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{{Short description|1700 peace treaty between Denmark, Sweden, and Holstein}}
{{Infobox Treaty
| name                = Peace of Travendal
| long_name           = Travendahlischer Friede<br/>Freden i Traventhal
| image               = Traventhal.JPG
| image_width         = 250px
| caption             = [[Traventhal House]]
| type                = [[Peace treaty]]
| date_signed         = {{Start date|1700|08|18}} Gregorian. August 8, 1700 Swedish Calendar. August 7, 1700 Julian Calendar
| location_signed     = [[Traventhal|Travendal (Traventhal)]] House
| date_effective      = 1700-1709
| signatories         = 
* [[Johann Hugo von Lente]]
* [[Magnus von Wedderkop]]
* [[Christoph Blome]]
* [[Pincier von Königstein]]
| parties             = 
* [[Denmark-Norway]]
* [[Swedish Empire]]
* [[Holstein-Gottorp]]<br/> '''Guarantors:'''
* [[Holy Roman Empire]]
* [[France]]
* [[Dutch Republic|United Provinces]] (Netherlands)
* [[United Kingdom]] (Great Britain)
| language            = [[German language|German]]}}
The '''Peace of Travendal''' was a [[peace treaty]] concluded at the outset of the [[Great Northern War]] on 18 August 1700 between the [[Swedish Empire]], [[Denmark–Norway]] and [[Holstein-Gottorp]] in [[Traventhal]].<ref name=Weigley108>Weigley (2004), p.108</ref>   Denmark had to return Holstein-Gottorp to its duke, a Swedish ally, and to leave the anti-Swedish alliance. The Danes only reentered the war after Sweden's major defeat in the [[Battle of Poltava]], 1709, having used the time to reform their army.  The treaty was guaranteed by France, the Holy Roman Empire, the United Provinces (Netherlands) and Great Britain.

==Background==

In 1698 and 1699, [[Peter the Great]] of Russia, [[Augustus II the Strong]] of [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]] and [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland–Lithuania]], as well as [[Christian V of Denmark|Christian V]] and his successor [[Frederick IV of Denmark|Frederick IV of Denmark-Norway]] agreed on a three-front assault on the [[Swedish Empire]],<ref name=Frost228>Frost (2000), p.228</ref> where minor [[Charles XII of Sweden|Charles XII]] had ascended the throne in 1697.<ref name=Frost227>Frost (2000), p.227</ref> [[Holstein-Gottorp]], just south of [[Denmark]], was tied to Sweden by the marriage of duke [[Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp|Frederick IV]] to [[Hedvig Sophia of Sweden|Hedvig Sophia]], daughter of [[Charles XI of Sweden]], in 1698.<ref name=Frost227/> Danish forces entered Holstein-Gottorp in March 1700 and [[Siege of Tönning|besieged the fortress of Tönning]], while August the Strong was advancing through [[Swedish Livonia]].<ref name=Frost228/> 

In the meantime, Sweden had negotiated the support of the Maritime Powers, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, against Danish assaults on Holstein-Gottorp. Such assaults violated the Altona convention of 1689, of which the Maritime Powers were the guarantors.<ref name=Frost229>Frost (2000), p.229</ref> In addition, the Maritime Powers prepared for the emerging [[War of the Spanish Succession]] and therefore opposed an additional war in the [[Baltic Sea]].<ref name=Derry154>Derry (2000), p.154</ref> Aided by the Dutch and British navies, a Swedish fleet deployed a 10,000 strong army near [[Copenhagen]]. Caught by surprise and unable to defend his capital, Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway had to make peace.<ref name=Frost229/> As soon as the end of the war was in sight, the Maritime Powers withdrew their vessels and made it clear that they preferred a peace at once and had no interest in Sweden crushing and annexing Denmark.<ref>Peterson (2007), p.247</ref>

==The treaty==
{{multiple image|direction=vertical|image1=Friedrich IV. von Holstein-Gottorf.JPG|image2=Frederik 4.jpg|image3=Karl XII 1706.jpg|width=150|caption1=[[Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp|Frederick IV of Holstein-Gottorp]]|caption2=[[Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway]]|caption3=[[Charles XII of Sweden]]}}

In [[Traventhal|Travendal]], Denmark-Norway left the [[Great Northern War]]<ref>Oakley (1992), p.XVII</ref> by obliging herself to not engage in future armed conflicts with Sweden.<ref name=Weigley108/> In paragraph XIII, the king of Denmark and Norway in his own name and the name of his successors promises to neither engage in hostilities with Sweden nor ally with or in any way aid Sweden's enemies, and adhere to all earlier Dano-Swedish treaties.<ref group=nb>Travendahlischer Friede, Artikel XIII: <blockquote>"[...] Insonderheit wollen Ihro Königl. Maj. zu Dennemarck-Norwegen ec. vor sich und Dero Successores hiemit versprochen haben daß sie [...] gegen Ihro Königl. Maj. zu Schweden [...] weder selbst etwas Thätliches vornehmen noch andern, die solches thun oder thun möchten, mithin dero Feinden und Widerwärtigen, auf keinerley Weise mit Rath und That Hülffe noch Vorschub, directe noch indirecte leisten, sondern vielmehr ohnangesehen alles dessen, so biß anhero verhandelt, vorkommen und passiret, mit denenselben und zwar was in specie Ihro Maj. und die Cron Schweden belanget, nach Inhalt der zwischen beyden Nordischen Königen und Reichen vordem errichteten Pacten und Frieden-Schlüßen ein beständiges gutes Freund-nachbarliches Vernehmen unterhalten wollen. Hingege(n) wollen Ihr. Kön. Maj in Schweden und Hochgedachtes Durchl. Haus sich auf gleiche Weise gegen die Cron Dennemarck betragen [...]."</blockquote></ref> The [[Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp|duke of Holstein-Gottorp]]'s sovereignty was restored, and the treaty detailed the conditions under which armies and fortresses were to be maintained in the area.<ref name=Derry154/> It was further agreed that Holstein-Gottorp be financially compensated by Denmark-Norway for the war costs, resulting in the subsequent payment of 260,000 [[Reichstaler]]s.<ref>Hartmann (1983), p.24</ref>

Paragraph XIV mentions France, the [[Holy Roman Emperor]], the dukes of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], and the guarantors of the Altona convention<ref group=nb>, i.e., The United Provinces (Netherlands) and the United Kingdom (Great Britain)</ref> as guarantors of the treaty. The guarantees of the [[Dutch Republic|United Provinces]] and the United Kingdom for the treaty were reconfirmed in a convention signed by the aforementioned parties after [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]]'s succession in Great Britain, 1702.<ref>Peterson (2007), p.258</ref>

==Consequences==

By the time of Travendal, [[Augustus II the Strong]]'s campaign in [[Swedish Livonia]] had not produced satisfactory results. Though [[Dünamünde]] was captured and renamed "''Augustusburg''", he failed to take [[Riga]] or gain the support of the local nobility. Furthermore, Russia's forces had not yet entered the [[Great Northern War]], as they were bound by the [[Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)|Russo-Turkish War]] until the [[Treaty of Constantinople (1700)|Peace of Constantinople]] set them free in the summer.<ref name=Frost229/> Thus, August's reaction to Travendal was to enter negotiations with France and [[Brandenburg-Prussia]] and ask them to mediate a truce with Sweden. [[Charles XII of Sweden]], however, rejected the offer, refusing to enter negotiations as long as Saxon forces were in Livonia. [[Peter the Great]] took a more indifferent stance, and marched his troops towards Swedish [[Ingria]] as agreed on in the [[Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye]].<ref>Oakley (1992), p.114</ref>

As soon as Denmark-Norway was out of the war, Charles XII speedily embarked his armies and headed from Denmark to his Baltic [[Dominions of Sweden|dominions]].<ref name=Frost229/> Russian forces entered Ingria and laid siege to [[Narva]] in October, while August the Strong was preparing winter quarters in Livonia. On 30 November, Charles XII's army [[Battle of Narva (1700)|relieved Narva]] before turning south sweeping August the Strong's forces out of Livonia, pursuing and decisively defeating them at [[Battle of Kliszow|Kliszow]] and [[Battle of Fraustadt|Fraustadt]] during the following years, forcing August to drop out of the war in the [[Treaty of Altranstädt (1706)|Treaty of Altranstädt]] in 1706.<ref name=Frost230>Frost (2000), p.230</ref> The tide turned only in 1709, when Charles XII's last remaining adversary Peter the Great was able to [[Battle of Poltava|crush his army at Poltava]] and exile the Swedish king to [[Bendery|Bender]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref name=Frost231>Frost (2000), p.231</ref> Denmark-Norway and Saxony then abandoned Travendal and Altranstädt and entered the war again.<ref name=Frost294>Frost (2000), p.294</ref>

Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway used the peace period to reform the Danish army. Instead of relying on mercenaries, the army was now raised from peasants distributed by Danish landowners. The mercenary force was kept and fought on the Maritime Powers' side in the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] against ''roi soleil'' [[Louis XIV of France]]. Frederik also implemented civil reforms such as the abolishment of [[serfdom]]. When he re-entered the Great Northern War, the mercenaries were still fighting France, but were returned to participate in the war in 1713.<ref>Derry (2000), p.155</ref>

==Notes==
<references group=nb/>

==Sources==

===References===
{{reflist|3}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Derry|first=Thomas Kingston|title=History of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=2000|isbn=0-8166-3799-7}}
*{{cite book|title=The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721|first=Robert I|last=Frost|publisher=Longman|year=2000|isbn=978-0-582-06429-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Oakley|first=Steward|title=War and peace in the Baltic, 1560-1790|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon - New York|year=1992|series=War in Context|isbn=0-415-02472-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Hartmann|first=Stefan|title=Neue Forschungen zur brandenburg-preußischen Geschichte Band III|publisher=Böhlau|year=1983|series=Veröffentlichungen aus den Archiven Preußischer Kulturbesitz|volume=14|isbn=3-412-00383-2|language=German}}
*{{cite book|last=Peterson|first=Gary Dean|title=Warrior kings of Sweden: the rise of an empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries |publisher=McFarland|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7864-2873-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Weigley|first=Russell Frank|title=The age of battles: the quest for decisive warfare from Breitenfeld to Waterloo|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2004|isbn=0-253-21707-5}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{wikisourcelang|de|Travendahlischer Friede}} 
*Scan of the print version ([[University of Halle]]), pages {{plainlink|url=http://vd17.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/pict/2005/3:658963G/3-658963G_001_X.jpg 1}}, {{plainlink|url=http://vd17.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/pict/2005/3:658963G/3-658963G_002_X.jpg 2}}, {{plainlink|url=http://vd17.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/pict/2005/3:658963G/3-658963G_003_X.jpg 3}}, {{plainlink|url=http://vd17.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/pict/2005/3:658963G/3-658963G_004_X.jpg 4}}, {{plainlink|url=http://vd17.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/pict/2005/3:658963G/3-658963G_005_X.jpg 5}}, {{plainlink|url=http://vd17.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/pict/2005/3:658963G/3-658963G_006_X.jpg 6}}, {{plainlink|url=http://vd17.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/pict/2005/3:658963G/3-658963G_007_X.jpg 7}}, {{plainlink|url=http://vd17.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/pict/2005/3:658963G/3-658963G_008_X.jpg 8}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722020508/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php?site=site.htm&dir=&nav=&siteid=133&treaty=116&lastsiteid=77&searchquery=&is_fts=1&filter_select=&filter_wt=&filter_id=&filter_l=&filter_p=&searchlang=de&searchstring=1660&date=&year_from=&year_till=&location= Scan of the handwritten version at IEG Mainz]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722020629/http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php?site=comment.htm&dir=&treaty=116&comment=307&notrans=1 Annotated edition of the treaty at IEG Mainz]
{{Great Northern War treaties}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Peace Of Travendal}}
[[Category:1700 in Denmark]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Great Northern War|Travendal]]
[[Category:1700 treaties]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of Sweden|Travendal]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of Denmark|Travendal]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Swedish Empire|Travendal]]
[[Category:Treaties of Denmark–Norway|Travendal]]
[[Category:1700 in Sweden]]