View source for Pepper spray

{{Short description|Inflammatory agent}}
{{About|the chemical compound|devices used to dispense it|Pepper-spray projectile}}
{{Infobox pepper
| heat = Exceptionally hot
| scoville = 1,250,000{{efn|"Most" law enforcement grade pepper spray is measured anywhere from 500,000 to 2,000,000 SHU, which gives a median number of 1,250,000.<ref name="theppsc">{{cite web | url = http://www.theppsc.org/Staff_Views/Czarnecki/chemical_hazards_in_law_enforcement.htm | title= Chemical hazards in law enforcement | publisher= The Police Policy Studies Council | access-date = 2009-02-09 | quote = Most law enforcement sprays have a pungency of 500,000 to 2 million SHU. One brand has sprays with 5.3 million SHU.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/238262|title=What is pepper spray, and is it dangerous?|author=Jamie Smith|others=reviewed by Deborah Weatherspoon, Ph.D.|work=[[Medical News Today]]|date=October 15, 2020|accessdate=September 2, 2022}}</ref> While there are sprays that far exceed this amount, the actual strength of the spray depends on the dilution<ref name="twi">{{cite web|author1=Twilight Greenaway|title=How Hot is That Pepper? How Scientists Measure Spiciness|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/how-hot-is-that-pepper-how-scientists-measure-spiciness-884380/|publisher=Smithsonian.com, US Smithsonian Institution|access-date=17 December 2017|date=10 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sabrered.com/servlet/the-template/SABRERedCivilianDefensePepperSprays/Page |title=Red Pepper Spray Ingredients and Formula |website=sabrered.com |publisher=SABRE - Security Equipment Corp. |quote=Sabre Red=10% OC @ 2,000,000 Scoville Heat Units. Thus, 90% of the formulation dilutes the 2,000,000 SHUs creating a Scoville Content of 200,000. |access-date=2022-09-01 |archive-date=2015-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105090150/http://www.sabrered.com/servlet/the-template/SABRERedCivilianDefensePepperSprays/Page |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
}}
[[File:Marines feel the burn during OC spray training 150306-M-RH401-038.jpg|thumb|300px|A [[U.S. Marines|U.S. Marine]] being subjected to pepper spray]]
{{Chemical agents sidebar}}

'''Pepper spray''', '''oleoresin capsicum spray''', '''OC spray''', '''capsaicin spray''', '''[[Mace (spray)|mace]]''', or '''capsicum spray''' is a lachrymator ([[tear gas]]) product containing as its active ingredient the [[chemical compound]] [[capsaicin]], which irritates the eyes with burning and pain sensations and so causes them to close, bringing temporary blindness. This blindness allows officers to more easily restrain subjects and permits people in danger to use pepper spray in self-defense for an opportunity to escape. It also causes temporary discomfort and burning of the lungs which causes shortness of breath. Pepper spray is used as a [[less lethal weapon]] in [[Police|policing]], [[riot control]], [[crowd control]], and [[self-defense]], including defense against dogs and bears.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tbotech.com/blog/index.php/2009/07/bear-spray-vs-dogs-how-effective-is-it/ |title=Bear Spray Vs. Dogs: How Effective Is It? |publisher=Tbotech.com |date=2009-07-04 |access-date=2011-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115050638/http://www.tbotech.com/blog/index.php/2009/07/bear-spray-vs-dogs-how-effective-is-it/ |archive-date=2012-11-15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.llrmi.com/articles/legal_update/pepperspray.shtml |title=Pepper Spray |publisher=Llrmi.com |access-date=2011-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623200111/http://www.llrmi.com/articles/legal_update/pepperspray.shtml |archive-date=2015-06-23 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Pepper spray was engineered originally for defense against bears, [[cougars]], [[wolves]], and other dangerous predators, and is often referred to [[colloquially]] as [[bear spray]].

==Components==

The active ingredient in pepper spray is [[capsaicin]], which is derived from the fruit of plants in the genus ''[[Capsicum]]'', including [[Chili pepper|chilis]] in the form of oleoresin capsicum (OC). Extraction of OC from peppers requires capsicum to be finely ground, from which capsaicin is then extracted using an organic solvent such as [[ethanol]]. The solvent is then evaporated, and the remaining waxlike resin is the oleoresin capsaicin.<ref>[https://www.sabrered.com/pepper-spray-frequently-asked-questions-0] Sabre Red. FAQs: What is oleoresin capsaicum? August 2020.</ref>

An [[emulsifier]] such as [[propylene glycol]] is used to suspend OC in water, and the suspension is then pressurized to make an [[aerosol]] pepper spray. Other sprays may use an alcohol (such as [[isopropyl alcohol]]) base for a more penetrating product, but a risk of fire is present if they are used in combination with a [[taser]].<ref name=nij94/>

Determining the strength of pepper sprays made by different manufacturers can be confusing and difficult. Statements a company makes about their product strength are not regulated.
* The US federal government uses CRC (capsaicin and related capsaicinoids) content for regulation. CRC is the pain-producing component of the OC that produces the burning sensation. Personal pepper sprays can range from a low of 0.18% to a high of 3%. Most law enforcement pepper sprays use between 1.3% and 2%. The federal government of the United States has determined that bear attack deterrent sprays must contain at least 1.0% and not more than 2% CRC. Because the six different types of capsaicinoids under the CRC heading has different levels of potency (up to 2× on the SHU scale<ref name="Govindarajan Sathyanarayana 1991">{{cite journal|vauthors=Govindarajan, Sathyanarayana|date=1991|title=Capsicum — Production, Technology, Chemistry, and Quality. Part V. Impact on Physiology, Pharmacology, Nutrition, and Metabolism; Structure, Pungency, Pain, and Desensitization Sequences|journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition|volume=29|issue=6|pages=435–474|doi=10.1080/10408399109527536|pmid=2039598}}</ref>), the measurement does not fully represent the strength. Manufacturers do not state which particular type of capsaicinoids are used.
* Using the OC concentration is unreliable because the concentration of CRC (and potency of these compounds) can vary. Some manufacturers may show a very high percentage of OC, but the resin itself may not be spicy enough. Higher OC content only reliably implies a higher oil content, which may be undesirable as the [[hydrophobic]] oil is less able to soak and penetrate skin. Solutions of more than 5% OC may not spray properly.<ref name="nij94">[https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/181655.pdf] National Institute of Justice. Oleoresin Capsaicum: Pepper Spray as a Force Alternative. March 1994.</ref>
* [[Scoville scale|Scoville heat units]] (SHU) is a common indication of pepper spiciness. It does take into account the different potency of CRC compounds, but it cannot be reliably used in pepper spray because it measures the strength of the dry product, i.e. the OC resin and not what comes in the aerosol spray. As the resin is always diluted to make it sprayable, the SHU rating is not useful on its own.<ref name=nij94/>

==Counterparts==

There are several counterparts of pepper spray developed and legal to possess in some countries.
* In the [[United Kingdom]], [[Nonivamide|desmethyldihydrocapsaicin]] (known also as [[PAVA spray]]) is used by police officers. As a [[Firearms Act 1968|Section 5]] weapon, it is not generally permitted to the public.
* [[Pelargonic acid morpholide]] (MPK) is widely used as a self-defense chemical agent spray in [[Russia]], though its effectiveness compared to natural pepper spray is unclear.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* In [[China]], [[Ministry of Public Security (China)|Ministry of Public Security]] police units and security guards use tear gas ejectors with OC, CS or CN gases. These are defined as a "restricted" weapon that only police officers, as well as approved security, may use.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx?lib=law&id=12049&CGid=|title=Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Use of Police Implements and Arms by the People's Police|website=www.lawinfochina.com}}</ref>

==Types==
*Aerosol compound
**Cone pattern dispersion: A wide pattern that spreads broadly. It can be blown back by wind and, if used inside a building, will eventually make the room temporarily uninhabitable.
**Fog pattern dispersion (fogger)
**Stream pattern dispersion
**Grenade
*Gel compound: Greater accuracy and a reduced risk of blowback and area cross-contamination, as the carrying gel does not disperse over a large area. The gel compound also adheres to the target, making it more difficult to remove.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pepper Gel vs Spray? Which Is Best For You? |url=https://wolfpersonalsafety.com/pepper-gel-vs-spray-which-is-best-for-you/ |website=wolfpersonalsafety.com |date=28 March 2023 |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref> 
*Foam compound

==Effects==
[[File:MCMAP1.jpg|thumb|[[United States Marine Corps|US Marines]] training after being exposed to pepper spray]]

Pepper spray is an [[Inflammation|inflammatory]] agent. It inflames the mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, throat and lungs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ozytive.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/sp1.gif|title=Top 10 Deadliest Weapons|date=June 2013|website=ozytive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906205125/http://www.ozytive.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/sp1.gif|archive-date=2013-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref>

It causes immediate closing of the eyes, difficulty breathing, runny nose, and coughing.<ref name="Effects Of Pepper Spray">{{cite web|url=http://www.redhotpepperspray.com/effects-of-pepper-spray.html|title=Effects Of Pepper Spray|publisher=Redhotpepperspray.com|access-date=2011-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217201857/http://www.redhotpepperspray.com/effects-of-pepper-spray.html|archive-date=2011-12-17|url-status=live}}</ref> The duration of its effects depends on the strength of the spray; the average full effect lasts from 20 to 90 minutes, but eye irritation and redness can last for up to 24 hours.<ref>{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206161128/http://www.ozytive.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/sp1.gif |url=http://www.ozytive.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/sp1.gif |url-status=dead |title=Top 10 Deadliest Weapons |archive-date=December 6, 2017 |website=ozytive.com|access-date=April 29, 2020}}</ref>

The ''Journal of Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science'' published a study that concluded that single exposure of the eye to OC is harmless, but repeated exposure can result in long-lasting changes in [[cornea]]l sensitivity. They found no lasting decrease in [[visual acuity]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.iovs.org/cgi/content/full/41/8/2138|title=Effects of Oleoresin Capsicum Pepper Spray on Human Corneal Morphology and Sensitivity - Vesaluoma et al. 41 (8): 2138 - Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science|journal=Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science|date=July 2000|volume=41|issue=8|pages=2138–2147|publisher=Iovs.org|access-date=2011-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615060808/http://www.iovs.org/content/41/8/2138.full|archive-date=2013-06-15|url-status=live|last1=Vesaluoma|first1=Minna|last2=Müller|first2=Linda|last3=Gallar|first3=Juana|last4=Lambiase|first4=Alessandro|last5=Moilanen|first5=Jukka|last6=Hack|first6=Tapani|last7=Belmonte|first7=Carlos|last8=Tervo|first8=Timo}}</ref>

The European Parliament Scientific and Technological Options Assessment (STOA) published in 1998 "An Appraisal of Technologies of Political Control"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/stoa/2000/168394/DG-4-STOA_ET(2000)168394_EN(PAR02).pdf |title=CROWD CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES (An appraisal of technologies for political control) |publisher=European Parliament, Directorate General for Research |page=v-vi |date=June 2000 |access-date=2011-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106041118/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/stoa/2000/168394/DG-4-STOA_ET(2000)168394_EN(PAR02).pdf |archive-date=2012-01-06 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The STOA appraisal states:

<blockquote>Past experience has shown that to rely on manufacturers unsubstantiated claims about the absence of hazards is unwise. In the US, companies making crowd control weapons, (e.g. pepper-gas manufacturer Zarc International), have put their technical data in the public domain without loss of profitability... 

Research on chemical irritants should be published in open scientific journals before authorization for any usage is permitted and that the safety criteria for such chemicals should be treated as if they were drugs rather than riot control agents</blockquote>

For those taking drugs, or those subjected to restraining techniques that restrict the breathing passages, there is a risk of death. In 1995, the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' reported at least 61 deaths associated with police use of pepper spray since 1990 in the USA.<ref>''Los Angeles Times'' June 18, 1995</ref> The [[American Civil Liberties Union]] (ACLU) documented 27 people in police custody who died after exposure to pepper spray in California since 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/98447918/Pepper-Spray-Update-More-Fatalities-More-Questions|title=Pepper Spray Update: More Fatalities, More Questions {{pipe}} United States Environmental Protection Agency {{pipe}} American Government|website=Scribd}}</ref><ref name="ACLU_1995">"Pepper spray's lethal legacy" in ''[[Ottawa Citizen]]''. October 22, 1998, p. A1.</ref>

The US Army performed studies in 1993 at [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]], and a UNC study in 2000 stated that the compound in peppers, capsaicin, is mildly mutagenic, and 10% of mice exposed to it developed cancer. Where the study also found many beneficial effects of capsaicin, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration released statements declaring exposure of employees to OC is an unnecessary health risk. As of 1999, it was in use by more than 2,000 public safety agencies.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Smith CG, Stopford W|title=Health hazards of pepper spray| journal=N C Med J |volume=60 |issue=5 |pages=268–74 |year=1999 |pmid=10495655}} Archived at [https://web.archive.org/web/20000817004624/http://www.ncmedicaljournal.com/Smith-OK.htm web.archive.org]</ref>

The head of the FBI's Less-Than-Lethal Weapons Program at the time of the 1991 study, Special Agent Thomas W. W. Ward, was fired by the FBI and was sentenced to two months in prison for receiving payments from a pepper-gas manufacturer while conducting and authoring the FBI study that eventually approved pepper spray for FBI use.<ref>"Former F.B.I. Agent Is Sentenced to Prison", ''[[The New York Times]]''. May 20, 1996, p. B8.</ref><ref>"Ex-FBI Agent Pleads Guilty in Conflict-of-Interest Case", ''[[The Washington Post]]''. February 13, 1996, p. A12.</ref>  Prosecutors said that from December 1989 through 1990, Ward received about $5,000 a month for a total of $57,500, from Lackey Police Products, a Fort Lauderdale, Florida-based company that was a major producer and supplier of pepper spray. The payments were paid through a Florida company owned by Ward's wife.<ref>"Pepper spray study is tainted", ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''. May 20, 1996, p. B8.</ref>[[File:Pepper spray Demonstration.jpg|thumb|Pepper spray demonstration|left]]Direct close-range spray can cause more serious eye irritation by attacking the cornea with a concentrated stream of liquid (the so-called "hydraulic needle" effect). Some brands have addressed this problem by means of an elliptically cone-shaped spray pattern.

Pepper spray has been associated with [[positional asphyxiation]] of individuals in police custody. There is much debate over the actual cause of death in these cases. There have been few controlled clinical studies of the human health effects of pepper spray marketed for police use, and those studies are contradictory. Some studies have found no harmful effects beyond the effects described above.<ref>Reay DT. Forensic pathology, part 1: death in custody. Clinics in Lab Med 1998;18:19–20; Watson WA, Stremel KR, and Westdorp EJ. Oleoresin capsicum (cap-stun) toxicity from aerosol exposures. Ann Pharmacotherapy 1996;30:733–5.</ref>  Due to these studies and deaths, many law enforcement agencies have moved to include policies and training to prevent positional deaths.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.policemag.com/524139/how-to-prevent-positional-asphyxia|title=How To Prevent Positional Asphyxia|first=Lawrence E.|last=Heiskell|date=9 September 2019|website=www.policemag.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/posasph.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221020630/https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/posasph.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Positional Asphyxia—Sudden Death|date=June 1995|archive-date=2016-12-21|work=National Institute of Justice}}</ref>  However, there are some scientific studies that argue the positional asphyxiation claim is a myth due to pinpoint pressure on a person. The study by two universities stressed that no pressure should be applied to the neck area. They concluded that the person's own weight is not enough to stop their breathing with the rest of their body supported.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forcescience.org/2019/01/new-study-more-evidence-against-the-myth-of-restraint-asphyxia/|title=New Study: More Evidence Against the Myth of "Restraint Asphyxia"|first=Chuck|last=Remsberg|date=January 8, 2019}}</ref>

===Acute response===
For individuals not previously exposed to OC effects, the general feelings after being sprayed can be best likened to being "set alight". The initial reaction, should the spray be directed at the face, is the involuntary closing of the eyes, an instant sensation of the restriction of the airways and the general feeling of sudden and intense searing pain about the face, nose, and throat. This is due to irritation of mucous membranes. Many people experience fear and are disoriented due to sudden restriction of vision even though it is temporary.  There is associated shortness of breath, although studies performed with asthmatics have not produced any asthma attacks in those individuals, and monitoring is still needed for the individuals after exposure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/181655.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719142738/https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/181655.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Oleoresin Capsicum: Pepper Spray as a Force Alternative|date=March 1994|archive-date=2006-07-19|work=National Institute of Justice}}</ref> Police are trained to repeatedly instruct targets to breathe normally if they complain of difficulty, as the shock of the exposure can generate considerable panic as opposed to actual physical symptoms.

==Treatment==
[[Capsaicin]] is not soluble in water, and even large volumes of water will not wash it off, only dilute it. In general, victims are encouraged to blink vigorously in order to encourage tears, which will help flush the irritant from the eyes.
[[File:W12 Rinsing pepper spray 0265.JPG|thumb|Rinsing pepper spray out of a person's eyes]]
A study of five often-recommended treatments for skin pain ([[Maalox]], 2% [[lidocaine]] gel, [[baby shampoo]], milk, or water) concluded that: "...there was no significant difference in pain relief provided by five different treatment regimens. Time after exposure appeared to be the best predictor for a decrease in pain...".<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10903120802290786 |title=A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Treatment Regimens for Acute Pain for Topical Oleoresin Capsaicin (Pepper Spray) Exposure in Adult Volunteers - Prehospital Emergency Care |publisher=Informaworld.com |date=2008-09-04 |doi=10.1080/10903120802290786 |pmid=18924005 |access-date=2010-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418025750/http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10903120802290786 |archive-date=2020-04-18 |url-status=live |last1=Barry |first1=J. D. |last2=Hennessy |first2=R. |last3=McManus |first3=J. G. Jr. |journal=Prehospital Emergency Care|volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=432–7 |s2cid=12262260 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Many ambulance services and emergency departments carry saline to remove the spray. Some of the OC and CS will remain in the respiratory system, but a recovery of vision and the coordination of the eyes can be expected within 7 to 15 minutes.<ref>Young, D., ''Police Marksman Magazine'', July/August 1995 Issue.</ref>

Some "triple-action" pepper sprays also contain "tear gas" ([[CS gas]]), which can be neutralized with [[sodium metabisulfite]] ([[Campden tablets]]), though it is not for use on a person, only for area cleanup.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cleanfax.com/diversification/tear-gas-cleanup-procedures/|title=Tear Gas Cleanup Procedures {{pipe}} Cleanfax magazine|date=March 22, 2011|website=Cleanfax}}</ref>

==Use==
Pepper spray typically comes in canisters, which are often small enough to be carried or [[concealed weapon|concealed]] in a pocket or purse. Pepper spray can also be purchased concealed in items such as [[finger ring|rings]]. There are also [[Pepper-spray projectile|pepper spray projectiles]] available, which can be fired from a [[paintball gun]] or similar platform. It has been used for years against demonstrators and aggressive animals like bears. There are also many types such as foam, gel, foggers, and spray.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pepper-spray-store.com/pages/pepper-spray-types|title=Pepper Spray: Types of Spray Patterns|website=Pepper Spray Store}}</ref>

=== Oleoresin capsicum ===
Oleoresin capsicum, also known as capsicum oleoresin, is also used in food and medicine.<ref>{{cite web |title=Capsicum Oleoresin |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Capsicum-Oleoresin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614052141/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Capsicum-Oleoresin |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 14, 2024 |website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> In food, it serves as a concentrated and predictable source of spiciness. The food industry has accordingly changed to prefer a combination of milder and more predictable strains of [[jalapeno]] and OC for flavoring.<ref name="Reinhart">{{cite web |last1=Reinhart |first1=Brian |title=Here's Why Jalapeño Peppers Are Less Spicy Than Ever |url=https://www.dmagazine.com/food-drink/2023/05/why-jalapeno-peppers-less-spicy-blame-aggies/ |website=D Magazine |access-date=14 June 2024 |date=8 May 2023}}</ref> In medicine, OC is used in a number of products for external use.<ref>{{cite web |title=Capsicum oleoresin |url=https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB11131 |website=go.drugbank.com |language=en}}</ref>

OC used for food is generally rated between 80 000 and 500 000 SHU, roughly equivalent to 0.6-3.9% capsaicin. [[Paprika oleoresin]] is a different extract, containing very little heat and mostly used for coloring.<ref name=Cantrill>{{cite web |last1=Cantrill |first1=Richard |title=Paprika extract (CTA) 2008 - Page 1(11) PAPRIKA EXTRACT Chemical and Technical Assessment (CTA) |url=https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agns/pdf/jecfa/cta/69/Paprika_extract.pdf |website=fao.org}}</ref>

==Legality==
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2011}}
[[File:Pepper spray laws.png|thumb|300px|Legal status of pepper spray by country]]
Pepper spray is banned for use in war by Article I.5 of the [[Chemical Weapons Convention]], which bans the use of all [[riot control]] agents in warfare whether [[death|lethal]] or less-than-lethal.<ref name=OPCW>{{cite web|url=http://www.opcw.org/about-chemical-weapons/types-of-chemical-agent/riot-control-agents/|title=Riot Control Agents|access-date=20 November 2011|publisher=Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101181707/http://www.opcw.org/about-chemical-weapons/types-of-chemical-agent/riot-control-agents/|archive-date=1 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Depending on the location, it may be legal to use for [[self-defense]].

=== Africa ===

*[[Nigeria]]: Assistant Police Commissioner stated that pepper sprays are illegal for civilians to possess.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201804180015.html|title=Nigeria: Possession of Pepper Spray an Offence Says Nigerian Police|last=Agbo|first=Njideka|date=2018-04-18|work=The Guardian (Lagos)|access-date=2019-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104021345/https://allafrica.com/stories/201804180015.html|archive-date=2019-01-04|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[South Africa]]: Pepper sprays are legal to own by civilians for self defense.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://securitypro.co.za/pepper-spray-everything-you-need-to-know/|title=Everything you Need to Know about Pepper Spray in South Africa|date=2016-07-21|website=SecurityPro|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827031704/http://securitypro.co.za/pepper-spray-everything-you-need-to-know/|archive-date=2017-08-27|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Police release Pepper spray in Landmark North 20190713.jpg|thumb|239x239px|Police in Hong Kong using pepper spray in the [[Landmark North]]]]

===Asia===
*[[Bangladesh]]: Bengal Police started using pepper spray to control opposition movement.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*[[China]]: Forbidden for civilians, it is used only by law enforcement agencies. Underground trade leads to some civilian self-defense use.<ref name=CD2019>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-04/21/content_24736716.htm|title=Self-defense gadgets popular after hotel assault - China - Chinadaily.com.cn|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn|access-date=2019-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026174430/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-04/21/content_24736716.htm|archive-date=2019-10-26|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Hong Kong]]: Forbidden for civilians, it is legal to possess and use only by the members of [[Hong Kong Disciplined Services|Disciplined Services]] when on duty.  Such devices are classified as "arms" under the "Laws of Hong Kong". Chap 238 ''Firearms and Ammunition Ordinance''. Without a valid license from the [[Hong Kong Police Force]], it is a crime to possess and can result in a fine of $100,000 and imprisonment for up to 14 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.hk/blis_ind.nsf/FB2D3FD8A4E2A3264825647C0030A9E1/639C67AB255DDAB9C825648300287FB3?OpenDocument|title=HK Laws. Chap 238 Firearms and Ammunition Ordinance Section 2|publisher=Legislation.gov.hk|date=2000-05-26|access-date=2011-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928094333/http://www.legislation.gov.hk/blis_ind.nsf/FB2D3FD8A4E2A3264825647C0030A9E1/639C67AB255DDAB9C825648300287FB3?OpenDocument|archive-date=2013-09-28|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[India]]: Legal and sold via government-approved companies after performing a background verification.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/10/19/stories/2008101950020100.htm |title=Safety is a right too |author=Geeta Padmanabhan |author2=Aarti Dhar |date=October 19, 2008 |access-date=May 30, 2010 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101064535/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/10/19/stories/2008101950020100.htm |archive-date=November 1, 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-04/chennai/29379737_1_pepper-sprays-adyar-molested | title=A spicy self-defense | access-date=2013-05-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826121116/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-04/chennai/29379737_1_pepper-sprays-adyar-molested | archive-date=2013-08-26 | work=[[The Times of India]] | url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Indonesia]]: It is legal, but there are restrictions on its sale and possession.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*[[Iran]]: Forbidden for civilians, it is used only by the police.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*[[Israel]]: OC and CS spray cans may be purchased by any member of the public without restriction and carried in public.  In the 1980s, a firearms license was required for doing so, but these sprays have since been deregulated.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*[[Japan]]: There are no laws against possession or use.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*[[Malaysia]]:  Use and possession of pepper spray for self-defense are legal.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*[[Mongolia]]: Possession and use for self-defense are legal, and it is freely available in stores.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*[[Pakistan]]: Possession and use for self-defense is legal and its available at physical and online stores.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pepper Spray - 60ML |url=https://khawla.com.pk/product/pepper-spray/ |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=Khawla – Your Power To Resist |language=en-US}}</ref> 
*[[Philippines]]: Possession and use for self-defense is legal, and it is freely available in stores.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}  
*[[Saudi Arabia]]: Use and possession of pepper spray for self-defense are legal.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*[[Singapore]]: A "noxious substance license" issued by the [[Singapore Police Force]] is required.  Sprays are regulated under the ''Guns, Explosives and Weapons Control Act''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/AEA1913|title=Arms and Explosives Act - Singapore Statutes Online|website=sso.agc.gov.sg|language=en|access-date=2019-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509044138/https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/AEA1913|archive-date=2019-05-09|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[South Korea]]: Pepper sprays containing OC are legal.  Pepper sprays without any pre-compressed gas or explosive propellent are unrestricted, sprays containing pre-compressed gas or explosive propellent require a permit.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*[[Thailand]]: Use for self-defense is legal, and it is freely available in stores.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}  Possession in a public place can be punished by confiscation and a fine.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}{{Contradictory inline|date=September 2025}}
*[[Taiwan]]: Legal for self-defense, it is available in some shops.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*[[Vietnam]]: Forbidden for civilians and used only by the police.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full text of the Law on management and use of weapons, explosives and combat gears 2024 available in Vietnam in Hanoi, Vietnam |url=http://www.lawnet.vn/thong-tin-phap-luat/en/chinh-sach-moi/full-text-of-the-law-on-management-and-use-of-weapons-explosives-and-combat-gears-2024-available-in-vietnam-168534.html |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=Tin tức pháp luật}}</ref>

===Europe===
*[[Austria]]: Pepper spray is classified as a self-defense device and may be owned and carried by adults without registration or permission. Use against humans is justified as self-defense.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pepper Spray Laws |url=https://www.geisler-defence.com/pepper-spray-laws |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Geisler Defence - Pepper Gun GD-105}}</ref>
*[[Belgium]]: Pepper spray is classified as a prohibited weapon. Possession is illegal for anyone other than police officers, police agents (assistant police officers),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.just.fgov.be/nl_htm/rechterlijke_orde/wapenwet/|title=Nieuwe wapenwet (New Gun Law)|access-date=2008-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224080312/http://just.fgov.be/|archive-date=2012-12-24|url-status=live}}</ref> security officers of public transport companies, soldiers and customs officers to carry a capsicum spray. It is also authorised after obtaining permission from the [[Minister of the Interior (Belgium)|Minister of Internal Affairs]].<ref>[[Royal order (Belgium)|K.B.]] of 10 June 2006 tot regeling van het model, de inhoud, de wijze van dragen en het gebruik van spuitbussen en handboeien door de leden van de veiligheidsdiensten van de openbare vervoersmaatschappijen ([[Belgian official journal|B.S.]] 20 June 2006.</ref>
*[[Czech Republic]]: Possession and carrying is legal with little restrictions. Police encourage vulnerable groups like pensioners, children, and women to carry pepper spray.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.policie.cz/clanek/prevence-prepadeni.aspx |title=Prevence přepadení |publisher=Police of the Czech Republic|language=cs |trans-title=Prevention of assault |access-date=2012-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102211945/http://www.policie.cz/clanek/prevence-prepadeni.aspx |archive-date=2013-11-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Denmark]]: Individuals over age 18 can apply for a pepper spray certificate from the [[Danish police]]. Certificates are only issued to individuals at risk of violent assault (for example due to a history of stalking or domestic violence). There are additional regulations regarding the storage, importation, and manufacturing of pepper sprays.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pepper spray |url=https://politi.dk/en/services-and-permits/weapons/pepper-spray |website=Danish Police |access-date=2025-09-19}}</ref>
*[[Finland]]: Possession of pepper spray requires a license. Licenses are issued for defensive purposes and to individuals working jobs where such a device is needed such as the private security sector.<ref>{{cite journal |title=How your gun permit applications are considered |website=blog.anta.net |date=2007-10-21 |url=http://blog.anta.net/2007/10/21/how-your-gun-permit-applications-are-considered/#sprays |issn=1797-1993 |access-date=2008-03-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703212415/http://blog.anta.net/2007/10/21/how-your-gun-permit-applications-are-considered/#sprays |archive-date=2008-07-03}}</ref>
*[[France]]: It is legal for anyone over the age of 18 to buy pepper spray smaller than {{cvt|100|ml|floz}} in an armory or military surplus store. Sprays larger than {{cvt|100|ml|floz}} are classified as category D weapons in French law, which are prohibited to carry in public. Sprays less than {{cvt|100|ml|floz}} are a Category 6 Weapon.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}.
*[[Germany]]: Pepper sprays labeled ''for the purpose of defense against animals'' and bearing a test mark of the {{ill|Materialprüfungsanstalt|de}} (MPA, material testing institute) may be owned and carried by anyone over the age of 14.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Waffengesetz (WaffG) § 1 Gegenstand und Zweck des Gesetzes, Begriffsbestimmungen |url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/waffg_2002/__1.html |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=[[Bundesamt für Justiz]] |language=de}}</ref><ref name="weapons">[http://www.sachsen.de/de/bf/staatsregierung/ministerien/smi/smi/1181.htm?http://www.sachsen.de/de/bf/staatsregierung/ministerien/smi/smi/schwer/4698.htm&http://www.sachsen.de/de/bf/staatsregierung/ministerien/smi/smi/schwer/575.htm Ministerium des Inneren] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516195724/http://www.sachsen.de/de/bf/staatsregierung/ministerien/smi/smi/1181.htm?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sachsen.de%2Fde%2Fbf%2Fstaatsregierung%2Fministerien%2Fsmi%2Fsmi%2Fschwer%2F4698.htm&http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sachsen.de%2Fde%2Fbf%2Fstaatsregierung%2Fministerien%2Fsmi%2Fsmi%2Fschwer%2F575.htm |date=2007-05-16 }} on ''Weapon Laws'' (German).</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/versammlg/__2.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-12-06 |archive-date=2011-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725114008/http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/versammlg/__2.html |url-status=bot: unknown }} VersammlG.</ref> Sprays that are not labelled "animal-defence spray" or do not bear the test mark of the MAP are classified as prohibited weapons.
*[[Greece]]: Such items are illegal. They will be confiscated and possession may result in detention and arrest.<ref>{{cite web|title=Greece|url=https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/en/country/greece.html|website=travel.state.gov|access-date=2017-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117012545/https://travel.state.gov/content/passports/en/country/greece.html|archive-date=2017-11-17|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Hungary]]: Civilians may carry canisters filled with maximum {{convert|20|g|oz}} of any other [[lachrymatory agent]]. There is no restriction for pepper [[gas pistol]] cartridges.<ref>[http://net.jogtar.hu/jr/gen/hjegy_doc.cgi?docid=A0300175.KOR 175/2003. (X. 28.) Korm. rendelet a közbiztonságra különösen veszélyes eszközökről] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721111134/http://net.jogtar.hu/jr/gen/hjegy_doc.cgi?docid=A0300175.KOR |date=2011-07-21 }}.</ref>
*[[Iceland]]: Possession of pepper spray is illegal for private citizens.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]: Possession of this spray by persons other the [[Garda Síochána]] (national police) is an offence under the Firearms and Offensive Weapons Act.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/Pages/Firearms_and_ammunition |title=The Department of Justice and Equality: Firearms & Ammunition |access-date=2013-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116101532/http://justice.ie/en/JELR/Pages/Firearms_and_ammunition |archive-date=2013-01-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Italy]]: Any citizen over 16 years of age without a [[criminal record]] could possess, carry and purchase any OC-based compounds and personal defence devices that respond to the following criteria:
** Containing a payload not exceeding {{cvt|20|ml|floz}}, with a percentage of Oleoresin Capsicum not exceeding 10% and a maximum concentration of [[capsaicin]] and capsaicinoid substances not exceeding 2,5%;
** Containing no flammable, corrosive, toxic or carcinogenic substances, and no other aggressive chemical compound than OC itself;
** Being sealed when sold and featuring a safety device against accidental discharge;
** Featuring a range not exceeding {{cvt|3|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.interno.it/mininterno/export/sites/default/it/assets/files/21/0491_regolamento_strumenti_autodofesa.pdf|title= Regolamento concernente la definizione delle caratteristiche tecniche degli strumenti di autodifesa che nebulizzano un principio attivo naturale a base di Oleoresin Capsicum e che non abbiano attitudine a recare offesa alla persona, in attuazione dell'articolo 3, comma 32, della legge n. 94/2009. (11G0142) (GU n. 157 del 8-7-2011)|publisher= Ministero dell'Interno (Italian Ministry of Interior)|date= 2012-06-01|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120511025748/http://www.interno.it/mininterno/export/sites/default/it/assets/files/21/0491_regolamento_strumenti_autodofesa.pdf|archive-date= 2012-05-11}}</ref>
*[[Latvia]]: Pepper spray is classified as a self-defense device and can be bought and carried by anyone over 16 years of age. Pepper spray guns can be bought and carried without any license by anyone over 18.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*[[Lithuania]]: Classified as D category weapon, can be bought and carried by anyone over 18 years of age without registration nor permission.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/TAIS.159542/asr | title=IX-705 Lietuvos Respublikos ginklų ir šaudmenų kontrolės įstatymas }}</ref> Police also encourage vulnerable groups like pensioners or women to carry.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lrytas.lt/gyvenimo-budas/psichologija/2020/09/27/news/tamsus-paros-metas-ilgeja-pasake-geriausia-priemone-apsiginti-nuo-plesiku-16423456 | title=Tamsus paros metas ilgėja: Pasakė geriausią priemonę apsiginti nuo plėšikų }}</ref>
*[[Montenegro]]: It is legal for civilians over the age of 16 to buy, own, and carry pepper spray.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.katalogpropisa.me/propisi-crne-gore/zakon-o-oruzju-2/ | title=Zakon o oružju }}</ref>
*[[Netherlands]]: It is illegal for civilians to own and carry pepper spray. Only police officers trained in the specific use of pepper spray are allowed to carry and use it against civilians and animals.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*[[Norway]]: It is illegal for civilians. [[Norwegian Police Service|Police officers]] carry pepper spray as part of their standard equipment.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*[[Poland]]: Called precisely in [[Polish Penal Code]] "a hand-held disabling gas thrower", sprays are not considered a weapon and can be carried by anyone without further registration or permission.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ustawa o broni i aminucji|publisher=Marszałek Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej|pages=art. 11|url=http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WDU20040520525|access-date=5 May 2011|language=pl|chapter=Rozdział 2. Zasady i warunki wydawania, cofania pozwoleń na broń, rejestracji broni oraz dysponowania bronią i amunicją|date=2004-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128025126/http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/DetailsServlet?id=WDU20040520525|archive-date=28 January 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Portugal]]: Civilians who do not have criminal records are allowed to get police permits to purchase from gun shops, carry, and use OC sprays with a maximum concentration of 5%.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}
*[[Romania]]: Pepper spray is banned at sporting and cultural events, public transportation and entertainment locations (according to Penal Code 2012, art 372, (1), c).{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*[[Russia]]: It is classified as a self-defense weapon and can be carried by anyone over 18.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zakonrf.info/zoboruzhii/3/|title=Статья 3 Закон об Оружии. Гражданское оружие - Кодексы и Законы РФ + Судебная практика|access-date=2012-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129010630/http://www.zakonrf.info/zoboruzhii/3/|archive-date=2012-11-29|url-status=live}}</ref> OC is not the only legal agent used. CS, CR, [[4-Nonanoylmorpholine|PAM (МПК)]], and (rarely) CN are also legal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://base.garant.ru/12163415/|title=Приказ Министерства здравоохранения и социального развития РФ от 22.10.2008 N 583н "О разрешении к применению слезоточивых и раздражающих веществ в составе патронов к газовому оружию, механических распылителей, аэрозольных и других устройств гражданского оружия самообороны"|access-date=2012-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020104834/http://base.garant.ru/12163415/|archive-date=2012-10-20|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Serbia]]: Pepper spray is legal under the new law as of 2016 and can be carried by anyone over the age of 16. Use against humans in self-defence is legal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Hronika/Gasni-sprej-i-elektrosoker-dozvoljeni-po-novom-zakonu.lt.html|title=Гасни спреј и електрошокер дозвољени по новом закону|first=Данијела|last=Вукосављевић|access-date=2015-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730075759/http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/Hronika/Gasni-sprej-i-elektrosoker-dozvoljeni-po-novom-zakonu.lt.html|archive-date=2015-07-30|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Slovakia]]: It is classified as a self-defense weapon and is available to anyone over 18.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minv.sk/?tlacove-spravy-2&sprava=kazda-zena-sa-moze-stat-obetou-trestneho-cinu-budte-preto-opatrne-a-pripravene|title=Každá žena sa môže stať obeťou trestného činu, buďte preto opatrné a pripravené|access-date=2017-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826235618/http://www.minv.sk/?tlacove-spravy-2&sprava=kazda-zena-sa-moze-stat-obetou-trestneho-cinu-budte-preto-opatrne-a-pripravene|archive-date=2017-08-26|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Slovenia]]: Pepper spray can be legally purchased and carried by anyone older than 18 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-06 |title=Zakon o orožju (ZOro-1), 48. člen |url=https://pisrs.si/pregledPredpisa?id=ZAKO1440#clen_48 |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Pravno-informacijski sistem Republike Slovenije |language=sl}}</ref> It can be used in cases of self-defence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odgovori na pogosta vprašanja |url=https://www.policija.si/medijsko-sredisce/pogosta-vprasanja/vprasanja-javni-red-in-mir#sedem |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Policija |language=sl}}</ref>
*[[Spain]]: Approved pepper spray made with 5% CS is available to anyone older than 18 years.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*[[Sweden]]: Pepper sprays are regulated under the ''Swedish Weapons Act''. A permit is required to possess or import pepper sprays, and permits are only issued "very restrictively".<ref>{{cite web |title=Knives and other dangerous objects |url=https://polisen.se/en/laws-and-regulations/firearms/knives-and-other-dangerous-articles/ |website=polisen.se |publisher=The Swedish Police Authority |access-date=2025-09-19}}</ref>
*[[Switzerland]]: Pepper spray may only be distributed to buyers above 18 years of age upon showing ID. It is sold only at licensed outlets, and the customer must be made aware of safe storage, use and disposal. Spray products for self-defense with irritants such as CA, CS, CN, CR are classified as weapons. A weapon purchase permit, as well as a weapon carrier permit, are required for their purchase.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
[[File:Swedish riot police at nationalist demo.jpg|thumb|Police, like this Swedish police officer in riot gear at a 2007 demonstration, may use pepper spray to control civilians.]]
*[[Ukraine]]: Called legally "Tearing and irritating aerosols (gas canisters)", sprays are not considered a weapon and can be carried by anyone over 18 without further registration or permission.<ref>{{cite book|title=Постанова Кабінету Міністрів України від 07 вересня 1993 року № 706 «Про порядок продажу, придбання, реєстрації, обліку і застосування спеціальних засобів самооборони, заряджених речовинами сльозоточивої та дратівної дії»|publisher=КАБІНЕТ МІНІСТРІВ УКРАЇНИ|url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/706-93-%D0%BF#Text|access-date=21 July 2023|language=uk}}</ref>
*[[United Kingdom]]: Pepper spray is illegal, as is any "product that is made or adapted to cause a person injury". Police officers are exempt from this law and permitted to carry pepper spray as part of their standard equipment.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1968/27 |title=Firearms Act 1968 |access-date=2013-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018191502/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1968/27 |archive-date=2014-10-18 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Are there any legal self-defence products that I can buy? |url=https://www.westyorkshire.police.uk/ask-the-police/question/Q589 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=West Yorkshire Police}}</ref>

===North America===
*[[Bahamas]]: Pepper spray is regulated as a firearm, a license is required to possess.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bahamas Law, Chapter 213 Part VI, Section 30 |url=https://laws.bahamas.gov.bs/cms/images/LEGISLATION/PRINCIPAL/1969/1969-0012/1969-0012.pdf |publisher=Government of The Bahamas |access-date=2025-09-19}}</ref>  
*[[Canada]]: Pepper spray designed to be used against people is considered a prohibited weapon in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR%2D98%2D462/ |title=Regulations Prescribing Certain Firearms and other Weapons, Components and Parts of Weapons, Accessories, Cartridge Magazines, Ammunition and Projectiles as Prohibited or Restricted (SOR/98-462) |access-date=2012-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204205408/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR%2D98%2D462/ |archive-date=2012-12-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>  Only [[law enforcement officer]]s may legally carry or possess pepper spray labeled for use on persons. Any similar canister with the labels reading "dog spray" or "bear spray" is regulated under the ''Pest Control Products Act''.  While legal to be carried by anyone, it is against the law to use it against another person.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/P-9.01/page-26.html#h-37|title=Pest Control Products Act|website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca|access-date=2015-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803092439/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/p%2D9.01/page-26.html#h-37|archive-date=2015-08-03|url-status=live}}</ref> Carrying bear spray in public, without justification, may also lead to charges under the [[Criminal Code (Canada)|Criminal Code]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/403640/vancouver-police-warn-of-criminal-charges-for-carrying-bear-spray-in-the-city/|title=Vancouver police warn of criminal charges for carrying bear spray in the city|first=Tiffany|last=Crawford|access-date=2020-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223022225/https://globalnews.ca/news/403640/vancouver-police-warn-of-criminal-charges-for-carrying-bear-spray-in-the-city/|archive-date=2020-02-23|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Mexico]]: Civilians are prohibited from possessing pepper sprays.<ref>Ley federal de armas de fuego y explosivos, 1972</ref>

====United States====
Pepper spray can be legally purchased and carried in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mace, Pepper Spray, Self-Defense Sprays and Stun Guns {{!}} mpdc|url=https://mpdc.dc.gov/page/mace-pepper-spray-self-defense-sprays-and-stun-guns|access-date=2022-02-19|website=mpdc.dc.gov}}</ref> Some states regulate the maximum allowed strength of the pepper spray, age restriction, content and use.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ebay.com.au/gds/States-With-Pepper-Spray-Restrictions-/10000000032578507/g.html|title=States With Pepper Spray Restrictions {{!}} eBay|website=www.ebay.com.au|language=en|access-date=2018-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214073417/http://www.ebay.com.au/gds/States-With-Pepper-Spray-Restrictions-/10000000032578507/g.html|archive-date=2018-02-14|url-status=live}}</ref>

*[[California]]: As of January 1, 1996 and as a result of Assembly Bill 830 (Speier), the pepper spray and Mace programs are now deregulated. Consumers will no longer be required to have the training, and a certificate is not required to purchase or possess these items. Pepper spray and Mace are available through gun shops, sporting goods stores, and other business outlets. California Penal Code Section 12400–12460 govern pepper spray use in California.<ref name="consumerwiki.dca.ca.gov">{{Cite web|url=http://consumerwiki.dca.ca.gov/wiki/index.php/Pepper_Spray_(Mace/Tear_Gas)|title=Pepper Spray (Mace/Tear Gas) - Consumer Wiki|website=consumerwiki.dca.ca.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114040954/http://consumerwiki.dca.ca.gov/wiki/index.php/Pepper_Spray_(Mace/Tear_Gas)|archive-date=2017-11-14|url-status=live}}</ref> Container holding the defense spray must contain no more than {{convert|2.5|oz}} net weight of aerosol spray.<ref>[[California Penal Code]], Section 12403.7</ref>  Certain individuals are still prohibited from possessing pepper spray, including minors under the age of 16, convicted felons, individuals convicted of certain drug offenses, individuals convicted of assault, and individuals convicted of misusing pepper spray.<ref name="consumerwiki.dca.ca.gov"/>
*[[Law of the United States|Federal law]]: It is a federal offense to carry/ship pepper spray on a commercial airliner or possess it in the secure area of an airport.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tsa.gov/travel/security-screening/whatcanibring/items/pepper-spray|title=Pepper Spray &#124; Transportation Security Administration|website=U.S. Department of Homeland Security Transportation Security Administration}}</ref>  When pepper spray is used in the workplace, [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]] requires a pepper spray [[Safety data sheet|Safety Data Sheet]] (SDS) be available to all employees.<ref name=MSDS>{{cite web|url=http://www.osha.gov/dsg/hazcom/index.html|title=Hazard Communication|access-date=13 December 2012|publisher=US Department of Labor|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218111146/http://www.osha.gov/dsg/hazcom/index.html|archive-date=18 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Florida]]: Any pepper spray containing no more than {{convert|2|oz|g}} of chemical can be carried in public openly or concealed without a permit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2017/790.01|title=Florida Statues 790.01 Unlicensed carrying of concealed weapons or concealed firearms|access-date=2018-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214073455/https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2017/790.01|archive-date=2018-02-14|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2017/790.053|title=Florida Statues 790.053 Open carrying of weapons|access-date=2018-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214073418/https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2017/790.053|archive-date=2018-02-14|url-status=live}}</ref> Furthermore, any such pepper spray is classified as "self-defense chemical spray" and therefore not considered a weapon under Florida law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2017/790.001|title=Florida Statues 790.001 Definitions|access-date=2018-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214073420/https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2017/790.001|archive-date=2018-02-14|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Massachusetts]]: Before July 1, 2014, residents may purchase defense sprays only from licensed Firearms Dealers in that state, and must hold a valid Firearms Identification Card (FID) or License to Carry Firearms (LTC) to purchase or to possess outside of one's own private property.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXX/Chapter140/Section131 |title=M.G.L - Chapter 140, Section 131 |publisher=Mass.gov |date=2008-10-29 |access-date=2011-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810212659/http://www.malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXX/Chapter140/Section131 |archive-date=2011-08-10 |url-status=live }}.</ref> New legislations allow residents to purchase pepper spray without a Firearms Identification Card starting July 1.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/2014/05/22/mass-senate-backs-purchase-pepper-spray-without/1Pwxve7UQxod7mEGg6OStM/story.html |title=Mass. Senate Backs Purchase of Pepper Spray Without ID - Massachusetts news - Boston.com |access-date=2014-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524073124/http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/2014/05/22/mass-senate-backs-purchase-pepper-spray-without/1Pwxve7UQxod7mEGg6OStM/story.html |archive-date=2014-05-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Michigan]]: Allows "reasonable use" of spray containing not more than 18% oleoresin capsicum to protect "a person or property under circumstances that would justify the person's use of physical force".<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.legislature.mi.gov/%28S%28s0ibjknfwzu4vafeiwjznyuu%29%29/mileg.aspx?page=GetObject&objectname=mcl-750-224d|title= Michigan Penal Code 750.224d Self-defense spray or foam device|publisher= Legislature.mi.gov|access-date= 2011-12-02|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117131455/http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(4ydb4efkz13o24vi4lp2bvyj))/mileg.aspx?page=getObject&objectname=mcl-750-224d|archive-date= 2012-01-17|url-status= live}}</ref> It is illegal to distribute a "self-defense spray" to a person under 18 years of age.
*[[New Jersey]]: Non-felons over the age of 18 can possess a small amount of pepper spray, with no more than three-quarters of an ounce of chemical substance.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
*[[New York (state)|New York]]: Can be legally possessed by any person age 18 or over. Restricted to no more than 0.67% [[capsaicin]] content.  It must be purchased in person (i.e., cannot be purchased by mail-order or internet sale) either at a pharmacy or from a licensed firearm retailer ([[NY Penal Law]] 265.20 14) and the seller must keep a record of purchases.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} 
*[[Texas]] law makes it legal for an individual to possess a small, commercially sold container of pepper spray for personal self-defense. However, Texas law otherwise makes it illegal to carry a "Chemical dispensing device".<ref>Texas Penal Code 46.05(a)(1)(4) and Texas Penal Code 46.01(14)</ref>
*[[Virginia]]: Code of Virginia § 18.2-312. Illegal use of tear gas, phosgene, and other gases.  "If any person maliciously releases or cause or procure to be released in any private home, place of business or place of public gathering any tear gas, mustard gas, phosgene gas or other noxious or nauseating gases or mixtures of chemicals designed to, and capable of, producing vile or injurious or nauseating odors or gases, and bodily injury results to any person from such gas or odor, the offending person shall be guilty of a Class 3 felony.  If such act be done unlawfully, but not maliciously, the offending person shall be guilty of a Class 6 felony.  Nothing herein contained shall prevent the use of tear gas or other gases by police officers or other peace officers in the proper performance of their duties, or by any person or persons in the protection of the person, life or property."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title18.2/chapter7/section18.2-312/|title=§ 18.2-312. Illegal use of tear gas, phosgene and other gases|website=law.lis.virginia.gov|access-date=2018-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629155209/https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title18.2/chapter7/section18.2-312/|archive-date=2018-06-29|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Washington (state)|Washington]]: Persons over 18 may carry personal-protection spray devices.  Persons over age 14 may carry personal-protection spray devices with their legal guardian's consent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=9.91.160|title=RCW 9.91.160: Personal protection spray devices|publisher=Apps.leg.wa.gov|access-date=2010-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822042208/http://apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=9.91.160|archive-date=2009-08-22|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Wisconsin]]: OC products with a maximum OC concentration of 10% and weight range of oleoresin of capsicum and inert ingredients of {{convert|15|-|60|g|oz}} are authorized to be sold to anyone over the age of 18. Further, the product cannot be camouflaged and must have a safety feature designed to prevent accidental discharge. The units may not have an effective range of over {{convert|20|ft|m}} and must have an effective range of {{convert|6|ft|m|spell=in}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legis.wisconsin.gov/rsb/code/jus/jus014.pdf|title=Sale and Distribution of OC Products to Private Citizens|access-date=2011-09-23|archive-date=2021-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228151236/https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/code|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/941/III/26 |title=Wisconsin State Legal Statutes 941.26 |access-date=2011-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322094400/https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/941/III/26 |archive-date=2012-03-22 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Manifestação (34484239140).jpg|thumb|203x203px|Police in Brazil using pepper spray]]

===South America===
*[[Argentina]]: There is no law specifically forbidding pepper sprays, and they are widely available in stores.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}  
*[[Brazil]]: Classified as a weapon by Federal Act n° 3665/2000 (Regulation for Fiscalization of Controlled Products). Only law enforcement officers and private security agents with a recognized Less Lethal Weapons training certificate can carry it.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}  
* [[Colombia]]: Can be sold without any kind of restriction to anyone older than 14 years.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

===Oceania===
*[[Australia]]: Laws vary by state
**[[Australian Capital Territory]]: Pepper spray is a "prohibited weapon", making it an offence to possess or use it.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=ABC News |title=The one place in Australia where it's legal to have pepper spray for self-defence |first=Michael |last=Collett |date=8 July 2018  |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-07-08/the-one-place-in-australia-where-its-legal-to-have-pepper-spray/9932644 |access-date=8 September 2020 }}</ref>
**[[New South Wales]]: Possession of pepper spray by unauthorized persons is illegal, under schedule 1 of the Weapons Prohibition Act 1998, being classified as a "prohibited weapon".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/wpa1998231/sch1.html|title=Weapons Prohibition Act 1998 - Schedule 1|access-date=2017-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410215822/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/wpa1998231/sch1.html|archive-date=2017-04-10|url-status=live}}</ref> 
**[[Northern Territory]]: Concealed carry of 2 cans of OC is to be made legal as of 1 September 2025 for a trial period of one year.<ref>{{cite web | title=OC Spray trial &#124; NT Police, Fire & Emergency Services | url=https://pfes.nt.gov.au/police/firearmsweapons/oc-spray-trial }}</ref>
**[[Tasmania]]: Possession of pepper spray by unauthorized persons is illegal, under an amendment of the Police Offences Act 1935, being classified as an "offensive weapon".  Pepper spray is commercially available without a license.{{Contradictory inline|date=September 2025}} Authority to possess and use Oleoresin Capsicum devices remains with Tasmania Police Officers (As part of general-issue operational equipment), and Tasmanian Justice Department (H.M. Prisons) Officers.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}
**[[South Australia]]: in South Australia, possession of pepper spray without lawful excuse is illegal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.police.sa.gov.au/sapol/services/firearms_weapons/weapons_body_armour/faqs_weapons.jsp|title=Firearms and weapons|first=South Australia|last=Police|access-date=2014-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430053846/http://www.police.sa.gov.au/sapol/services/firearms_weapons/weapons_body_armour/faqs_weapons.jsp|archive-date=2013-04-30|url-status=live}}</ref>
**[[Western Australia]]: The possession of pepper spray by individuals for self-defense subject to a "reasonable excuse" test has been legal in Western Australia following the landmark Supreme Court decision in Hall v Collins [2003] WASCA 74 (4 April 2003).<ref name="Anne Calverley 2003">Anne Calverley, "Judge clears use of pepper spray", ''The West Australian'', 28 March 2003, 1.</ref>
**[[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]: Schedule 3 of the ''Control of Weapons Regulations 2011'' designates "an article designed or adapted to discharge oleoresin capsicum spray" as a prohibited weapon.<ref>{{Cite Legislation AU|Vic|reg|cowr2011325|Control of Weapons Regulations 2011}}</ref>
**[[Queensland]]: in Queensland, pepper spray is considered an offensive weapon and can not be used for self-defence.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.police.qld.gov.au/programs/cscp/personalSafety/adults/dealingwithconfrontation.htm | title = Dealing with confrontation | publisher = Queensland Police | access-date = 2018-12-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180401141027/https://www.police.qld.gov.au/programs/cscp/personalSafety/adults/dealingwithconfrontation.htm | archive-date = 2018-04-01 | url-status = live }}</ref>
*[[New Zealand]]: Classed as a restricted weapon, a permit is required to obtain or carry pepper spray.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/1984/0122/latest/whole.html |title=Arms (Restricted Weapons and Specially Dangerous Airguns) Order 1984 |publisher=Parliamentary Counsel Office |access-date=2014-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017190759/http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/1984/0122/latest/whole.html |archive-date=2014-10-17 |url-status=live }}</ref>  Front-line police officers have routinely carried pepper spray since 1997. New Zealand Prison Service made OC spray available for use in approved situations in 2013.  [[New Zealand Defence Force]] [[Military Police]] are permitted to carry OC spray under a special agreement due to the nature of their duties.  The [[Scoville scale|Scoville]] rating of these sprays are 500,000 (sabre MK9 HVS unit) and 2,000,000 (Sabre, cell buster fog delivery). This was as a result of excessive staff assaults and a two-year trial in ten prisons throughout the country.<ref>Broadstock, M. (2002) [http://nzhta.chmeds.ac.nz/pepper_spray.pdf What is the safety of "pepper spray" use by law enforcement or mental health service staff?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041206102807/http://nzhta.chmeds.ac.nz/Pepper_Spray.PDF |date=2004-12-06 }}, NZHTA Tech Brief Series 2002; 1(2). {{ISBN|1-877235-39-3}}.</ref>

==Civilian use advocates==
In June 2002, West Australian resident Rob Hall was convicted for using a canister of pepper spray to break up an altercation between two guests at his home in Midland. He was sentenced to a good behavior bond and granted a spent conviction order, which he appealed to the Supreme Court. Justice Christine Wheeler ruled in his favor, thereby legalizing pepper spray in the state on a case-by-case basis for those who are able to show a reasonable excuse.<ref name="Anne Calverley 2003"/><ref>''Hall v Collins'' [2003] WASCA 74 (4 April 2003).</ref>

On 14 March 2012, a person dressed entirely in black entered the public gallery of the New South Wales Legislative Council and launched a paper plane into the air in the form of a petition to Police Minister Mike Gallacher calling on the government to allow civilians to carry capsicum spray.<ref>{{cite news |last=Tovey |first=Josephine |url=http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/flight-of-the-macquarie-street-ninja-20120315-1v7ho.html |title=Flight of the MacQuarie Street Ninja |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=March 15, 2012 |access-date=December 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924210609/http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/flight-of-the-macquarie-street-ninja-20120315-1v7ho.html |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mace (spray)]]
* [[Offensive weapon]]
* [[Self-defense#Armed|Defensive weapon]]
* [[Bear spray]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary}}
{{commons category-inline|Pepper sprays}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121120181720/http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/are-guns-more-effective-pepper-spray-alaska-bear-attack?page=0,0 Are guns more effective than pepper spray in an Alaska bear attack?]

{{Chemical agents}}
{{Transient receptor potential channel modulators}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pepper Spray}}
[[Category:Chemical weapons]]
[[Category:Lachrymatory agents]]
[[Category:Riot control agents]]
[[Category:Self-defense]]