ||
|-
| {{flag|El Salvador}} || {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} || {{flag|Eritrea}} || {{flag|Estonia}} || {{flag|Ethiopia}}
|-
| {{flag|Gabon}} || {{flag|Gambia}} || {{flag|Georgia}} || {{flag|Ghana}} || {{flag|Greece}}
|-
| {{flag|Guatemala}} || {{flag|Guinea}} || {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} || {{flag|Guyana}} || {{flag|Haiti}}
|-
| {{flag|Honduras}} || {{flag|Hungary}} || || {{flag|Iraq}} || {{flag|Jamaica}}
|-
| {{flag|Jordan}} || {{flag|Kazakhstan}} || {{flag|Kenya}} || || {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
|-
| {{flag|Laos}} || {{flag|Latvia}} || {{flag|Lebanon}} || {{flag|Lesotho}} || {{flag|Liberia}}
|-
| {{flag|Libya}} || {{flag|Lithuania}} || {{flag|Macedonia}} || {{flag|Madagascar}} || {{flag|Malawi}}
|-
| {{flag|Malaysia}} || {{flag|Maldives}} || {{flag|Mali}} || {{flag|Mauritania}} || {{flag|Mauritius}}
|-
| {{flag|Moldova}} || {{flag|Mongolia}} || {{flag|Morocco}} || {{flag|Mozambique}} || {{flag|Myanmar}}
|-
| {{flag|Namibia}} || {{flag|Nepal}} || {{flag|Nicaragua}} || {{flag|Niger}} || {{flag|Nigeria}}
|-
| {{flag|Oman}} || {{flag|Pakistan}} || {{flag|Panama}} || {{flag|Papua New Guinea}} || {{flag|Paraguay}}
|-
| {{flag|Peru}} || {{flag|Philippines}} || || || {{flag|Rwanda}}
|-
| || {{flag|Sao Tome and Principe}} || || {{flag|Senegal}} || {{flag|Seychelles}}
|-
| {{flag|Sierra Leone}} || {{flag|Slovakia}} || || {{flag|Somalia}} || {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|-
| {{flag|Sudan}} || {{flag|Suriname}} || {{flag|Syrian Arab Republic}} || {{flag|Tanzania}} || {{flag|Thailand}}
|-
| {{flag|Togo}} || {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} || {{flag|Tunisia}} || {{flag|Turkey}} || {{flag|Turkmenistan}}
|-
| {{flag|Uganda}} || || || {{flag|Uruguay}} || {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
|-
| {{flag|Venezuela}} || {{flag|Vietnam}} || {{flag|Yemen}} || {{flag|Zambia}} || {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|}

And this is the periphery listing according to [[Salvatore Babones|Babones]] (2005), who notes that this list is composed of countries that "have been consistently classified into a single one of the three zones [core, semi-periphery or periphery] of the world economy over the entire 28-year study period".<ref>Salvatore J. Babones. 2005. [http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/392/404 The Country-Level Income Structure of the World-Economy]. Journal of World-Systems Research 11:29-55.</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| {{flag|Bangladesh}} || {{flag|Benin}} || {{flag|Bolivia}} || {{flag|Burkina Faso}} || {{flag|Burundi}}
|-
| {{flag|Central African Republic}} || {{flag|Chad}} || {{flag|Chile}} || || {{flag|Congo}}
|-
| {{flag|Gambia}} || {{flag|Ghana}} || {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} || {{flag|Haiti}} || {{flag|Honduras}}
|-
| || {{flag|Indonesia}} || {{flag|Kenya}} || {{flag|Lesotho}} || {{flag|Madagascar}}
|-
| {{flag|Malawi}} || || {{flag|Nepal}} || {{flag|Niger}} || {{flag|Nigeria}}
|-
| {{flag|Papua New Guinea}} || {{flag|Philippines}} || {{flag|Rwanda}} || {{flag|Senegal}} || {{flag|Sierra Leone}}
|-
| {{flag|Solomon Islands}} || {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || {{flag|Sudan}} || {{flag|Togo}} || {{flag|Zambia}}
|-
|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Agrowth]]
* [[American exceptionalism]]
* [[Civilizing mission]]
* [[Climate change]]
* [[Core-periphery]]
** [[First World]]
** [[Second World]]
** [[Third World]]
** [[Fourth World]]
* [[Critique of political economy]]
* [[Debt-to-GDP ratio]]
* [[Degrowth]]
* [[Development theory]]
* [[Export-oriented industrialization]]
* [[International development]]
** [[Developed country]]
** [[Developing country]]
** [[Least developed countries]]
* [[Land reform]]
* [[List of countries by wealth per adult]]
* [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM)
* [[North–South model]]
** [[Global North and Global South]]
* ''[[Prosperity Without Growth]]''
* [[Status quo]]
* [[Sufficiency economy]]
* [[Sustainability]]
* [[Sustainable development]]
* [[Thermoeconomics]]
* [[Theories of imperialism]]
** [[Dependency theory]]
** [[Neocolonialism]]
** [[Three Worlds Theory]]
* [[Uneconomic growth]]
* [[Unified growth theory]]
* [[Universal basic income]]
* [[Wealth redistribution]]
* [[The White Man's Burden]]
* [[Women migrant workers from developing countries]]
* [[World view]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Periphery Countries}}
[[Category:Development economics]]
[[Category:Imperialism studies]]
[[Category:International development]]
[[Category:World systems theory]]