View source for Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru

{{short description|System for dating cultural periods in the Andean Region}}

<!-- Note: this list is far from exhaustive. Please add and classify any additional cultures you are familiar with. This chart was based on Ed Lanning's work in the 1960s w/some cultures discovered since added -->

[[File:Late-intermediate-peru.png|thumb|Major cultures in Peru in the Late Intermediate Period (1000–1400)

{{legend|#9A1BCB|[[Chimor|Chimor / Chimú culture]]}}
{{legend|#e4a7fd|[[Aymara kingdoms]]}}
{{legend|#fcff48|[[Ica River|Ica]]-[[Nazca culture]]}}
{{legend|#7f817e|[[Huanca|Huanca (Wanka) culture]]}}
{{legend|#c7174d|[[Kingdom of Cusco|Kingdom of Cusco (Cuzco)]]}}
{{legend|#13c7c7|[[Sican culture]]}}
{{legend|#006a5a|[[Chiribaya culture]]}}
{{legend|#1bca35|[[Chancay culture]]}}]]
{{no footnotes|date=July 2016}}

This is a chart of '''cultural periods of Peru and the Andean Region''' developed by John Rowe and Edward Lanning and used by some archaeologists studying the area. An alternative dating system was developed by Luis Lumbreras and provides different dates for some archaeological finds.

Most of the cultures of the '''Late Horizon''' and some of the cultures of the Late Intermediate joined the [[Inca Empire]] by 1493, but the period ends in 1532 because that marks the fall of the Inca Empire after the [[Spanish conquest of Peru|Spanish conquest]]. Most of the cut-off years mark either an end of a severe drought or the beginning of one. These marked a shift of the most productive farming to or from the mountains and tended to mark the end of one culture and the rise of another.

The more recent findings concerning the [[Norte Chico civilization]] are not included on this list, as it was compiled before the site at [[Caral]] was investigated in detail.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Period
!Dates
!Cultures
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
!colspan="3" |''Lithic'' and ''[[Andean preceramic]]''
|-
| Period I
|12000 BCE{{nbsp}}– 9500 BCE
| [[Chivateros|Red Zone]] (12000 BCE{{nbsp}}– 10500 BCE),<br />[[Chivateros|Oquendo]] (10500 BCE{{nbsp}}– 9500 BCE)
|-
|Period II
|9500 BCE{{nbsp}}– 8000 BCE
| [[Chivateros|Chivateros I]]
|-
| Period III
|8000 BCE{{nbsp}}– 6000 BCE
| [[Arenal culture|Arenal]], [[Chivateros|Chivateros II]], [[Lauricocha I]], [[Playa Chira]], [[Puyenca]], [[Toquepala Caves|Toquepala I]]
|-
| Period IV
|6000 BCE{{nbsp}}– 4200 BCE
| [[Ambo culture|Ambo]], Canario, [[Siches]], [[Lauricocha II]], [[Luz culture|Luz]], [[Toquepala Caves|Toquepala II]]
|-
| Period V
|4200 BCE{{nbsp}}– 2500 BCE
| [[Honda culture|Honda]], [[Lauricocha III]], [[Pernil Alto]], [[Sechin Bajo]], [[Viscachani culture|Viscachani]], [[Jisk'a Iru Muqu]]
|-
| Period VI ('''Cotton Pre-ceramic''')
|2500 BCE{{nbsp}}– 1800 BCE
| [[Norte Chico civilization|Norte Chico]] (Caral), [[Buena Vista, Peru|Buena Vista]], [[Casavilca]], [[Culebras]], [[Ventarron]], Viscachani, [[Huaca Prieta]], [[Las Haldas]], Jisk'a Iru Muqu
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
!colspan="3" |''Ceramic''
|-
| Initial Period (also called Formative Period)
|1800 BCE{{nbsp}}– 900 BCE
| [[Chiripa culture|Early Chiripa]], [[Kotosh culture| Kotosh]], [[Cupisnique]], [[Toríl]] (the [[Cumbe Mayo]] [[aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]] was built {{Circa|1000 BCE}}), [[Las Haldas]], [[Qaluyu culture|Qaluyu]], [[Pukara culture|Pukara]], [[Casma–Sechin culture|Casma–Sechin]]
|-
| '''Early Horizon''' (Also called Formative Period)
|900 BCE{{nbsp}}– 200 BCE
| [[Chavín culture|Chavín]], [[Chiripa culture|Late Chiripa]], [[Paracas culture|Paracas]], [[Pechiche]], Pukara, [[Sechura culture|Sechura]], Casma–Sechin
|-
| Early{{nbsp}}Intermediate{{nbsp}}<td> 200 BCE{{nbsp}}– 600 CE
| {{Lang|es|[[Moche culture|Moche]]|italic=no}}, [[Nazca culture|Nazca]], [[Recuay culture|Recuay]], [[Lima culture|Lima]], Pukara, [[Tiwanaku]], [[Pechiche]], [[Sechura culture|Piura]], [[Salinar culture|Salinar]], [[Vicús culture|Vicus]], [[Huarpa culture|Huarpa]], [[Virú culture|Virú]]
|-
| '''Middle Horizon'''
| 600 CE{{nbsp}}– 1000 CE
| [[Wari culture|Wari]], [[Tiwanaku Empire|Tiwanaku]], [[Piura culture|Piura]], [[Las Ánimas complex|Las Ánimas]], [[Sican culture|Sican]]
|-
| Late Intermediate
|1000 CE{{nbsp}}– 1476 CE
| [[Chimú culture|Chimú]], [[Cajamarca culture|Cajamarca]], [[Piura culture|Piura]], [[Chancay culture|Chancay]], [[Chachapoya culture|Chachapoya]]<!--amazon-->, [[Chincha culture|Chincha]], [[Chiribaya culture|Chiribaya]], [[Chucuito]], [[Huaman Huilca]], [[Ilo, Peru|Ilo]], [[Qotu Qotu]], [[Pacacocha]]<!--amazon-->, [[Palli Marca]], [[Piura culture|Piura]], [[Sican culture|Sican]], [[Tajaraca]], [[Huaylas culture|Huaylas]], [[Conchucos]], [[Huamachuco culture|Huamachuco]], [[Rucanas]], [[Chanka]], [[Wanka people|Wanka]], [[Aymara kingdoms]] ([[Qulla Kingdom|Qulla]], [[Lupaca]], Charca, Kana, Qanchi), [[Ayabaca]], [[Bracamoros]], [[Huancabambas]], [[Tallán]], [[Tumpis culture|Tumpis]], [[Huarco]], [[Coayllo]], [[Ichma culture|Ichma]], [[Parinacota culture|Parinacota]], Cuntis, [[Chinchaycochas]], [[Huarochiri]], [[Kheswas]], [[Yaro culture|Yaro]], [[Atavillo]], [[Cantas culture|Cantas]], [[Yauyos culture|Yauyos]], [[Tarmas]], [[Paltas]], [[Camanas (peruvian culture)]], [[Huayuri]]
|-
|'''Late Horizon'''
|1476 CE{{nbsp}}– 1534 CE
| [[Tahuantinsuyu|Inca]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[Andean civilizations|Ancient Peru]]
* [[Amazonas before the Inca Empire]]
* The Pre-Incan [[Puñay|Lost Pyramid of Puñay]]

== References ==
* Edward P. Lanning; 1967 Peru Before the Incas. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., {{ISBN|0-13-661595-3}}
* Rowe, John Howland.; Menzel, Dorothy, (1967), Peruvian Archeology - Selected Readings. California, Peel Publications. 

{{Indigenous peoples of the Americas}}
{{Pre-Columbian}}
{{History of the Americas}}

[[Category:Prehistory of Peru|*]]
[[Category:Archaeology timelines|Peru]]
[[Category:Andean civilizations]]
[[Category:History of Indigenous peoples of South America]]
[[Category:Archaeology of Peru]]
[[Category:Pre-Columbian cultures]]
[[Category:Periodization]]
[[Category:Peru history-related lists]]