View source for Peach Bottom Nuclear Generating Station

{{Short description|Nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station
| name_official = 
| image = Peach Bottom Nuclear Generating Station 1974 cropped.jpg
| image_size = 
| image_caption = Photo of Units 2 and 3 {{circa|1974}}
| image_alt = 
| coordinates = {{coord|39|45|30|N|76|16|5|W|region:US-PA_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = United States
| location = [[Delta, York County, Pennsylvania]], [[York County, Pennsylvania]]
| status = O
| construction_began = Unit 1: February 1, 1962<br/>Units 2–3: January 31, 1968
| commissioned = Unit 1: June 1, 1967<br/>Unit 2: July 5, 1974<br/>Unit 3: December 23, 1974
| decommissioned = Unit 1: November 1, 1974
| cost = $2.943 billion (2007 USD)<ref>{{cite web|title=EIA - State Nuclear Profiles|url=https://www.eia.gov/nuclear/state/archive/2010/pennsylvania/ |website=www.eia.gov|access-date=3 October 2017|language=en}}</ref>
| owner = Unit 1: [[Constellation Energy]]<br/>Units 2–3: [[Constellation Energy]] (50%),<br/>[[Public Service Electric and Gas|PSEG]] (50%)
| operator = [[Constellation Energy]]
<!------------------------- NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS -->| np_reactor_type = Unit 1: [[HTGR]]<br/>Units 2–3: [[Boiling water reactor|BWR]]
| np_reactor_supplier = Unit 1: [[General Atomics]]<br/>Units 2–3: [[General Electric]]
| np_fuel_type = 
| np_fuel_supplier = 
| ps_cogeneration = 
| ps_cooling_source = [[Susquehanna River]]
| ps_cooling_towers = 3 × [[Mechanical Draft]]<br/>(supplemental only)
<!------------------------- GENERAL -->| ps_units_operational = 1 × 1308 MW<br/>1 × 1309 MW
| ps_units_manu_model = Unit 1: Prototype<br/>Units 2–3: [[GE BWR|BWR-4]] (Mark 1)
| ps_units_uc = 
| ps_units_planned = 
| ps_units_cancelled = 
| ps_units_decommissioned = 1 × 40 MW
| ps_thermal_capacity = 1 × 115 MW<sub>th</sub> (decommissioned)<br/>2 × 3951 MW<sub>th</sub>
| ps_heating_capacity = 
| ps_electrical_capacity = 2617
| ps_electrical_cap_fac = 94.81% (2017)<br/>76.90% (lifetime)
| ps_storage_capacity = 
| ps_annual_generation = 22,268 GWh (2021)
| website = [https://www.constellationenergy.com/our-company/locations/location-sites/peach-bottom-atomic-power-station.html Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station]
| extra = 
}}

The '''Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station''' is an American [[nuclear power plant]] that is located {{convert|50|mi}} southeast of [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]] in [[Peach Bottom Township, York County, Pennsylvania|Peach Bottom Township]], [[York County, Pennsylvania]]. Situated close to the [[Susquehanna River]], it is three miles north of the [[Maryland]] border.

==History==
The [[PECO Energy|Philadelphia Electric Company]] (later "PECO") was a pioneer in the commercial nuclear industry when it ordered Peach Bottom&nbsp;1 in 1958. The U.S.'s first nuclear power plant (the [[Shippingport Reactor]]) had gone on line a year earlier. Peach Bottom Unit&nbsp;1 was an experimental [[helium]]-cooled, [[graphite]]-moderated reactor. The reactor was fueled by a [[Mixed oxide|mixed]] [[Thorium|<sup>232</sup>Th]]-[[Uranium-235|<sup>235</sup>U]] fuel.<ref name="PeachBottomFuel">{{cite journal |last=Birely |first=William |date=1973-07-05 |title=Operating Experience of the Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0029549374900429 |url-access=subscription |journal=Nuclear Engineering and Design |volume=26 |issue=1  |pages=9-15 |doi=10.1016/0029-5493(74)90042-9 |access-date=}}</ref> It operated from 1966 to 1974. Peach Bottom 2 and 3, [[General Electric]] [[boiling water reactor]]s, went on-line in 1974, and are still in operation on the 620-acre (2.5&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) site today. Both Units&nbsp;2 and 3, originally rated at 3,514&nbsp;[[megawatt]]s thermal (MW<sub>th</sub>), equivalent to about 1,180&nbsp;megawatts of electricity (MW<sub>e</sub>) each, were uprated to 4,016&nbsp;megawatts thermal (MW<sub>th</sub>), equivalent to about 1,382&nbsp;megawatts net of electricity (MW<sub>e</sub>) each in 2018. Units 2 and 3 were originally licensed to operate until 2013 and 2014, respectively. Their licenses were extended until 2033 and 2034 and then, in 2020 they were extended to 2053 and 2054.<ref>{{cite web |title=Exelon's Peach Bottom becomes second US nuclear plant to get license approval to 80 years |url=https://www.utilitydive.com/news/exelons-peach-bottom-becomes-second-us-nuclear-plant-to-get-license-approv/573690/ |website=Utility Dive}}</ref>

Peach Bottom is currently operated by [[Constellation Energy]] (formerly a division of PECO's parent company, [[Exelon]], and before that it was known as Baltimore Gas and Electric (BG&E), the oldest gas utility in the country) and is jointly owned by Constellation (50%) and [[Public Service Enterprise Group]] (PSEG) Power LLC (formerly Public Service Electric and Gas) (50%).

Peach Bottom was one of the plants analyzed in the [[NUREG-1150]] safety analysis study.

== Electricity production ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Generation ('''[[Kilowatt-hour|MWh]]''') of Peach Bottom Nuclear Generating Station'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Electricity Data Browser |url=https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/plant/3166/?freq=M&pin= |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=www.eia.gov}}</ref>
!Year
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
!Annual (Total)
|-
!2001
|<small>1,664,626</small>
|<small>1,472,202</small>
|<small>1,670,642</small>
|<small>1,614,240</small>
|<small>1,634,425</small>
|<small>1,556,160</small>
|<small>1,437,853</small>
|<small>1,373,333</small>
|<small>1,032,388</small>
|<small>1,197,096</small>
|<small>1,594,095</small>
|<small>1,646,619</small>
!17,893,679
|-
!2002
|<small>1,611,096</small>
|<small>1,502,169</small>
|<small>1,631,352</small>
|<small>1,608,685</small>
|<small>1,650,900</small>
|<small>1,591,210</small>
|<small>1,618,222</small>
|<small>1,550,246</small>
|<small>992,940</small>
|<small>1,567,018</small>
|<small>1,623,340</small>
|<small>1,539,148</small>
!18,486,326
|-
!2003
|<small>1,678,488</small>
|<small>1,467,100</small>
|<small>1,690,062</small>
|<small>1,568,558</small>
|<small>1,548,152</small>
|<small>1,620,856</small>
|<small>1,510,658</small>
|<small>1,632,360</small>
|<small>863,614</small>
|<small>1,316,151</small>
|<small>1,644,917</small>
|<small>1,643,804</small>
!18,184,720
|-
!2004
|<small>1,698,569</small>
|<small>1,475,988</small>
|<small>1,695,892</small>
|<small>1,629,694</small>
|<small>1,670,367</small>
|<small>1,617,596</small>
|<small>1,659,213</small>
|<small>1,612,699</small>
|<small>1,154,476</small>
|<small>1,396,575</small>
|<small>1,644,485</small>
|<small>1,563,827</small>
!18,819,381
|-
!2005
|<small>1,674,690</small>
|<small>1,398,795</small>
|<small>1,645,670</small>
|<small>1,632,476</small>
|<small>1,648,942</small>
|<small>1,598,503</small>
|<small>1,554,916</small>
|<small>1,596,322</small>
|<small>1,101,005</small>
|<small>1,203,077</small>
|<small>1,640,015</small>
|<small>1,699,039</small>
!18,393,450
|-
!2006
|<small>1,665,319</small>
|<small>1,534,525</small>
|<small>1,697,491</small>
|<small>1,635,262</small>
|<small>1,646,452</small>
|<small>1,615,009</small>
|<small>1,642,621</small>
|<small>1,611,988</small>
|<small>1,152,794</small>
|<small>1,394,900</small>
|<small>1,640,511</small>
|<small>1,695,805</small>
!18,932,677
|-
!2007
|<small>1,689,888</small>
|<small>1,511,891</small>
|<small>1,688,236</small>
|<small>1,624,237</small>
|<small>1,673,642</small>
|<small>1,611,518</small>
|<small>1,651,388</small>
|<small>1,607,209</small>
|<small>1,271,760</small>
|<small>1,224,953</small>
|<small>1,645,705</small>
|<small>1,698,295</small>
!18,898,722
|-
!2008
|<small>1,687,531</small>
|<small>1,473,574</small>
|<small>1,696,857</small>
|<small>1,636,080</small>
|<small>1,667,933</small>
|<small>1,612,531</small>
|<small>1,631,312</small>
|<small>1,567,732</small>
|<small>1,096,725</small>
|<small>1,116,824</small>
|<small>1,647,421</small>
|<small>1,700,263</small>
!18,534,783
|-
!2009
|<small>1,475,861</small>
|<small>1,521,316</small>
|<small>1,659,915</small>
|<small>1,626,902</small>
|<small>1,669,790</small>
|<small>1,618,891</small>
|<small>1,660,211</small>
|<small>1,610,510</small>
|<small>1,095,254</small>
|<small>1,321,688</small>
|<small>1,652,511</small>
|<small>1,696,980</small>
!18,609,829
|-
!2010
|<small>1,669,745</small>
|<small>1,510,824</small>
|<small>1,693,816</small>
|<small>1,643,884</small>
|<small>1,658,594</small>
|<small>1,621,294</small>
|<small>1,650,172</small>
|<small>1,599,740</small>
|<small>1,076,368</small>
|<small>1,444,535</small>
|<small>1,486,439</small>
|<small>1,703,970</small>
!18,759,381
|-
!2011
|<small>1,688,092</small>
|<small>1,538,951</small>
|<small>1,699,432</small>
|<small>1,634,743</small>
|<small>1,675,131</small>
|<small>1,620,931</small>
|<small>1,643,404</small>
|<small>1,581,960</small>
|<small>1,055,235</small>
|<small>1,273,617</small>
|<small>1,678,069</small>
|<small>1,735,372</small>
!18,824,937
|-
!2012
|<small>1,716,202</small>
|<small>1,623,887</small>
|<small>1,727,163</small>
|<small>1,667,514</small>
|<small>1,671,647</small>
|<small>1,613,516</small>
|<small>1,615,369</small>
|<small>1,526,380</small>
|<small>996,335</small>
|<small>1,176,966</small>
|<small>1,706,994</small>
|<small>1,764,049</small>
!18,806,022
|-
!2013
|<small>1,753,160</small>
|<small>1,586,736</small>
|<small>1,757,394</small>
|<small>1,719,406</small>
|<small>1,711,012</small>
|<small>1,627,018</small>
|<small>1,639,108</small>
|<small>1,570,377</small>
|<small>971,377</small>
|<small>1,028,179</small>
|<small>1,702,881</small>
|<small>1,767,884</small>
!18,834,532
|-
!2014
|<small>1,764,732</small>
|<small>1,535,556</small>
|<small>1,745,261</small>
|<small>1,701,002</small>
|<small>1,710,822</small>
|<small>1,637,638</small>
|<small>1,662,359</small>
|<small>1,669,483</small>
|<small>1,570,931</small>
|<small>1,300,486</small>
|<small>845,627</small>
|<small>1,627,272</small>
!18,771,169
|-
!2015
|<small>1,738,500</small>
|<small>1,521,627</small>
|<small>1,726,289</small>
|<small>1,740,198</small>
|<small>1,777,697</small>
|<small>1,705,492</small>
|<small>1,752,571</small>
|<small>1,683,650</small>
|<small>1,352,070</small>
|<small>1,204,949</small>
|<small>1,811,530</small>
|<small>1,843,729</small>
!19,858,302
|-
!2016
|<small>1,973,770</small>
|<small>1,840,909</small>
|<small>1,961,836</small>
|<small>1,874,377</small>
|<small>1,913,055</small>
|<small>1,786,221</small>
|<small>1,849,729</small>
|<small>1,815,094</small>
|<small>1,759,409</small>
|<small>1,577,149</small>
|<small>1,546,878</small>
|<small>1,977,008</small>
!21,875,435
|-
!2017
|<small>1,937,962</small>
|<small>1,773,025</small>
|<small>1,972,031</small>
|<small>1,892,130</small>
|<small>1,798,344</small>
|<small>1,841,185</small>
|<small>1,870,889</small>
|<small>1,841,939</small>
|<small>1,705,062</small>
|<small>1,474,115</small>
|<small>1,663,753</small>
|<small>1,952,108</small>
!21,722,543
|-
!2018
|<small>1,993,215</small>
|<small>1,775,644</small>
|<small>1,959,427</small>
|<small>1,895,427</small>
|<small>1,975,987</small>
|<small>1,813,495</small>
|<small>1,869,074</small>
|<small>1,897,741</small>
|<small>1,585,072</small>
|<small>974,012</small>
|<small>1,938,325</small>
|<small>2,002,697</small>
!21,680,116
|-
!2019
|<small>2,002,859</small>
|<small>1,809,685</small>
|<small>2,001,340</small>
|<small>1,927,258</small>
|<small>1,974,532</small>
|<small>1,870,469</small>
|<small>1,886,773</small>
|<small>1,863,973</small>
|<small>1,754,960</small>
|<small>1,479,158</small>
|<small>1,729,059</small>
|<small>1,994,319</small>
!22,294,385
|-
!2020
|<small>2,004,994</small>
|<small>1,876,623</small>
|<small>1,984,657</small>
|<small>1,934,403</small>
|<small>1,967,831</small>
|<small>1,855,918</small>
|<small>1,871,962</small>
|<small>1,826,635</small>
|<small>1,700,914</small>
|<small>1,394,277</small>
|<small>1,416,054</small>
|<small>1,958,066</small>
!21,792,334
|-
!2021
|<small>2,002,793</small>
|<small>1,786,510</small>
|<small>1,998,255</small>
|<small>1,922,903</small>
|<small>1,921,720</small>
|<small>1,860,860</small>
|<small>1,895,146</small>
|<small>1,873,639</small>
|<small>1,771,548</small>
|<small>1,573,523</small>
|<small>1,657,609</small>
|<small>2,003,738</small>
!22,268,244
|-
!2022
|<small>2,000,038</small>
|<small>1,806,696</small>
|<small>1,980,295</small>
|<small>1,930,149</small>
|<small>1,850,321</small>
|<small>1,859,721</small>
|<small>1,861,234</small>
|<small>1,825,082</small>
|<small>1,755,487</small>
|<small>1,406,088</small>
|<small>1,913,010</small>
|<small>1,995,682</small>
!22,183,803
|-
!2023
|<small>1,982,664</small>
|<small>1,800,032</small>
|<small>1,989,076</small>
|<small>1,907,233</small>
|<small>1,951,871</small>
|<small>1,850,361</small>
|<small>1,870,105</small>
|<small>1,839,176</small>
|<small>1,702,405</small>
|<small>1,347,329</small>
|<small>1,927,943</small>
|<small>1,995,878</small>
!22,164,093
|-
!2024
|<small>1,902,289</small>
|<small>1,859,725</small>
|<small>1,965,241</small>
|<small>1,908,087</small>
|<small>1,910,618</small>
|<small>1,833,236</small>
|<small>1,614,906</small>
|<small>1,878,974</small>
|<small>1,767,490</small>
|<small>1,470,730</small>
|<small>1,725,494</small>
|<small>2,002,071</small>
!21,838,861
|-
!2025
|<small>1,995,892</small>
|<small>1,809,984</small>
|<small>1,977,042</small>
|<small>1,887,205</small>
|<small></small>
|<small></small>
|<small></small>
|<small></small>
|<small></small>
|<small></small>
|<small></small>
|<small></small>
!--
|-
|}

==Surrounding population==
[[File:Peach Bottom - Aerial View 1.jpg|thumb|right|Photo of Peach Bottom Unit 1]]
The [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]] defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of {{convert|10|mi}}, concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination, and an ingestion pathway zone of about {{convert|50|mi}}, concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/emerg-plan-prep-nuc-power-bg.html |title=NRC: Backgrounder on Emergency Preparedness at Nuclear Power Plants |access-date=10 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002131207/http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/emerg-plan-prep-nuc-power-bg.html |archive-date=October 2, 2006 }}</ref>

The 2010 U.S. population within {{convert|10|mi}} of Peach Bottom was 46,536, an increase of 7.2 percent in a decade, according to an analysis of U.S. Census data for msnbc.com. The 2010 U.S. population within {{convert|50|mi}} was 5,526,343, an increase of 10.6 percent since 2000. Cities within 50 miles include Baltimore (36 miles to city center).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-14 |title=Nuclear neighbors: Population rises near US reactors |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna42555888 |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref>

Cities within 50 miles:
* Pennsylvania
** [[Harrisburg]] (Capital) (48mi/78km)
* Maryland
** [[Baltimore]] (37mi/60km)
* Delaware
** [[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]] (38mi/61km)

==Safety concerns==
{{mcn section|date=October 2024}}

In 1987, PECO was ordered by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to indefinitely shutdown Peach Bottom-2 and -3 on March 31 due to operator misconduct, corporate malfeasance, and blatant disregard for the health and safety of the area. {{citation needed|date=August 2021}}.

Among the incidents cited by the NRC: security guards were overworked, one guard was found asleep on the job, 36,000 gallons of "mildly radioactive water" leaked into the Susquehanna River, PECO mislaid data on radioactive waste classification causing misclassification of a waste shipment, and a major fire occurred in the maintenance cage of the Unit 3 turbine building on March 4, 1987{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}.

Blame was not simply placed on the operators. "Latent organizational weakness" was targeted by industry experts and regulators alike. INPO President Zack Pate came to the conclusion that "Major changes in the corporate culture at PECO are required." In September 1988, NRC Chairman Lando Zech told senior management officials of PECO, "Your operators certainly made mistakes, no question about that. Your corporate management problems are just as serious." Clearly, a culture characterized by low morale and apathy prevailed. By April 1988, this emphasis on mismanagement contributed to the President of PECO resigning as well as to the retirement of the CEO.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}

Robert P. Crosby became the primary Organization Development influence during the PECO Nuclear turnaround following the Peach Bottom shut down. He used [[The Interpersonal Gap]] model by John L. Wallen along with a unique [[T-group (social psychology)|T-group]] method known as Conflict Management (and later as ''Tough Stuff'' in other business applications) to speed culture change, and applied his own version of Daryl Conner's Sponsor Agent Target model to improving and shortening outage management.<ref>Crosby, G. (2015). ''Fight, Flight, Freeze: Taming Your Reptilian Brain and other Practical Approaches to Self-Improvement''. Second Edition. Seattle, WA: CrosbyOD Publishing. Chapters 3 and 4 are dedicated to [[The Interpersonal Gap]] and Wallen’s behavioral skills, Chapter 11 to the PECO Nuclear turnaround.</ref><ref>Crosby, R.P. (2011). ''Culture Change in Organizations: A Guide to Leadership and Bottom-Line Results''. Second Edition. Seattle, WA: CrosbyOD Publishing. Appendix F, ''Culture Can be Built: PECO Nuclear Turnaround''.</ref>

By 1996, both Limerick and Peach Bottom were designated excellent by INPO, and given strong Systematic Assessment of Licensee Performance (SALP) ratings by the NRC.

In 1999, PECO Nuclear eliminated their Organization Development positions as part of cost cutting initiative.
 
In 2007, Kerry Beal videotaped Peach Bottom security guards sleeping on the job. Beal had previously tried to notify supervisors at [[Wackenhut|Wackenhut Corp.]] and the US [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/03/AR2008010304442.html?sub=AR |title=Video of Sleeping Guards Shakes Nuclear Industry |last=Mufson |first=Steven |date=January 4, 2008 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=2008-11-18}}</ref> 

==Seismic risk==
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Peach Bottom was 1 in 41,667; according to an NRC study published in August 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-16 |title=What are the odds? US nuke plants ranked by quake risk |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna42103936 |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/Sections/NEWS/quake%20nrc%20risk%20estimates.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525170632/http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/Sections/NEWS/quake%20nrc%20risk%20estimates.pdf |archive-date=2017-05-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Pennsylvania|Energy|Nuclear technology}}}}
* [[Exelon]]
* [[Nuclear reactor accidents in the United States]]
* [[Nuclear safety in the United States]]
* [[G4S Secure Solutions]] (formerly The Wackenhut Corporation)
* [[List of the largest nuclear power stations in the United States]]

==References==
;Specific
{{reflist}}

;General
<li id="cite_note-7">https://www.nrc.gov/info-finder/decommissioning/power-reactor/peach-bottom-atomic-power-station-unit.html
</li>

==External links==
*{{cite web
 | url= http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/at_a_glance/reactors/peach_bottom.html 
 | title= Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station, Pennsylvania 
 | date= October 3, 2008 | publisher= [[Energy Information Administration]], [[U.S. Department of Energy]] (DOE)
 | access-date= 2008-11-18 }}
*{{cite web
 | url= https://www.nrc.gov/info-finder/reactor/pb2.html 
 | title= Peach Bottom 2 Boiling Water Reactor 
 | date= February 14, 2008 | work= Operating Nuclear Power Reactors 
 | publisher= U.S. [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]] (NRC) 
 | access-date= 2008-11-18 }}
*{{cite web
 | url= https://www.nrc.gov/info-finder/reactor/pb3.html 
 | title= Peach Bottom 3 Boiling Water Reactor 
 | date= February 14, 2008 | work= Operating Nuclear Power Reactors 
 | publisher= NRC 
 | access-date= 2008-11-18 }}

* {{cite web
 | url= http://www.pseg.com/companies/nuclear/peachbottom.jsp 
 | title= The Peach Bottom Atomic Energy Station 
 | year= 2008 | publisher= [[PSEG Nuclear]] LLC
 | access-date= 2008-11-18 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080607061300/http://www.pseg.com/companies/nuclear/peachbottom.jsp <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2008-06-07}}

{{U.S. Nuclear Plants}}

[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1966]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1974]]
[[Category:Nuclear safety and security]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in York County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Nuclear power plants in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Exelon]]
[[Category:Public Service Enterprise Group]]