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{{short description|Title of honor within the French nobility}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2019}}
[[File:Crown of a Duke of France.svg|thumb|Heraldic depiction of a duke's [[Coronet#Kingdom of France|coronet]], with blue [[Bonnet (headgear)#Men|bonnet]] of a peer]]
[[File:External Ornaments Duke and Peer of France and Knight of the Royal Orders.svg|thumb|[[Mantle and pavilion (heraldry)|Mantle]] and coronet of a duke and peer of France, shown here with the [[Collar (order)|collars]] of the ''{{ill|Ordres du roi|fr|Ordre du roi}}'']]

The '''Peerage of France''' ({{langx|fr|Pairie de France}}) was a hereditary distinction within the [[French nobility]] which appeared in 1180 during the [[Middle Ages]].

The prestigious title and position of '''Peer of France''' ({{langx|fr|Pair de France|links=no}}) was held by the greatest, highest-ranking members of the French nobility.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Peerage |volume=21 |page=55 |first=Robert Geoffrey |last=Ellis}}</ref> French peerage thus differed from [[British peerage]] (to whom the term "baronage", also employed as the title of the lowest noble rank, was applied in its generic sense), for the vast majority of French nobles, from baron to duke, were not peers.{{NoteTag|In addition, the English peerage would share in the growing power of Parliament, while French ''{{lang|fr|pairs}}'' had no collective political role before the nineteenth-century creation of a Chamber of Peers.}} The title of ''Peer of France'' was an extraordinary honour granted only to a small number of dukes, counts, and princes of the Roman Catholic Church. It was analogous to the rank of [[Grandee of Spain]] in this respect.

The distinction was abolished in 1789 during the [[French Revolution]], but it reappeared in 1814 at the time of the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]], which followed the fall of the [[First French Empire]], when the [[Chamber of Peers (France)|Chamber of Peers]] was given a constitutional function somewhat along [[House of Lords|British lines]] which lasted until the [[Revolutions of 1848 in France|Revolution of 1848]]. On 10 October 1831, by a vote of 324 against 26 of the Chamber of Deputies, hereditary peerages were abolished, but peerages for the life of the holder continued to exist until the chamber and rank were definitively abolished in 1848.

Following the [[Conquest of New France|Seven Years' War]] shortly before the French Revolution, some [[Canadian peers and baronets|Canadian titles]] in the peerage of France came under the control of the British crown. All but one of these have either become extinct, or fallen into abeyance as their holders remained loyal to the French crown. The [[Baron de Longueuil]] holds the only French title of nobility that still exists today, as continued under the [[monarchy of Canada]].

==The words ''{{lang|fr|pair}}'' and ''{{lang|fr|pairie}}''==
The French word ''{{lang|fr|[[wikt:pairie#French|pairie]]}}'' is equivalent to the English "[[peerage]]".  The individual title, ''{{lang|fr|[[wikt:pair#French|pair]]}}'' in French and "peer" in English, derives from the Latin ''{{lang|la|par}}'', "equal". {{cns|date=May 2020|text=It signifies those noblemen and prelates considered to be equal to the monarch in honour (even though they were his vassals), and it considers the monarch thus to be {{lang|la|[[primus inter pares]]}}, or "first among equals".}}

The main uses of the word refer to two historical traditions in the French kingdom, before and after the [[First French Empire]] of [[Napoleon I]]. The word also exists to describe an institution in the [[Crusader states]].

Some etymologists{{Who|date=May 2011}} posit that the French (and English) word ''[[baron]]'', taken from the Latin ''{{lang|la|baro}}'', also derives from the Latin ''{{lang|la|par}}''. Such a derivation would fit the early sense of "baron", as used for the whole peerage and not simply as a noble rank below the comital rank.

===Under the Monarchy: feudal period and ''{{lang|fr|Ancien Régime}}''===
[[File:Grand Royal Coat of Arms of France.svg|thumb|Arms of the Kingdom of France]]
[[File:Arsenal ark 12148 Les Croniques de France ( )Gaguin Robert bpt6k10568539J1K14DOZ.jpg|thumb|Coats of arms of the twelve peers of France, 1516]]

Medieval French kings conferred the dignity of a peerage on some of their pre-eminent [[vassal]]s, both clerical and lay.  Some historians consider [[Louis VII of France|Louis VII]] (1137–1180) to have created the French system of peers.{{NoteTag|Such is the view of François Velde, for example.}}

A peerage was attached to a specific territorial jurisdiction, either an [[episcopal see]] for episcopal peerages or a [[fief]] for secular ones. Peerages attached to fiefs were transmissible or inheritable with the fief, and these fiefs are often designated as ''{{lang|fr|pairie-duché}}'' (for duchies) or ''{{lang|fr|pairie-comté}}'' (for counties).

The original number of peers in the Middle Ages was twelve: 
# [[Archbishop of Reims|Archbishop-Duke of Reims]], premier peer
# [[Bishop of Laon|Bishop-Duke of Laon]]
# [[Bishop of Langres|Bishop-Duke of Langres]]
# [[Bishop of Beauvais|Bishop-Count of Beauvais]]
# [[Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne|Bishop-Count of Châlons]]
# [[Bishop of Noyon|Bishop-Count of Noyon]]
# [[Dukes of Normandy|Duke of Normandy]]
# [[Dukes of Aquitaine|Duke of Aquitaine]], also called Duke of Guyenne
# [[Dukes of Burgundy|Duke of Burgundy]]
# [[Count of Flanders]]
# [[Counts of Champagne|Count of Champagne]]
# [[Counts of Toulouse|Count of Toulouse]]

According to [[Matthew Paris]], the Duke of Normandy and Duke of Aquitaine ranked above the Duke of Burgundy. However, given that the first two were absorbed into the crown early in the recorded history of the peerage, the Duke of Burgundy has become the premier lay peer. In their heyday, the Dukes of Normandy were undoubtedly the mightiest vassals of the French crown.

The constitution of the peerage first became important in 1202, for the court that would try [[King John of England]] in his capacity as vassal of the French crown. Based on the principle of trial by peers, a court wishing to acquire jurisdiction over John had to include persons deemed to be of equal rank to him in his capacity as either Duke of Aquitaine or Normandy. None of the peers had been specified, but since John's trial required the presence of the peers of France, it can be said that the first two peerages identifiable in the documents would be the duchies of Aquitaine and Normandy.

In 1216, [[Erard of Brienne-Ramerupt|Erard of Brienne]] claimed the County of Champagne through the right of his wife, [[Philippa of Champagne]]. Again this required the peers of France, so the County of Champagne is also a peerage. Six of the other peers were identified in the charter — the archbishop of Reims, the bishops of Langres, Chalons, Beauvais and Noyon, and the Duke of Burgundy. The tenth peerage that could be identified in the documents is the County of Flanders, in 1224. In that year John de Nesle entered a complaint against [[Joan, Countess of Flanders|Joan of Flanders]]; the countess responded that she could only be cited by a peer. The absence of the two remaining peers in the documents of this era can be explained thus: the bishop of Laon had only been recently elected at the time the other ecclesiastical peers were mentioned, in 1216, and probably not yet consecrated; the Count of Toulouse, on the other hand, is a heretic. Thus, though there had been differences in the dates of the identification of the twelve peers, they were probably instituted simultaneously and their identities were known to their contemporaries.

These twelve peerages are known as the 'ancient peerage' or ''{{lang|fr|pairie ancienne}}'', and the number twelve is sometimes said to have been chosen to mirror the twelve [[paladin]]s of [[Charlemagne]] in the ''{{lang|fr|[[Chansons de geste|Chanson de geste]]}}'' (see below). Parallels may also be seen with the mythical [[Knights of the Round Table]] under [[King Arthur]]. So popular was this notion that, for a long time, people thought that peerages had originated in the reign of Charlemagne, who was considered a model king and a shining example for knighthood and nobility.

The dozen ''{{lang|fr|pairs}}'' played a role in the royal ''{{lang|fr|sacre}}'' or [[consecration]], during the liturgy of the [[coronation]] of the king, attested to as early as 1179, symbolically upholding his crown, and each original peer had a specific role, often with an attribute. Since the peers were never twelve during the coronation in early periods, due to the fact that most lay peerages were forfeited to or merged in the crown, delegates were chosen by the king, mainly from the princes of the blood. In later periods peers also held up by poles a [[baldaquin]] or [[cloth of honour]] over the king during much of the ceremony.

This paralleled the arch-offices attached to the [[Prince-elector|electorates]], the even more prestigious and powerful first college in the [[Holy Roman Empire]], the other heir of [[Charlemagne]]'s Frankish empire.

The twelve original peers were divided in two classes, six clerical peers hierarchically above the six lay peers, which were themselves divided in two, three dukes above three counts:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rank
! Bishops
! Lay
|-
| width="10%" rowspan="3" align="center" | Dukes
| width="33%" align="center" | [[Archbishop of Reims|Reims]], archbishop, premier peer, anoints and crowns the king
| width="33%" align="center" | [[Dukes of Burgundy|Burgundy]], premier lay peer, bears the crown and fastens the belt
|-
| width="33%" align="center" | [[Bishop of Laon|Laon]] bears the ''{{lang|fr|sainte ampoule}}'' containing the sacred ointment
| width="33%" align="center" | [[Dukes of Normandy|Normandy]] holds the first square banner
|-
| width="33%" align="center" | [[Bishop of Langres|Langres]], the only one of the five bishops not in the Reims province, bears the sceptre
| width="33%" align="center" |[[Dukes of Aquitaine|Aquitaine]], also called ''Guyenne'' after its refounding, holds the second square banner
|-
| width="10%" rowspan="3" align="center" | Counts
| width="33%" align="center" | [[Bishop of Beauvais|Beauvais]] bears the royal mantle
| width="33%" align="center" | [[Counts of Toulouse|Toulouse]] carries the spurs
|-
| width="33%" align="center" | [[Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne|Châlons]] bears the royal ring
| width="33%" align="center" | [[Count of Flanders|Flanders]] carries the sword
|-
| width="33%" align="center" | [[Bishop of Noyon|Noyon]] bears the belt
| width="33%" align="center" | [[Counts of Champagne|Champagne]] holds the royal standard
{{S-end}}

In 1204 the [[Duchy of Normandy]] was absorbed by the French crown, and later in the 13th century two more of the lay peerages were absorbed by the crown (Toulouse 1271, Champagne 1284), so in 1297 three new peerages were created, the [[Count of Artois|County of Artois]], the [[Counts and dukes of Anjou#House of Valois|County of Anjou]] and the [[Duke of Brittany|Duchy of Brittany]], to compensate for the three peerages that had disappeared.

Thus, beginning in 1297 the practice started of creating new peerages by [[letters patent]], specifying the fief to which the peerage was attached, and the conditions under which the fief could be transmitted (e.g. only male heirs) for princes of the blood who held an [[apanage]]. By 1328 all apanagists would be peers.

The number of lay peerages increased over time from 7 in 1297 to 26 in 1400, 21 in 1505, and 24 in 1588. By 1789, there were 43, including five held by princes of the blood ([[House of Orléans|Orléans]], [[Princes of Condé|Condé]], [[Duke of Bourbon|Bourbon]], [[Princes of Condé|Enghien]], and  [[House of Condé|Conti]]), {{lang|fr|[[Bourbon-Penthièvre|Penthièvre]]}} (who was the son of a legitimized prince, the [[Louis-Alexandre de Bourbon, comte de Toulouse|Count of Toulouse]], also a ''{{lang|fr|pair de France}}''), and 37 other lay peers, ranking from the [[Viscounts and Dukes of Uzès|Duchy of Uzès]], created in 1572, to the [[Duchy of Aubigny]], created in 1787.

One family could hold several peerages. The minimum age was 25. The majority of new peerages created until the fifteenth century were for royal princes, while new peerages from the sixteenth century on were increasingly created for non-royals. After 1569 no more countships were made into peers, and peerage was exclusively given to duchies (''{{lang|fr|duc et pair}}''). Occasionally the ''{{lang|fr|[[Parlement]]}}'' (''{{lang|fr|Parlement de Paris}}'') refused to register the [[letter patent|letters of patent]] conferring peerage on them.

Apart from the coronation of French kings, the privileges of peers were largely matters of precedence, the titles {{lang|fr|[[Monseigneur]]}}, ''{{lang|fr|Votre Grandeur}}'' and the address ''{{lang|fr|mon cousin}}'', suggesting parentage to the royal family, or at least equivalence, by the King, and a ''{{lang|la|priviligium fori}}''. This meant that judicial proceedings concerning the peers and their ''{{lang|fr|pairie-fiefs}}'' were exclusively under the jurisdiction of the [[Court of Peers]]. Members of the peerage had also the right to sit in a ''{{lang|fr|[[lit de justice]]}}'', a formal preceding and speak before the ''{{lang|fr|Parlement}}'', and they were also given high positions at the court, and a few minor privileges such as entering the courtyards of royal castles in their carriages.

While many lay peerages became extinguished over time, as explained above, the ecclesiastical peerages, on the other hand, were perpetual, and only a seventh one was created before the French Revolution, taking precedence behind the six original ones, being created in 1690 for the [[Archbishop of Paris]], after centuries as a mere [[suffragan bishop|suffraganage]], styled as second ''{{lang|fr|archevêque-duc}}'' for he held the [[Duchy of Saint-Cloud]].

The expression ''{{lang|fr|pair}}'' was also sometimes used for groups of nobles within a French fief (e.g. the [[Prince-Bishop of Cambrai]], who held the [[County of Cambrai]], was the overlord of its twelve ''{{lang|fr|pairs}}''). These "peers" did not benefit from the royal privileges listed above.

A fanatical defender of the privileges of the peers was the memoirist [[Louis de Rouvroy, Duke of Saint-Simon]], who was neither very wealthy (by ducal standards), nor influential at court, but whose father had been made a peer. Louis XIV tried to promote the status in protocol of his legitimized bastards in various minor respects, and Saint-Simon devotes long chapters of his memoirs to his struggles against this.

===Under the First Republic and the First Empire: the Revolutionary and Napoleonic period===
The original peerage of the French realm, like other feudal titles of nobility, was abolished during the [[French Revolution]], on the night of August 4, 1789, the [[French Revolution from the abolition of feudalism to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy#The abolition of feudalism|Night of the Abolition of Feudalism]].

[[Napoleon I]], Emperor of the French from 1804, 'reinvented' the functions of the ''{{lang|fr|anciennes pairies}}'', so to speak, as he created in 1806 the exclusive ''{{lang|fr|[[duke|duchés grand-fiefs]]}}'' (in chief of politically insignificant estates in non-annexed parts of Italy) in 1806 and first recreated the honorary functions at (his own) imperial coronation, but now vested in Great Officers, not attached to fiefs.

Napoleon [[Nobility of the First French Empire|reinstituted French noble titles]] in 1808 but did not create a system of peerages comparable to the United Kingdom. He did create a House of Peers on his return from Elba in 1815, but the House was not constituted before his abdication at the end of the [[Hundred Days]] (''{{lang|fr|Cent jours}}'').

=== Chamber of Peers===
[[File:Chambre Des Pairs (1841).jpg|thumb|Chamber of Peers in the Palais du Luxembourg (1841)]]
The French peerage was recreated by the [[Charter of 1814]] with the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]], albeit on a different basis from before 1789. A new [[Chamber of Peers (France)|Chamber of Peers]] (''{{lang|fr|Chambre des Pairs}}'') was created, similar to the model of the British [[House of Lords]]. The Chamber of Peers survived the [[July Revolution]] of 1830, with some revisions, as the [[July Monarchy]]'s [[Charter of 1830]] merely revised rather than overturned the Charter of 1814. Throughout both the Restoration and July Monarchy, the Chamber met in the [[Luxembourg Palace]]. However, the establishment of the [[French Second Republic]] in the [[French Revolution of 1848|Revolution of 1848]] broke cleanly with the 1814 Charter and disbanded the Chamber of Peers definitively, establishing a unicameral [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]].

==Peerage of Jerusalem==
The [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]], the only [[crusader state]] equal in rank to such European kingdoms as France (the origin of most of Jerusalem's knights) and England, had a peerage modelled on the French and using the French language.

==Charlemagne's twelve peers==
In the medieval French ''{{lang|fr|[[chansons de geste]]}}'' and material associated with the [[Matter of France]] that tell of the exploits of [[Charlemagne]] and his knights—such as ''[[The Song of Roland]]''—the elite of the imperial army and Charlemagne's closest advisors were called "The Twelve Peers". The exact names of the peers vary from text to text. In ''The Song of Roland'' (Oxford edition), the peers are: [[Roland]], [[Olivier (The Song of Roland)|Olivier]], Gerin, Gerier, Berengier, Oton, Samson, Engelier, Ivon, Ivoire, Anseïs, and {{lang|fr|[[Gérard de Roussillon]]}}<ref name="Chanson de Roland, p. 265">''Chanson de Roland'', p. 265.</ref> (Charlemagne's trusted adviser [[Naimes]] and the warrior-priest [[Turpin (archbishop)|Turpin]] are, however, not included in the 12 peers in this text; neither is [[Ganelon]] the traitor).  The number of peers is thought to parallel the [[twelve apostles]].<ref name="Chanson de Roland, p. 265"/>

==Coats of arms of the Twelve Peers==
{{gallery|mode=packed|noborder=1
| width = 100
| height = 100
| France cross argent.svg  | Archbishop of Reims
| Blason Evêques de Laon.svg  | Bishop of Laon
| Blason ville fr Langres (Haute-Marne).svg  | Bishop of Langres
| Blason de Beauvais.svg  | Bishop of Beauvais
| Blason Archevêques de Reims.svg  | Bishop of Châlons
| Blason Evêques de Noyon.svg  | Bishop of Noyon
| Blason region fr Normandie.svg  | Duke of Normandy
| Blason region fr Aquitaine.svg  | Duke of Guyenne
| Blason Ducs Bourgogne (ancien).svg  | Duke of Burgundy
| Blason Nord-Pas-De-Calais.svg | Count of Flanders
| Blason région fr Champagne-Ardenne.svg | Count of Champagne
| Blason Languedoc.svg | Count of Toulouse
}}

==See also==
* [[French nobility]]
* [[Dukes in France]]
* [[List of French peerages]]
* [[List of French peers]]
* [[List of coats of arms of French peers]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* Richard A. Jackson, "Peers of France and Princes of the Blood", ''[[French Historical Studies]]'', volume 7, number 1 (Spring 1971), pp.&nbsp;27–46.
* ''{{lang|fr|La Chanson de Roland}}'', edited and translated by Ian Short, Paris: ''{{lang|fr|Livre de Poche}}'', 1990, {{ISBN|978-2-253-05341-5}}.
{{refend}}

[[Category:Bourbon Restoration]]
[[Category:Peers of France| Peerage]]
[[Category:Lists of peerages|France]]