View source for Per mille

{{Short description|Unit for parts per thousand}}
{{Hatnote group|


{{Redirect-multi|3|%o|‰|Promille|the Finnish video game|Promille (video game)|the format string specifiers|printf format string|and|scanf format string}} {{Not to be confused with|text=[[%]], indicating [[percentage|parts per hundred]], or with [[‱]], indicating [[basis point|parts per ten thousand]]}} {{distinguish|parts per million}}

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{{Use British English|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox symbol
|mark=‰
|name=Per mille
|unicode={{unichar|2030| html=}} 
|see also={{unichar|0025| nlink=percent sign}}<br />{{unichar|2031|nlink=basis point}} (Basis point)
}}

The phrase '''per mille''' ({{etymology|la|{{wikt-lang|la|per}} {{wikt-lang|la|mīlle}}|in each thousand}})<ref name=oed>{{cite OED|per mil}}</ref> indicates [[parts per thousand]].<ref name=cam>{{cite encyclopedia |title=per mille |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/per-mille |department=Business English |encyclopedia=[[Cambridge Dictionary]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Cambridge]] |access-date=2020-06-08 |quote='''per mille''' ''adverb'' (also '''per mil''')}}</ref> The associated symbol is {{char|‰}}, similar to a [[per cent sign]] {{char|%}} but with an extra zero in the [[division (mathematics)|divisor]].

Major dictionaries do not agree on the spelling,<ref name=oed /><ref name=cam /><ref name=oad /> giving other options of '''per mil''',<ref name=cam/> '''per mill''',<ref name=oed/><ref name=oad>{{cite encyclopedia |title=per mill |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionaries: The American Dictionary |url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/per-mill |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809024811/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/per-mill |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 9, 2013 |access-date=2014-08-01}}</ref> '''permil''',<ref name=oed/><ref name="solubility" /> '''permill''',<ref name=oed/> '''permille'''.<ref name=uni/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=per mille |url=https://ldoceonline.com/noresult/?q=per%20mil |encyclopedia=[[Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English|Longman Business Dictionary]] |access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref> 

The word '''{{lang|de|promille}}''' is the [[cognate]] in Dutch, German, Finnish and Swedish, and is sometimes seen as a [[loanword]] in English with the same meaning as ''per mille''.<ref>{{cite dictionary |entry=Promille in English |entry-url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/german-english/promille |title=Cambridge German{{snd}} English Dictionary |access-date=24 September 2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref><ref name="solubility">{{cite journal |title=Glossary of terms related to solubility |journal=Pure Appl. Chem. |volume= 80 |number=2 |pages=233–276 |date=2008 |doi=10.1351/pac200880020233 |author1=Heinz Gamsjäger |author2=John W. Lorimer |author3=Pirketta Scharlin |author4=David G. Shaw|doi-access=free }} (Page 258)</ref>

The symbol is included in the [[General Punctuation (Unicode block)|General Punctuation]] block of [[Unicode]] at {{unichar|2030}}.<ref name=uni>Unicode. "[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2000.pdf General Punctuation]". 2014. Accessed 5 Aug 2014.</ref> There is also an Arabic-Indic per mille sign at  {{unichar|0609}}.

==Examples==
===Blood alcohol concentration===
{{Main|Blood alcohol concentration}}
Promille and permille are likely best known as shorthand terms for [[Blood Alcohol Concentration]], where 1 promille corresponds to 1 gram of alcohol per liter of blood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Promille vs BAC: the difference and how much promille is 1 BAC |url=https://alcosafe.be/en/blogs/onze-webshop/promille-vs-bac-het-verschil-en-hoeveel-promille-is-1-bac |website=AlcoSafe |access-date=24 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Promille is used in the legal limits of [[BAC by volume|blood-alcohol content]] for driving a road vehicle in some countries: for example: 0.5‰ or 0.8‰.<ref name="HRB BAL">{{cite web |title=Blood alcohol level (BAL) |publisher=Health Research Board (Ireland) |url=https://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/glossary/info/blood_alcohol_level }}</ref>

===Cost per mille===
====Sales and marketing====
{{Main|Cost per mille}}
[[Cost per mille]] (CPM), the price of 1000 units, may be used for views of banner and display advertising, and for emails delivered by [[Email service provider (marketing)|email service providers]].

====Insurance====
In UK insurance usage, the cost per mille is the rate per £1000 of insured value.<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=A Dictionary of Finance and Banking |edition=4 |editor1=Jonathan Law |editor2=John Smullen |entry=Per mille |entry-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100318315}}</ref> In India, the premium per mille is the rate expressed as thousandths of the sum assured.<ref>{{cite web |title=Avoidable loss due to imprudent underwriting of Group Personal Accident Policy  |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2019/Chapter_3_Ministry_of_Finance_of_Report_No_13_of_2019_Compliance_Audit_Observations_Union_Government_Commercial.pdf |publisher=Comptroller and Auditor General of India |date=March 2019}}</ref>

===Gradients===
{{Main|Grade (slope)}}
[[File:50 per mille.png|alt=A railroad distance and gradient sign in Gdańsk, Poland. The 50‰ grade is equivalent to 5%.|thumb|A tram and gradient sign in [[Gdańsk, Poland]].  The 50‰ [[Grade (slope)|grade]] is equivalent to 50{{nbsp}}m/km or 5%.]]
Gradients (in some countries in [[Europe]]) may be expressed as mm/m or m/km, and written with the per mille symbol.<ref>{{cite web |title=Directives pour la mesure de l'uni des routes et l'étalonnage des appareils |publisher=[[World Bank]] |author1=Michael W. Sayers |author2=Thomas D. Gillespie |author3=William D.O. Paterson |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/864001468334203776/pdf/WTP460PUB0FREN0s0Appareils000French.pdf |page=2 |quote=L'indice IRI est une mesure de l'uni des routes standardisée, apparentée aux mesures obtenues à l'aide des appareils de type-réponse. Les unités recommandées sont : les mètres par kilomètres (m/km) = millimètres par mètres (mm/m) = pente x 1000. |lang=fr |date=January 1986}} </ref>

===Isotope ratios===
Per mille may be used to express [[stable isotope|stable-isotope]] ratios—for example: "δ<sup>13</sup>C was measured at −3.5‰"

===Taxation===
====Charity fraction====
In Italy, it is possible to nominate a charity or charities to receive "five per mille" (5‰) of personal taxation payments.<ref>{{cite web |title=Five per thousand—how does it work and how is it calculated? |url=https://n26.com/en-it/blog/five-per-thousand-how-does-it-work-and-how-is-it-calculated |publisher=[[N26]] (bank) |date=22 June 2021 |access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref>
====Property tax====
{{Main|Property tax}}
[[Property tax]]ation rates may be expressed as the ''[[millage]] rate'' ([[United States|U.S.]]) or ''mill rate'' ([[Canada]]), from [[mill (currency)]], one thousandth of a dollar.

===Quantile===
{{Main|Quantile}}
Permille may also be used to express a [[Quantile#permille|1000-quantile]] ("999th permille"),<ref name="walker">{{Cite book |last1=Walker |first1=Helen Mary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogYnAQAAIAAJ&q=permille |title=Elementary Statistical Methods |last2=Lev |first2=Joseph |date=1969 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |isbn=978-0-03-081130-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Valentijn |first1=Floris Arnold |title=Senescent cell accumulation & Research-based undergraduate education|place=Utrecht University |date=21 September 2022 |doi=10.33540/1121|doi-access=free}}</ref> but this usage is rare and largely obsolete. Modern publications instead use fractional percentiles ("99.9th percentile").<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Knoppert |first1=Sebastiaan N |last2=Keijzer-Veen |first2=Mandy G |last3=Valentijn |first3=Floris A |last4=van den Heuvel-Eibrink |first4=Marry M |last5=Lilien |first5=Marc R |last6=van den Berg |first6=Gerrit |last7=Haveman |first7=Lianne M |last8=Stokman |first8=Marijn F |last9=Janssens |first9=Geert O |last10=van Kempen |first10=Sven |last11=Broekhuizen |first11=Roel |last12=Goldschmeding |first12=Roel |last13=Nguyen |first13=Tri Q |title=Cellular senescence in kidney biopsies is associated with tubular dysfunction and predicts CKD progression in childhood cancer patients with karyomegalic interstitial nephropathy |journal=The Journal of Pathology |date=December 2023 |volume=261 |issue=4 |pages=455–464 |doi=10.1002/path.6202|doi-access=free|pmid=37792603 }}</ref>

===Salinity===
{{Main|Salinity}}
Seawater [[salinity]] is often expressed per mille. Average marine salinity is about 35 parts per thousand or 35‰ (3.5%).<ref>{{cite dictionary |entry=Per mille |title=Glossary of Meteorology |entry-url=https://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Per_mille |publisher=American Meteorological Society |date=2022}}</ref>

== Related units ==
{{visualisation parts per.svg}}
* [[Percentage point]] difference of 1 part in 100
* [[Percentage]] (%) 1 part in 100
* [[Basis point]] (bp) difference of 1 part in 10,000
* [[Permyriad]] (‱) 1 part in 10,000
* [[Per cent mille]] (pcm) 1 part in 100,000

== See also ==
* [[Parts-per notation]]
* [[Per-unit system]]
* [[Percentile]]
* [[Fineness]] of precious metals (given as "0.000-fine")

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Per Mil}}
[[Category:1000 (number)]]
[[Category:Typographical symbols]]