View source for Pendhapa

[[Image:Building in Keraton Kasepuhan.jpg|thumb|300px|Pendhapa in Kraton Kasepuhan, [[Cirebon]]]]
[[Image:Javanese pendopo roof.jpg|thumb|right|''Tumpangan'' ceiling within a pendhapa]]

A '''pendhapa''' or '''pandhapa''' ([[Javanese language|Javanese]]: ꦥꦼꦤ꧀ꦝꦥ or ꦥꦤ꧀ꦝꦥ, Indonesian spelling: '''pendapa''', nonstandard spelling: '''pendopo''' or '''pěndåpå''') is a fundamental element of [[Java]]nese [[architecture]] unique in the southern central part of Java;<ref>[https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jaabe/1/2/1_2_2_219/_pdf A Study of Traditional House of Northern Central Java - A Case Study of Demak and Jepara -  by Totok Roesmanto]</ref> a large [[pavilion]]-like structure built on [[column]]s. Either square or rectangular in [[Floor plan|plan]], it is open on all sides and provides shelter from the sun and rain, but allows breeze and indirect light. The word ''pendhapa'' is cognate to the [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] word ''[[mandapa]]'' ("hall").{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

The [[Dutch people|Dutch]] writer, [[Multatuli]], in his [[Dutch East Indies|colonial]] reformist novel, ''[[Max Havelaar]]'', described the ''pendhapa'' thus: "After a broad-brimmed hat, an umbrella, or a hollow tree, a 'pendoppo' [sic] is certainly the most simple representation of the idea '[[roof]]'."<ref>[[Multatuli]]. ''[[Max Havelaar]]'' (1860), translated by Alphonse Nahuÿs. Chapter 5. [https://books.google.com/books?id=GLoBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA57 (Google Books)]</ref>

Derived from ancient Javanese architectural elements, pendhapa are common ritual spaces primarily intended for ceremonies and also for purposes such as receiving guests in the compounds of wealthy Javanese and even as cottage industry work spaces. Pendhapa is constructed as a stand-alone structure or, attached to a walled inner structure (''dalem''), may form the front part of a [[Javanese traditional house|traditional Javanese house]] (''omah'').

==History==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2009}}
The oldest surviving images of ancient Javan vernacular architecture appear in [[Borobudur]] reliefs, among others the stepped roof type {{Transliteration|jv|pendhapa}}. They once sheltered the institutions of ancient Javanese kingdoms, such as law courts, clergy, and palaces, and for public appearances of the king and his ministers. In the 9th century [[Ratu Boko]] complex near Prambanan, there is traces of square elevated stone bases with {{Transliteration|jv|umpaks}}, and stones with holes to put wooden pillars on it. Similar structures also can be found in 14th century [[Trowulan]] dated from [[Majapahit]] era, where square brick bases with {{Transliteration|jv|umpak}} stones suggest that some {{Transliteration|jv|pendopos}} once stood there. Because the pillars and the roof were made from wooden organic material, no trace of the {{Transliteration|jv|pendhapa}} roof remains. The {{Transliteration|jv|pendhapa}} with faithful Majapahit brick-base style can be found in 16th-century Kraton Kasepuhan, [[Cirebon]], as well as 17th-century [[Kota Gede]], [[Yogyakarta]]. This evidence suggests that the design has not changed much for over a millennia.

They remain fundamental components of Javanese ''[[Kraton (Indonesia)|kraton]]'' ('palaces'), with European influences often being incorporated since the 18th century. The majority of ''pendhapa'' are constructed from [[timber]] but [[stonemasonry|masonry]] versions are in existence such as in the ''Kraton Kanoman'' in [[Cirebon]]. Wealthy modern day home builders, in attempting to design homes that draw on traditional Javanese experience of space, have dismantled, transported and re-assembled ''pendhapa'' to form modern-traditional hybrid homes. The pendhapa is used as a batik making place for women.<ref>[https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB11022.pdf Dynamic Usage of Space in the Javanese Architecture Year 1921-2007 by Mohamad MUQOFFA]</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Indonesia}}
* [[Javanese culture]]
* [[Kejawèn]]
* [[Joglo]]
* [[Indonesian architecture]]
* [[Kraton (Indonesia)|Kraton]]
* [[Zayat]]

==References==
<references/>
* Schoppert, P., Damais, S., ''Java Style'', 1997, Didier Millet, Paris, 207 pages, {{ISBN|962-593-232-1}}

{{Indonesian architecture}}

[[Category:Architecture in Indonesia]]