View source for Pazend

{{Short description|Middle Persian writing system}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox alphabet
| type        = [[Alphabet]]
| name        = Pazend
| sample      = Avestan-LE.jpg
| imagesize   = 200px
| languages   = [[Middle Persian]]
| time        = Until 9th century
| fam1        = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]]<ref>Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. "First Alphabet Found in Egypt", Archaeology 53, Issue 1 (January/February 2000): 21.</ref>
| fam2        = [[Proto-Sinaitic]]
| fam3        = [[Phoenician alphabet]]
| fam4        = [[Aramaic alphabet]]
| fam5        = [[Pahlavi script]]
| fam6        = [[Avestan alphabet]]
| direction   = [[right-to-left script]]
}}
'''Pazend''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ə|'|z|ɛ|n|d}}) or '''Pazand''' ({{langx|pal|𐭯𐭠𐭰𐭭𐭣}}; {{langx|ae|𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌⸱𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬙𐬌}}) is one of the [[writing system]]s used for the [[Middle Persian]] language. It was based on the [[Avestan alphabet]], a phonetic alphabet originally used to write [[Avestan language|Avestan]], the language of the [[Avesta]], the primary sacred texts of [[Zoroastrianism]].

Pazend's principal use was for writing the commentaries (''[[Zend]]'') on and/or translations of the Avesta. The word "Pazend" ultimately derives from the Avestan words ''paiti zainti'', <!-- Dhalla. ''Zend'' is middle Persian for ''âzainti'' in Avestan -->which can be translated as either "for commentary purposes" or "according to understanding" (phonetically).

Pazend had the following characteristics, both of which are to be contrasted with [[Pahlavi script|Pahlavi]], which is one of the other systems used to write Middle Persian:
* Pazend was a variant of the [[Avestan alphabet]] (''Din dabireh''), which was a [[Phonetic transcription|phonetic]] alphabet. In contrast, Pahlavi script was only an [[abjad]]. 
* Pazend did not have [[ideograms]]. In contrast, ideograms were an identifying feature of the Pahlavi system, and these ''[[Frahang-i Pahlavig|huzvarishn]]'' were words borrowed from [[Semitic languages]] such as [[Aramaic]] that continued to be spelled as in Aramaic (in Pahlavi script) but were pronounced as the corresponding word in Persian.

In combination with its religious purpose, these features constituted a "sanctification" of written Middle Persian. The use of the Avestan alphabet to write Middle Persian required the addition of one symbol to the Avestan alphabet: This character, to represent the {{IPA|/l/}} phoneme of Middle Persian, had not previously been needed.

Following the fall of the [[Sassanid dynasty|Sassanids]], after which Zoroastrianism came to be supplanted by [[Islam]], Pazend lost its purpose and soon ceased to be used for original composition. In the late 11th or early 12th century, Indian Zoroastrians (the [[Parsi]]s) began translating Avestan or Middle Persian texts into Sanskrit and Gujarati. Some Middle Persian texts were also ''transcribed'' into the Avestan alphabet. The latter process, being a form of interpretation, was known as 'pa-zand'. "Pazand texts, transcribed phonetically, represent a late and often corrupt Middle Persian pronunciation, and so present their own problems."<ref>{{citation|last=Boyce|first=Mary|chapter=Sanskrit, Old Gujarati and Pazand writings|title=Textual sources for the study of Zoroastrianism|year=1984|publisher=Manchester UP|page=5}}.</ref> "The corruptions during this process are sometimes considerable."<ref>{{citation|last=Boyce|first=Mary|chapter=Middle Persian literature: The later religious writings|page=47<!--32-66-->|title=Iranistik II: Literatur|series=Handbuch der Orientalistik, vol 4|year=1968|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill}}.</ref> Among the transcribed texts are the prefaces (''dibacheh'') to prayers in Avestan. These prefatory prayers are invariably written in Pazend because of the need for "accurate" pronunciation. This practice has led to the misconception that "Pazend" is the name of a language.

Following [[Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron]]'s translation of some of the texts of the Avesta in the late 18th century, the term "Zend-Avesta" was mistakenly used to refer to the sacred texts themselves (as opposed to commentaries on them). This usage subsequently led to the equally mistaken use of "Pazend" for the Avestan script as such and "Zend" for the Avestan language.<!-- cf Ethnologue report for Avestan (SIL: avs)-->

==Bibliography==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation|last=Dhalla|first=Maneckji Nusservanji|publisher=OUP|location=New York|year=1938| title=History of Zoroastrianism}}
{{refend}}

{{Zoroastrianism}}

[[Category:Middle Persian]]
[[Category:Avesta]]
[[Category:Writing systems]]
[[Category:Persian scripts]]