View source for Paul Wolfowitz

{{short description|American politician and diplomat (born 1943)}}
{{use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Paul Wolfowitz
| image               = Paul Wolfowitz.jpg
| caption             = Official portrait, 2001
| office              = 10th [[President of the World Bank Group]]
| term_start          = June 1, 2005
| term_end            = June 30, 2007
| predecessor         = [[James Wolfensohn]]
| successor           = [[Robert Zoellick]]
| office1             = 28th [[United States Deputy Secretary of Defense]]
| president1          = [[George W. Bush]]
| 1blankname1         = Secretary
| 1namedata1          = [[Donald Rumsfeld]]
| term_start1         = March 2, 2001
| term_end1           = June 1, 2005
| predecessor1        = [[Rudy de Leon]]
| successor1          = [[Gordon R. England|Gordon England]]
| office2             = 5th Dean of the [[Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies]]
| president2          = 
| term_start2         = 1994
| term_end2           = 2001
| predecessor2        = George R. Packard
| successor2          = [[Jessica Einhorn]]
| office3             = [[Under Secretary of Defense for Policy]]
| president3          = [[George H. W. Bush]]
| term_start3         = May 15, 1989
| term_end3           = January 19, 1993
| predecessor3        = [[Fred Iklé]]
| successor3          = [[Frank G. Wisner]]
| office4             = [[United States Ambassador to Indonesia]]
| president4          = [[Ronald Reagan]]<br />[[George H. W. Bush]]
| term_start4         = April 11, 1986
| term_end4           = May 12, 1989
| predecessor4        = [[John H. Holdridge]]
| successor4          = [[John Cameron Monjo]]
| office5             = 16th [[Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs]]
| president5          = [[Ronald Reagan]]
| term_start5         = December 22, 1982
| term_end5           = March 12, 1986
| predecessor5        = [[John H. Holdridge]]
| successor5          = [[Gaston J. Sigur Jr.]]
| office6             = 12th [[Director of Policy Planning]]
| predecessor6        = [[Anthony Lake]]
| president6          = [[Ronald Reagan]]
| successor6          = [[Stephen W. Bosworth]]
| term_end6           = December 22, 1982
| term_start6         = February 13, 1981
| birth_name          = 
| birth_date          = {{Birth date and age|1943|12|22}}
| birth_place         = [[Brooklyn|Brooklyn, New York]], U.S.
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| party               = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] (before 1981)<br />[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (1981–present)
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Clare Selgin Wolfowitz|Clare Selgin]]|1968|2002|end=divorced}}
| children            = 3
| education           = [[Cornell University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br />[[University of Chicago]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| website             = {{URL|aei.org/wolfowitz|AEI website}}
}}
{{conservatism US|politicians}}
'''Paul Dundes Wolfowitz''' (born December 22, 1943) is an American [[political scientist]] and diplomat who served as the 10th President of the [[World Bank]], [[United States Deputy Secretary of Defense|U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense]], [[U.S. Ambassador to Indonesia]], and dean of [[Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies]] (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University. He is currently a visiting scholar at the [[American Enterprise Institute]].<ref name=Goldfarb>Zachary A. Goldfarb, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/02/AR2007070201641.html "Wolfowitz Joins Think Tank as Visiting Scholar"], online posting, ''[[The New Yorker]]'', July 3, 2007, accessed July 3, 2007.</ref>

Having proposed a plan to invade Iraq in 2001, Wolfowitz was an early advocate of the [[Iraq War]] and has widely been described as an "architect" of the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/09/22/magazine/the-sunshine-warrior.html|title=The Sunshine Warrior|last=keller|first=bill|date=September 22, 2002|website=The New York Times|access-date=May 6, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Topaz">{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/06/paul-wolfowitz-not-iraq-war-architect-107941|title=Wolfowitz: Not Iraq War 'architect'|last=Topaz|first=Jonathan|date=June 17, 2014|website=Politico|access-date=May 6, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/01/arts/the-brains-behind-bush-s-war-policy.html|title=The Brains Behind Bush's War Policy|last=Purdum|first=Todd|date=February 1, 2003|website=The New York Times|access-date=May 6, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/13/world/wolfowitz-retreats-on-al-qaeda-charge.html|title=Wolfowitz Retreats on Al Qaeda Charge|date=September 13, 2003|website=The New York Times|access-date=May 6, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Draper|first=Robert|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1124907438|title=To Start a War: How the Bush Administration took America into Iraq|publisher=Penguin Press|year=2020|isbn=978-0-525-56104-0|oclc=1124907438}}</ref> In the aftermath of the [[Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)|insurgency]] and [[Iraqi Civil War (2013-2017)|civil war]] that followed the invasion, Wolfowitz denied influencing policy on Iraq and disclaimed responsibility.<ref name="Topaz"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2013/03/18/10_years_on_paul_wolfowitz_admits_us_bungled_in_iraq_117492.html|title=10 Years On, Paul Wolfowitz Admits U.S. Bungled in Iraq|last=Harnden|first=Toby|date=March 18, 2013|website=Politico|access-date=May 6, 2019}}</ref> He is a leading [[Neoconservatism|neoconservative]].<ref>{{cite news| last = Paul| first = Reynolds| title = Wolfowitz to spread neo-con gospel| publisher = BBC| date = March 17, 2005| url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4358045.stm| access-date = April 8, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/andy-ostroy/dick-cheney-iraq_b_5513514.html |title=Dick Cheney's Big Neo-Con Con |last=Ostroy |first=Andy |date=June 20, 2014 |work=The Huffington Post |access-date=August 6, 2016}}</ref>

In 2005, he left the Pentagon to serve as president of the World Bank only to resign after two years over a scandal involving allegations he used his position to help World Bank staffer [[Shaha Riza]] to whom he was romantically linked.<ref>{{cite news |last1=King |first1=Neil |last2=Hitt |first2=Greg |title=Wolfowitz Quits World Bank as U.S. Relents |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB117940381472106145 |website=The Wall Street Journal |date=May 18, 2007 |access-date=March 23, 2020}}</ref> A Reuters report described his tenure there as "a protracted battle over his stewardship, prompted by his involvement in a high-paying promotion for his companion".<ref name=WBGS2>[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:21339650~menuPK:34463~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html "Statements of Executive Directors and President Wolfowitz"], ''[[World Bank Group]]'', May 17, 2007, accessed May 17, 2007.</ref><ref name=JonesUK>Matthew Jones, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070712225038/http://uk.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUKSP8524620070518 "Wolfowitz Exit Seen Clearing Way for Progress"], ''Reuters'' (UK), May 18, 2007, accessed May 18, 2007.</ref> Wolfowitz is the only World Bank president to have resigned over a scandal.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Parker |first1=Jennifer |title=World Bank Chief Paul Wolfowitz Resigns |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=3152373&page=1 |website=ABC News |access-date=March 23, 2020}}</ref>

==Early life ==
The second child of [[Jacob Wolfowitz]] (b. Warsaw; 1910–1981) and Lillian Dundes, Paul Wolfowitz was born in [[Brownsville, Brooklyn]], New York, into a [[History of the Jews in Poland|Polish Jewish]] immigrant family, and grew up mainly in [[Ithaca, New York]], where his father was a professor of statistical theory at [[Cornell University]].<ref name=Goldenberg>Suzanne Goldenberg, [https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,3604,1449631,00.html "Guardian Profile: Paul Wolfowitz"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', April 1, 2005, accessed May 1, 2007.</ref><ref name=Dudley>David Dudley, [http://cornellalumnimagazine.com/Archive/2004Julaug/features/Feature.html "Paul's Choice"], ''Cornell Alumni Magazine Online'' 107.1 (July/August 2004), accessed May 17, 2007.</ref> While Jacob Wolfowitz fled Poland after World War I, the rest of his family perished in the [[Holocaust]].<ref name="Schmitt">Eric Schmitt, [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F04E1DB113FF931A15757C0A9649C8B63 "The Busy Life of Being a Lightning Rod for Bush"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 22, 2002, accessed March 24, 2008.</ref>

In the mid-1960s, while Paul was an undergraduate student at Cornell residing at the [[Cornell Branch of the Telluride Association]], he met [[Clare Selgin Wolfowitz|Clare Selgin]], who later became an [[anthropologist]]. They married in 1968, had three children and lived in [[Chevy Chase, Maryland]]. They separated in 1999, and, according to some sources, became legally separated in 2001 and divorced in 2002.<ref name=Goldenberg/><ref name=Cassidy>[[John Cassidy (journalist)|John Cassidy]], [https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/04/09/070409fa_fact_cassidy "The Next Crusade: Paul Wolfowitz at the World Bank"], online posting, ''The New Yorker'', April 9, 2007, accessed May 7, 2007.</ref>

In late 1999, Wolfowitz began dating [[Shaha Riza]]. Their relationship led to controversy later, during his presidency of the [[World Bank Group]].<ref name=Cassidy/><ref name=WeeksLeiby/>

Wolfowitz speaks five languages in addition to English: [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]].<ref name=Cassidy/> He was reportedly the model for a minor character named Philip Gorman in [[Saul Bellow]]'s 2000 book ''[[Ravelstein]]''.<ref name="DaalderLindsay2005">{{cite book|author1=Ivo H. Daalder|author2=James H. Lindsay|title=America Unbound: The Bush Revolution in Foreign Policy|year=2005|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0471741503|page=[https://archive.org/details/americaunboundbu00daal_0/page/26 26]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/americaunboundbu00daal_0/page/26}}</ref>

=== Education ===
Wolfowitz entered [[Cornell University]] in 1961. He lived in the [[Telluride House]] in 1962 and 1963, while philosophy professor [[Allan Bloom]] served as a faculty mentor living in the house.<ref name=Dudley/> In August 1963, he and his mother participated in the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|civil-rights march on Washington]] organized by [[A. Philip Randolph]]<ref name=Dudley/><ref name=Cassidy/> Wolfowitz was a member of the [[Quill and Dagger]] society. Wolfowitz graduated in 1965 with a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in [[mathematics]]. Against his father's wishes, Wolfowitz decided to go to graduate school to study [[political science]].<ref name=Dudley/> Wolfowitz would later say that "one of the things that ultimately led me to leave mathematics and go into political science was thinking I could prevent nuclear war."<ref name=Schmitt/>

In 1972, Wolfowitz received a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in political science from the [[University of Chicago]], writing his doctoral dissertation on ''Nuclear Proliferation in the Middle East: The Politics and Economics of Proposals for Nuclear [[Desalination|Desalting]]''. At the University of Chicago, Wolfowitz took two courses with [[Leo Strauss]]. He completed his dissertation under [[Albert Wohlstetter]].<ref>James Mann, ''Rise of the Vulcans: the history of Bush's war cabinet'' (2004) pp. 28–31</ref> Wohlstetter became Wolfowitz's "mentor".<ref name=Bacevich/> In the words of Wolfowitz's future colleague [[Richard Perle]]: "Paul thinks the way Albert thinks."<ref name=Bacevich/> In the summer of 1969, Wohlstetter arranged for Wolfowitz, Perle and Peter Wilson to join the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy which was set up by [[Cold War]] architects [[Paul Nitze]] and [[Dean Acheson]].

While finishing his dissertation, Wolfowitz taught in the department of [[political science]] at [[Yale University]] from 1970 to 1972; one of his students was future colleague [[Scooter Libby]].<ref name="IRCProf">[http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1390 "Profile: Paul Wolfowitz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519023727/http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/1390|date=May 19, 2007}}, ''Right Web'' ([[International Relations Center]]), updated April 19, 2007, accessed May 21, 2007.</ref>

==Career==

===Arms Control and Disarmament Agency===
{{Main|Team B}}
In the 1970s, Wolfowitz and Perle served as aides to proto-[[Neoconservatism in the United States|neoconservative]] [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Henry M. Jackson]]. A [[Cold War liberal]], Jackson supported higher military spending and a hard line against the [[Soviet Union]] alongside more traditional Democratic causes, such as social welfare programs, civil rights, and labor unions.<ref name=Oldham>Kit Oldham, [http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5516 "Cyberpedia Library: Jackson, Henry M. 'Scoop' (1912–1983): HistoryLink.org Essay 5516"], ''historylink.org'' (''The Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History''), August 19, 2003, accessed May 17, 2007.</ref>

In 1972, US [[President of the United States|President]] [[Richard Nixon]], under pressure from Senator Jackson, dismissed the head of the [[Arms Control and Disarmament Agency]] (ACDA) and replaced him with [[Fred Ikle]]. Ikle brought in a new team that included Wolfowitz. While at ACDA, Wolfowitz wrote research papers and drafted testimony, as he had previously done at the Committee to Maintain a Prudent Defense Policy. He traveled with Ikle to strategic arms limitations talks in [[Paris]] and other [[Europe]]an cities. He also helped dissuade [[South Korea]] from reprocessing [[plutonium]] that could be diverted into a clandestine weapons program.

Under President [[Gerald Ford]], the American intelligence agencies came under attack over their annually published [[National Intelligence Estimate]]. According to James Mann, "The underlying issue was whether the [[C.I.A.]] and other agencies were underestimating the threat from the Soviet Union, either by intentionally tailoring intelligence to support [[Henry Kissinger|Kissinger]]'s policy of [[détente]] or by simply failing to give enough weight to darker interpretations of Soviet intentions." Attempting to counter these claims, [[Director of Central Intelligence]] [[George H. W. Bush]] formed a committee of anti-[[Communist]] experts, headed by [[Richard Pipes]], to reassess the raw data. Based on the recommendation of Perle, Pipes picked Wolfowitz for this committee, which was later called [[Team B]].<ref name=Tanenhaus>Sam Tanenhaus, [https://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2003/11/02/the_hard_liner/ "The Hard Liner" 2 November 2003]</ref>

The team's 1976 report, which was leaked to the press, stated that "all the evidence points to an undeviating Soviet commitment to what is euphemistically called the 'worldwide triumph of socialism,' but in fact connotes global Soviet hegemony", highlighting a number of key areas where they believed the government's intelligence analysts had failed. According to Jack Davis, Wolfowitz observed later:
<blockquote>The B-Team demonstrated that it was possible to construct a sharply different view of Soviet motivation from the consensus view of the [intelligence] analysts and one that provided a much closer fit to the Soviets' observed behavior (and also provided a much better forecast of subsequent behavior up to and through the invasion of Afghanistan). The formal presentation of the competing views in a session out at [CIA headquarters in] Langley also made clear that the enormous experience and expertise of the B-Team as a group were formidable."<ref name=Davis>Qtd. by Jack Davis, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070613113727/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/96unclass/davis.htm "The Challenge of Managing Uncertainty:] Paul Wolfowitz on Intelligence-Policy Relations", ''[[Studies in Intelligence]]'' 39.5 (1996):35–42, accessed May 21, 2007. ("Jack Davis served in the [[Central Intelligence Agency|Directorate of Intelligence]].) [Corrected title.]</ref>
</blockquote>

Team B's conclusions have faced criticism. They have been called "[[worst-case scenario|worst-case analysis]]", ignoring the "political, demographic, and economic rot" already eating away at the Soviet system. Wolfowitz reportedly had a central role in Team B, mostly focused on analyzing the role that medium-range missiles played in Soviet military strategy.<ref name="DaalderLindsay2005"/>

In 1978, Wolfowitz was investigated by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] for providing intelligence to an Israeli government official while he was still an employee at ACDA. He was accused of handing over a classified document, via an [[American Israel Public Affairs Committee|AIPAC]] intermediary, which detailed the proposed sale of U.S. weapons to an Arab government. An inquiry was launched, but the probe was later dropped and Wolfowitz was never charged.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2005 |title=FBI probes DOD office - (United Press International) |website=[[The Washington Times]] |url=http://washingtontimes.com/upi-breaking/20040824-102938-1916r.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050113082328/http://washingtontimes.com/upi-breaking/20040824-102938-1916r.htm |archive-date=2005-01-13  |access-date=October 11, 2022 }}</ref>

===Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs===
In 1977, during the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration, Wolfowitz moved to [[the Pentagon]]. He was US Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Regional Programs for the [[United States Department of Defense|US Defense Department]], under [[United States Secretary of Defense|US Secretary of Defense]] [[Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)|Harold Brown]].

In 1980, Wolfowitz resigned from the Pentagon and became a visiting professor at the [[Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies]] (SAIS) at [[Johns Hopkins University]]. Shortly after, he joined the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]. According to ''[[The Washington Post]]'': "He said it was not he who changed his political philosophy so much as the Democratic Party, which abandoned the hard-headed internationalism of Harry Truman, Kennedy and Jackson."<ref name=Dobbs>Michael Dobbs, [https://web.archive.org/web/20180810160115/https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A43339-2003Apr6&notFound=true "For Wolfowitz, a Vision May Be Realized"], ''The Washington Post'', April 7, 2003, accessed April 16, 2007.</ref>

===State Department Director of Policy Planning===
Following the 1980 election of President [[Ronald Reagan]], the new [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]] [[Richard V. Allen]] formed the administration's foreign policy advisory team. Allen initially rejected Wolfowitz's appointment but following discussions, instigated by former colleague [[John Lehman]], Allen offered Wolfowitz the position of [[Director of Policy Planning]] at the [[United States Department of State|Department of State]].

President Reagan's foreign policy was heavily influenced by the [[Kirkpatrick Doctrine]], as outlined in a 1979 article in ''[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]'' by [[Jeane Kirkpatrick]] entitled "Dictatorships and Double Standards".
<blockquote>Although most governments in the world are, as they always have been, autocracies of one kind or another, no idea holds greater sway in the mind of educated Americans than the belief that it is possible to democratize governments, anytime, anywhere, under any circumstances ... (But) decades, if not centuries, are normally required for people to acquire the necessary disciplines and habits.</blockquote>

Wolfowitz broke from this official line by denouncing [[Saddam Hussein]] of [[Iraq]] at a time when [[Donald Rumsfeld]] was offering the dictator support in his conflict with Iran. James Mann points out: "quite a few neo-conservatives, like Wolfowitz, believed strongly in democratic ideals; they had taken from the philosopher Leo Strauss the notion that there is a moral duty to oppose a leader who is a 'tyrant.{{Single double}}<ref>James Mann, ''Rise of the Vulcans: the history of Bush's war cabinet'' (2004) p. 93</ref> Other areas where Wolfowitz disagreed with the administration was in his opposition to attempts to open up dialogue with the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) and to the sale of [[E-3 Sentry|Airborne Warning and Control System]] (AWACS) aircraft to [[Saudi Arabia]]. "In both instances," according to Mann, "Wolfowitz demonstrated himself to be one of the strongest supporters of [[Israel]] in the Reagan administration."

Mann stresses: "It was on [[China]] that Wolfowitz launched his boldest challenge to the established order." After Nixon and Kissinger had gone to China in the early 1970s, US policy was to make concessions to China as an essential [[Cold War]] ally. The Chinese were now pushing for the US to end arms sales to [[Taiwan]], and Wolfowitz used the Chinese incentive as an opportunity to undermine Kissinger's foreign policy toward China. Instead, Wolfowitz advocated a unilateralist policy, claiming that the US did not need China's assistance but that the Chinese needed the US to protect them against the far more-likely prospect of a Soviet invasion of the Chinese mainland. Wolfowitz soon came into conflict with [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Alexander Haig]], who had been Kissinger's assistant at the time of the visits to China. On March 30, 1982, ''The New York Times'' predicted that "Paul D. Wolfowitz, the director of policy planning ... will be replaced", because "Mr. Haig found Mr. Wolfowitz too theoretical." Instead, on June 25, 1982, Haig was replaced by [[George Shultz]] as US Secretary of State, and Wolfowitz was promoted.

===State Department Assistant Secretary for East Asian and Pacific Affairs===
In 1982, Secretary of State Shultz appointed Wolfowitz as [[Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs]].

[[Jeane Kirkpatrick]], on a visit to the [[Philippines]], was welcomed by the dictator [[Ferdinand Marcos]] who quoted heavily from her 1979 ''[[Commentary Magazine|Commentary]]'' article ''Dictatorships and Double Standards''; although Kirkpatrick had been forced to speak out in favor of democracy, the article continued to influence Reagan's policy toward Marcos. Following the assassination of Philippine opposition leader [[Benigno Aquino Jr.]] in 1983, many within the Reagan administration including the President himself began to fear that the Philippines could fall to the [[communists]] and the [[U.S. military|US military]] would lose its strongholds at [[Clark Air Force Base]] and [[Subic Bay Naval Station]]. Wolfowitz tried to change the administration's policy, stating in an April 15, 1985, article in ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' that "The best antidote to Communism is democracy." Wolfowitz and his assistant [[Lewis Libby]] made trips to [[Manila]] where they called for democratic reforms and met with non-communist opposition leaders.

Mann points out that "the Reagan administration's decision to support democratic government in the Philippines had been hesitant, messy, crisis-driven and skewed by the desire to do what was necessary to protect the American military installations." Following massive street protests, Marcos fled the country on a US Air Force plane and the US recognized the government of [[Corazón Aquino]].

===Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia===
[[File:10,000th Participant (39770440515).jpg|thumb|Paul Wolfowitz (center) during his tenure as [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Indonesia|United States Ambassador to the Republic of Indonesia]] in 1987.|alt=|247x247px]]
[[File:U.S. Ambassador to Indonesia Paul Wolfowitz during a visit to local Indonesian School 1987.jpg|thumb|222x222px|U.S. Ambassador to Indonesia Paul Wolfowitz, wearing [[Batik|local Indonesian traditional Batik Shirt]], during a visit to local School]]
From 1986 to 1989, during the military-backed government of [[Suharto|President Suharto]], Wolfowitz was the US ambassador to the [[Republic of Indonesia]].<ref name=ARDA>[[Associated Press|AP]], [https://archive.today/20130414081923/http://www.asiademocracy.org/content_view.php?section_id=1&content_id=430 "Indonesian Rights Groups Denounce Wolfowitz' World Bank Nomination"], online posting, ''Alliance for Reform and Democracy in Asia'', March 22, 2005, accessed June 20, 2007.</ref>

According to Peter J. Boyer, <blockquote>Wolfowitz's appointment to Indonesia was not an immediately obvious match. He was a Jew representing America in the largest Muslim republic in the world, an advocate of democracy in Suharto's dictatorship. But Wolfowitz's tenure as Ambassador was a notable success, largely because, in essence, he went native. With tutoring help from his driver, he learned the language, and hurled himself into the culture. He attended academic seminars, climbed volcanoes, and toured the neighborhoods of Jakarta.<ref name=Boyer>Peter J. Boyer, [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/11/01/the-believer "The Believer: Paul Wolfowitz Defends His War"], online posting, ''The New Yorker'', November 1, 2004, accessed November 26, 2014 (7 pages).</ref></blockquote>

Sipress and Nakashima reported that "Wolfowitz's colleagues and friends, both Indonesian and American" pointed to the "U.S. envoy's quiet pursuit of political and economic reforms in Indonesia."<ref name=SipressNakashima/> Dewi Fortuna Anwar, a foreign policy adviser to [[B. J. Habibie]], Suharto's successor as head of state (1998–99), stated "that Wolfowitz was a competent and popular envoy." But "he never intervened to push human rights or stand up to corruption."<ref name=ARDA/>

Officials involved in the USAID program during Wolfowitz's tenure told ''The Washington Post'' that he "took a keen personal interest in development, including health care, agriculture and private sector expansion" and that "Wolfowitz canceled food assistance to the Indonesian government out of concern that Suharto's family, which had an ownership interest in the country's only flour mill, was indirectly benefiting."<ref name=SipressNakashima>Alan Sipress and Ellen Nakashima, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A5475-2005Mar27.html "Jakarta Tenure Offers Glimpse of Wolfowitz"], ''The Washington Post'', March 28, 2005, accessed April 16, 2007.</ref>

In "The Tragedy of Suharto", published in May 1998, in ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', Wolfowitz states:
<blockquote>Although it is fashionable to blame all of Asia's present problems on corruption and the failure of Asian values, it is at bottom a case of a bubble bursting, of too many imprudent lenders chasing too many incautious borrowers. But the greed of Mr. Suharto's children ensured that their father would take the lion's share of the blame for Indonesia's financial collapse. The Suharto children's favored position became a major obstacle to the measures needed to restore economic confidence. Worst of all, they ensured that the economic crisis would be a political crisis as well. That he allowed this, and that he amassed such wealth himself, is all the more mysterious since he lived a relatively modest life.<ref name=WolfWSJ>Paul Wolfowitz, [http://www.tempointeraktif.com/ang/min/03/14/kolom3.htm "The Tragedy of Suharto"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208213916/http://www.tempointeraktif.com/ang/min/03/14/kolom3.htm |date=2005-02-08 }}, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', May 27, 1998, accessed April 16, 2007.</ref></blockquote>

After the [[2002 Bali bombing]], on October 18, 2002, then Deputy Secretary of Defense Wolfowitz observed that "the reason the terrorists are successful in Indonesia is because the Suharto regime fell and the methods that were used to suppress them are gone."<ref name=Burchill>As qtd. in Scott Burchill,
[http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=4291 "What the West Wants from Indonesia"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125557/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=4291 |date=September 29, 2007 }}, ''[[ZNet|Z Magazine]]'', October 1, 2003, accessed June 7, 2007.</ref>

===Undersecretary of Defense for Policy===
[[File:Flag of the U.S. Under Secretary of Defense.svg|thumb|left|Flag of the [[Under Secretary of Defense for Policy]].]]
[[Image:Powell, Schwarzkopf, and Wolfowitz at Cheney press conference, February 1991.jpg|thumb|right|Gen. [[Colin Powell]], Gen. [[Norman Schwarzkopf]], and Under Sec. Wolfowitz listen as Defense Sec. [[Dick Cheney]] briefs reporters during the [[Gulf War]] in February 1991]]
From 1989 to 1993, Wolfowitz served in the administration of [[George H. W. Bush]] as [[Under Secretary of Defense for Policy]], under then US Secretary of Defense [[Dick Cheney]]. During the [[Gulf War|1991 Persian Gulf War]], Wolfowitz's team coordinated and reviewed military strategy, raising $50 billion in allied financial support for the operation. Wolfowitz was present with Cheney, [[Colin Powell]] and others, on February 27, 1991, at the meeting with the President where it was decided that the troops should be demobilized.

On February 25, 1998, Wolfowitz testified before a congressional committee that he thought that "the best opportunity to overthrow Saddam was, unfortunately, lost in the month right after the war."<ref name=intlrel>Transcript of hearing, Committee on International Relations, [http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/intlrel/hfa48782.000/hfa48782_0.htm "U.S. Options in Confronting Iraq"], February 25, 1998, accessed April 17, 2007.</ref> Wolfowitz added that he was horrified in March as "Saddam Hussein flew helicopters that slaughtered the people in the south and in the north who were rising up against him, while American fighter pilots flew overhead, desperately eager to shoot down those helicopters, and not allowed to do so." During that hearing, he also stated: "Some people might say—and I think I would sympathise with this view—that perhaps if we had delayed the ceasefire by a few more days, we might have got rid of Saddam Hussein."

After the [[Gulf War|1991 Persian Gulf War]], Wolfowitz and his then-assistant [[Scooter Libby]] wrote the "Defense Planning Guidance of 1992" (DPG), which came to be known as the [[Wolfowitz Doctrine]], to "set the nation's direction for the next century."<ref name=Bacevich/> As military strategist [[Andrew Bacevich]] described the doctrine:

<blockquote>Before this classified document was fully vetted by the White House, it was leaked to ''The New York Times'', which made it front-page news. The draft DPG announced that it had become the "first objective" of U.S. policy "to prevent the re-emergence of a new rival." With an eye toward "deterring potential competitors from even aspiring to a larger regional or global role," the United States would maintain unquestioned military superiority and, if necessary, employ force unilaterally. As window dressing, allies might be nice, but the United States no longer considered them necessary.<ref name=Bacevich/></blockquote>

At that time, the official administration line was "containment", and the contents of Wolfowitz's plan calling for "preemption" and "[[unilateralism]]" was opposed by [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]] Colin Powell and President Bush.<ref name=Bacevich/> Defense Secretary Cheney produced a revised plan released in 1992. Many of the ideas in the Wolfowitz Doctrine later became part of the [[Bush Doctrine]].<ref name=Bacevich/> He left the government after the [[1992 United States presidential election|1992 election]].

===Johns Hopkins University===
{{Main|Project for the New American Century}}
From 1994 to 2001, Wolfowitz served as Professor of International Relations and Dean of the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at [[Johns Hopkins University]].<ref name=Bacevich>[[Andrew Bacevich|Bacevich, Andrew]], [http://harpers.org/archive/2013/03/a-letter-to-paul-wolfowitz/?single=1 A Letter to Paul Wolfowitz], ''[[Harper's Magazine|Harper's]]'' (March 2013)</ref> He was instrumental in adding more than $75 million to the university's endowment, developing an international finance concentration as part of the curriculum, and combining the various Asian studies programs into one department. He also advised [[Bob Dole]] on foreign policy during his [[1996 United States presidential election|1996 US presidential election]] campaign, which was managed by Donald Rumsfeld.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/united-states/2002/02/07/paul-wolfowitz-velociraptor Paul Wolfowitz, velociraptor], ''[[The Economist]]'' (February 7, 2002)</ref>

According to Kampfner, "Wolfowitz used his perch at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies as a test-bed for a new conservative world vision." Wolfowitz was associated with the [[Project for the New American Century]] (PNAC); he signed both the PNAC's June 3, 1997 "[[Project for the New American Century#Signatories to Statement of Principles|Statement of Principles]]",<ref name=PNACstmt>[[Elliott Abrams]], et al., {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050205041635/http://www.newamericancentury.org/statementofprinciples.htm "Statement of Principles"]}}, Project for the New American Century, June 3, 1997, accessed May 27, 2007.</ref> and its January 26, 1998, open letter to President Bill Clinton.<ref name=PNACltr>[[Elliott Abrams]], et al., {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080909200819/http://www.newamericancentury.org/iraqclintonletter.htm "Open letter to President Bill Clinton,"]}} Project for the New American Century, January 26, 1998, accessed May 24, 2007.</ref>

In February 1998, Wolfowitz testified before a [[United States Congress|congressional]] hearing, stating that the current administration lacked the sense of purpose to "liberate ourselves, our friends and allies in the region, and the Iraqi people themselves from the menace of Saddam Hussein."<ref>U.S. House Committee on International Relations, [http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/intlrel/hfa48782.000/hfa48782_0.htm "U.S. Options in Confronting Iraq"], February 25, 1998, accessed April 18, 2007.</ref>

In September 2000, the PNAC produced a 90-page report entitled ''Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategies, Forces and Resources for a New Century'', advocating the redeployment of US troops in permanent bases in strategic locations throughout the world where they can be ready to act to protect US interests abroad.<ref name=PNACrpt>''{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20020923154604/http://www.newamericancentury.org/RebuildingAmericasDefenses.pdf Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategies, Forces and Resources for a New Century]}}'', Project for the New American Century, September 2000, accessed May 14, 2007.</ref> During the [[2000 United States presidential election|2000 US presidential election]] campaign, Wolfowitz served as a foreign policy advisor to [[George W. Bush]] as part of the group led by [[Condoleezza Rice]] calling itself [[The Vulcans]].<ref name=Sieff>Martin Sieff, [http://dir.salon.com/story/books/review/2004/04/08/vulcans/index.html "Mission Accomplished:] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307125546/http://dir.salon.com/story/books/review/2004/04/08/vulcans/index.html |date=March 7, 2008 }} Bush's Brain Trust Had a Grand Plan for the Middle East. The Results Are Coming Home Every Day in Body Bags", ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'', April 8, 2004, accessed May 19, 2007.</ref>

===Deputy Secretary of Defense===
[[File:Vanaarsen wolfowitz.jpg|thumb|Wolfowitz and Dutch Foreign Minister [[Jozias van Aartsen]], 2001]]
[[File:Bush War Budget 2003.jpg|thumb|President [[George W. Bush]], Defense Secretary [[Donald Rumsfeld]], and Deputy Secretary Wolfowitz in March 2003]]
[[File:Defense.gov News Photo 040514-D-2987S-021.jpg|thumb|Wolfowitz with [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff|Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff]] General [[Richard Myers|Richard B. Myers]] at [[Andrews Air Force Base]], May 14, 2004.]]
[[File:Defense.gov News Photo 011005-D-2987S-002.jpg|thumb|Wolfowitz meets with [[Qatar]]i Emir [[Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani]], October 5, 2001]]
[[File:Defense.gov News Photo 030721-D-0000T-001.jpg|thumb|Dep. Sec. Wolfowitz is escorted by Army General [[David Petraeus]] as he tours [[Mosul]], Iraq, July 21, 2003]]
[[File:Defense.gov News Photo 040323-F-6655M-225.jpg|thumb|Wolfowitz, Rumsfeld, and General [[Richard Myers]] testifying before the [[9/11 Commission]] in March 2004]]
[[File:Wolfowitz USS Ronald Reagan.jpg|thumb|Wolfowitz and Rear Admiral [[Robert T. Moeller]] aboard the [[USS Ronald Reagan|USS ''Ronald Reagan'']] in July 2004]]
[[File:US Navy 050115-N-4166B-025 Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz departs USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN 72) after visiting with the ship and her crew to discuss and congratulate their humanitarian efforts in Sumatra, Indonesia.jpg|thumb|Deputy Secretary Wolfowitz departs the {{USS|Abraham Lincoln|CVN-72}} in January 2005]]
From 2001 to 2005, during the [[George W. Bush]] administration, Wolfowitz served as U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense reporting to U.S. Secretary of Defense [[Donald Rumsfeld]].

The [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001 were a turning point in administration policy, as Wolfowitz later explained: "9/11 really was a wake up call and that if we take proper advantage of this opportunity to prevent the future terrorist use of weapons of mass destruction that it will have been an extremely valuable wake up call," adding: "if we say our only problem was to respond to 9/11, and we wait until somebody hits us with nuclear weapons before we take that kind of threat seriously, we will have made a very big mistake."<ref name=SFChron>[http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/2002/t02272002_t0223sf.html "U.S. Department of Defense Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs) News Transcript"] of "Wolfowitz interview with the San Francisco Chronicle", conducted by Robert Collier, "Presenter: Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz", press release, [[United States Department of Defense]], February 23, 2002, accessed May 26, 2007. ["Interview with Robert Collier, ''San Francisco Chronicle''".]</ref>

In the first emergency meeting of the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] on the day of the attacks, Rumsfeld asked, "Why shouldn't we go against Iraq, not just al-Qaeda?" with Wolfowitz adding that Iraq was a "brittle, oppressive regime that might break easily—it was doable," and, according to [[John Kampfner]], "from that moment on, he and Wolfowitz used every available opportunity to press the case."<ref name="BWARS">{{cite book |last=Kampfner |first=John |author-link=John Kampfner |title=Blair's wars |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2003 |page=156 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4xti2TmG6UC&pg=PA156 |isbn=978-0-7432-4829-7}}</ref> The idea was initially rejected, at the behest of Secretary of State Colin Powell, but, according to Kampfner, "Undeterred Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz held secret meetings about opening up a second front—against Saddam. Powell was excluded." In such meetings they created a policy that would later be dubbed the [[Bush Doctrine]], centering on "pre-emption" and the [[Iraq War|war on Iraq]], which the [[Project for the New American Century|PNAC]] had advocated in their earlier letters.<ref name=Hersh />

After the September 11 attacks, the US invaded [[Afghanistan]] to fight [[Al-Qaeda]], which had orchestrated the attack.<ref name=Hersh/> The [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|invasion of Afghanistan]] began on October 7, 2001. On October 10, 2001, [[George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen|George Robertson]], then Secretary-General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, went to [[the Pentagon]] to offer [[NATO]] troops, planes and ships to assist. Wolfowitz rebuffed the offer, saying: "We can do everything we need to." Wolfowitz later announced publicly, according to Kampfner, "that 'allies, coalitions and diplomacy' were of little immediate concern."

Ten months later, on January 15, 2003, with hostilities still continuing, Wolfowitz made a fifteen-hour visit to the Afghan capital, [[Kabul]], and met with the new president [[Hamid Karzai]]. Wolfowitz stated, "We're clearly moving into a different phase, where our priority in Afghanistan is increasingly going to be stability and reconstruction. There's no way to go too fast. Faster is better." Despite the promises, according to Hersh, "little effort to provide the military and economic resources" necessary for reconstruction was made.<ref name=Hersh /> This criticism would also re-occur after the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] later that year.<ref name=Hersh />

On April 16, 2002, the National Solidarity Rally for Israel was called in Washington to promote US support and collaboration with Israel. Wolfowitz was the sole representative of the Bush administration to attend, speaking alongside Former [[Israeli Prime Minister]] [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] and former [[New York Mayor]] [[Rudolph Giuliani]]. As reported by the [[BBC]], Wolfowitz told the crowd that [[President of the United States|US President]] [[George W. Bush]] "wants you to know that he stands in solidarity with you".<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1931885.stm "Thousands in US rally for Israel"], [[BBC News]], April 15, 2002, accessed April 18, 2007.</ref> Sharon Samber and Matthew E. Berger reported for [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] (JTA) that Wolfowitz continued by saying that "Innocent Palestinians are suffering and dying as well. It is critical that we recognize and acknowledge that fact," before being booed and drowned out by chants of "No more Arafat."<ref>Sharon Samber and Matthew E. Berger, [https://web.archive.org/web/20061020100058/http://www.ujc.org/content_display.html?ArticleID=36269 "Speakers Stick to Consensus Theme at National Solidarity Rally for Israel]", [[United Jewish Communities]] ([[Jewish Telegraphic Agency|JTA]]), April 15, 2002, accessed May 3, 2007.</ref>

Following the invasion of Afghanistan the Bush administration had started to plan for the next stage of the [[war on terror]]. According to [[John Kampfner]], "Emboldened by their experience in Afghanistan, they saw the opportunity to root out hostile regimes in the Middle East and to implant very American interpretations of democracy and free markets, from Iraq to Iran and Saudi Arabia. Wolfowitz epitomized this view." Wolfowitz "saw a liberated Iraq as both paradigm and linchpin for future interventions." The [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] began on March 19.<ref name=Hersh>[[Seymour Hersh|Seymour M. Hersh]], [https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/05/12/030512fa_fact "Annals of National Security Selective Intelligence:] Donald Rumsfeld Has His Own Special Sources. Are they reliable?" ''The New Yorker'', May 12, 2003, accessed May 8, 2007.</ref>

Prior to the invasion, Wolfowitz actively championed it, as he later stated: "For reasons that have a lot to do with the U.S. government bureaucracy we settled on the one issue that everyone could agree on which was weapons of mass destruction as the core reason"<ref name=DODTranscript>[http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=2594 "U.S. Department of Defense Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs) News Transcript"] of telephone interview of Paul Wolfowitz, conducted by [[Sam Tanenhaus]], "Presenter: Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz", press release, ''[[United States Department of Defense]]'', May 9, 2003, accessed May 2, 2007. ["Deputy Secretary Wolfowitz Interview with Sam Tannenhaus {{sic}}", ''Vanity Fair''.]</ref><ref name=USAToday>Qtd. in [[Associated Press]], [https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2003-05-30-wolfowitz-iraq_x.htm "Wolfowitz Comments Revive Doubts Over Iraq's WMD"], ''USA Today'', May 30, 2003, accessed May 8, 2007.</ref>

The job of finding WMD and providing justification for the attack would fall to the intelligence services, but, according to Kampfner, "Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz believed that, while the established security services had a role, they were too bureaucratic and too traditional in their thinking." As a result, "they set up what came to be known as the 'cabal', a cell of eight or nine analysts in a new [[Office of Special Plans|Office of Special Plans (OSP)]] based in the U.S. Defense Department." According to an unnamed Pentagon source quoted by Hersh, the OSP "was created in order to find evidence of what Wolfowitz and his boss, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, believed to be true—that Saddam Hussein had close ties to [[Al Qaeda]], and that Iraq had an enormous arsenal of chemical, biological, and possibly even nuclear weapons that threatened the region and, potentially, the United States."<ref name=Hersh/>

Within months of being set up, the OSP "rivaled both the CIA and the Pentagon's [[Defense Intelligence Agency]], the DIA, as President Bush's main source of intelligence regarding Iraq's possible possession of weapons of mass destruction and connection with Al Qaeda." Hersh explains that the OSP "relied on data gathered by other intelligence agencies and also on information provided by the [[Iraqi National Congress]], or INC, the exile group headed by [[Ahmad Chalabi]]." According to Kampfner, the CIA had ended its funding of the INC "in the mid-1990s when doubts were cast about Chalabi's reliability." Nevertheless, "as the administration geared up for conflict with Saddam, Chalabi was welcomed in the inner sanctum of the Pentagon" under the auspices of the OSP, and "Wolfowitz did not see fit to challenge any of Chalabi's information." The actions of the OSP have led to accusation of the Bush administration "fixing intelligence to support policy" with the aim of influencing Congress in its use of the [[War Powers Resolution|War Powers Act]].<ref name=Hersh />

Kampfner outlined Wolfowitz's strategy for the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], which "envisaged the use of air support and the occupation of southern Iraq with ground troops, to install a new government run by [[Ahmed Chalabi]]'s [[Iraqi National Congress]]." Wolfowitz believed that the operation would require minimal troop deployment, Hersh explains, because "any show of force would immediately trigger a revolt against Saddam within Iraq, and that it would quickly expand."<ref name=Hersh /> The financial expenditure would be kept low, Kampfner observes, if "under the plan American troops would seize the oil fields around Basra, in the South, and sell the oil to finance the opposition."

On March 27, 2003, Wolfowitz told the [[House Appropriations Committee]]<ref name="NYT01" /> that oil revenue earned by Iraq alone would pay for Iraq's reconstruction after the Iraq war; he testified his "rough recollection" was:<ref name="NYT01" /> "The oil revenues of that country could bring between $50 and $100 billion over the course of the next two or three years. Now, there are a lot of claims on that money, but ... We are dealing with a country that can really finance its own reconstruction and relatively soon."<ref>Paul Blustein, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A52375-2005Mar20.html "Wolfowitz Strives To Quell Criticism"], ''The Washington Post'', March 21, 2005, accessed April 18, 2007.</ref> By October of that year, "[[Lawrence Di Rita]], the Pentagon's chief spokesman, said 'prewar estimates that may be borne out in fact are likelier to be more lucky than smart.' [He] added that earlier estimates and statements by Mr. Wolfowitz and others 'oozed with uncertainty.'" Di Rita's comments came as a much less optimistic secret Pentagon study—which had been complete at the time of Wolfowitz's testimony—was coming to public light, and when actual production results in Iraq were coinciding with those projected in the less optimistic Pentagon study.<ref name="NYT01">[[Jeff Gerth|Gerth, Jeff]], [https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/05/international/middleeast/05OIL.html "Report Offered Bleak Outlook About Iraq Oil], ''The New York Times'', October 5, 2003. Retrieved September 5, 2010. Referenced in [[Frank Rich]], [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/05/opinion/05rich.html "Freedom's just another word"], ''The New York Times'', September 4, 2010 (September 5, 2010, p. WK8, NY ed.).</ref>

During Wolfowitz's pre-war testimony before Congress, he dismissed General [[Eric K. Shinseki]]'s estimates of the size of the post war occupation force which would be needed. General Shinseki testified to the [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|US Senate Armed Services Committee]] on February 25, 2003, that "something in the order of several hundred thousand soldiers" would probably be required for postwar Iraq. By contrast, Wolfowitz estimated that fewer than 100,000 troops would be necessary in Iraq.<ref name=Schmitt2003>{{cite news|last=Schmitt|first=Eric|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/28/us/threats-responses-military-spending-pentagon-contradicts-general-iraq-occupation.html|title=Pentagon Contradicts General on Iraq Occupation Force's Size|work=The New York Times|date=February 28, 2003|access-date=April 4, 2012}}</ref> Two days after Shinseki testified, Wolfowitz said to the House Budget Committee on February 27, 2003:<blockquote>There has been a good deal of comment—some of it quite outlandish—about what our postwar requirements might be in Iraq. Some of the higher end predictions we have been hearing recently, such as the notion that it will take several hundred thousand U.S. troops to provide stability in post-Saddam Iraq, are wildly off the mark. It is hard to conceive that it would take more forces to provide stability in post-Saddam Iraq than it would take to conduct the war itself and to secure the surrender of Saddam's security forces and his army—hard to imagine.<ref name=Hersh /></blockquote>

On October 26, 2003, while in [[Baghdad]] staying at the [[Al-Rashid Hotel]] Wolfowitz narrowly escaped an attack when six rockets hit the floors below his room.<ref>Jane Arraf, [http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/10/26/otsc.arraf/index.html "Bold, Well-executed Attack"], CNN, October 26, 2003, accessed April 18, 2007.</ref> Army Lt. Col. Charles H. Buehring was killed and seventeen other soldiers were wounded.<ref>[http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/2003/nr20031027-0579.html "DoD Identifies Army Casualty"], [[United States Department of Defense]], October 27, 2003, accessed April 18, 2007.</ref> Wolfowitz and his DOD staffers escaped unharmed and returned to the United States on October 28, 2003.

===President of the World Bank===
[[Image:Blair G8 July7th05.jpg|thumb|right|Press conference at G8 Summit (Paul Wolfowitz standing at rear on right)]]
In March 2005, Wolfowitz was nominated to be president of the World Bank by US President [[George W. Bush]].<ref>Paul Blustein and Peter Baker, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A39858-2005Mar16.html "Wolfowitz Picked for World Bank"], ''The Washington Post'', March 27, 2005, accessed January 3, 2009.</ref> Criticism of his nomination appeared in the media.<ref>Alan Beattie and Edward Alden, [http://news.ft.com/cms/s/33029996-965b-11d9-8fcc-00000e2511c8.html "Shareholders' dismay at lack of consultation"], ''[[The Financial Times]]'', March 16, 2005, accessed April 16, 2007.</ref> [[Nobel Prize|Nobel Laureate]] in Economics and former chief economist for the World Bank [[Joseph Stiglitz]] said: "'The World Bank will once again become a hate figure. This could bring street protests and violence across the developing world.'"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2912412/Stiglitz-warns-of-violence-if-Wolfowitz-goes-to-World-Bank.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2912412/Stiglitz-warns-of-violence-if-Wolfowitz-goes-to-World-Bank.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Stiglitz warns of violence if Wolfowitz goes to World Bank |first=Robert |last=Peston |date=March 20, 2005 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=May 8, 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In a speech at the U.N. Economic and Social Council, economist [[Jeffrey Sachs]] also opposed Wolfowitz: "It's time for other candidates to come forward that have experience in development. This is a position on which hundreds of millions of people depend for their lives ... Let's have a proper leadership of professionalism."<ref name=Many>[http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=10430 "Many Wary, Some Cheer Wolfowitz Pick"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001125902/http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=10430 |date=October 1, 2007 }}, ''[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]]'', April 16, 2007, accessed April 16, 2007.</ref>

In the US, there was some praise for the nomination. An editorial in ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' stated: <blockquote>Mr. Wolfowitz is willing to speak the truth to power ... he saw earlier than most, and spoke publicly about, the need for dictators to plan democratic transitions. It is the world's dictators who are the chief causes of world poverty. If anyone can stand up to the [[Robert Mugabe]]s of the world, it must be the man who stood up to Saddam Hussein.<ref>[http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110006432 "Banking on Wolfowitz: And You Thought Iraq Was Difficult"], ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', March 17, 2005, accessed April 16, 2007, Review & Outlook (Past Featured Article), accessed June 8, 2007.</ref></blockquote>He was confirmed and became president on June 1, 2005. He soon attended the [[31st G8 summit]] to discuss issues of [[global climate change]] and the [[economic development]] in [[Africa]]. When this meeting was interrupted by the [[July 7, 2005 London bombings]], Wolfowitz was present with other world leaders at the press conference given by [[British Prime Minister]] [[Tony Blair]].

Several of Wolfowitz's initial appointments at the bank proved controversial, including two US nationals (Robin Cleveland and Kevin Kellems) formerly with the Bush administration, whom he appointed as close advisors with $250,000 tax-free contracts.<ref name=DeYoung>Karen DeYoung, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/14/AR2007041401564_pf.html "Wolfowitz Clashed Repeatedly With World Bank Staff: Tenure as President Has Been Rocky"], ''The Washington Post'', April 15, 2007: A12, accessed May 1, 2007.</ref> Another appointee, [[Juan José Daboub]], faced criticism, including from his colleagues, for attempting to bring policies on climate change and [[family planning]] towards a more conservative position.<ref name = Gaouette/><ref name=Guha>Krishna Guha, [https://www.ft.com/content/7aa44b1e-f2a7-11db-a454-000b5df10621 "Wolfowitz Deputy Under Fire for Climate Change"], ''The Financial Times'', April 24, 2007, updated April 25, 2007, accessed May 2, 2007.</ref>

Wolfowitz gave special emphasis to two particular issues. Identifying Sub-Saharan Africa as the region most challenged to improve living standards, he traveled widely in the region. He also made clear his focus on fighting corruption. Several aspects of the latter program raised controversy. Overturning the names produced by a formal search process, he appointed a figure linked to the US Republican party to head the bank's internal watchdog. Member countries worried that Wolfowitz's willingness to suspend lending to countries on grounds of corruption was vulnerable to selective application in line with US foreign policy interests. In a debate on the proposed Governance and Anti-Corruption Strategy at the bank's 2006 Annual Meetings, shareholders directed Wolfowitz to undertake extensive consultations and revise the strategy to show how objective measures of corruption would be incorporated into decisions and how the shareholders' representatives on the bank's Board would play a key role. Following the consultations and revisions, the Board approved a revised strategy in spring 2007.<ref name=Cassidy/>

==Controversies==

===Wolfowitz's relationship with Shaha Riza===
{{Main|Shaha Riza}}
After President George W. Bush nominated Wolfowitz as president of the [[World Bank]], journalists reported that Wolfowitz was involved in a relationship with World Bank Senior Communications Officer (and Acting Manager of External Affairs) for the Middle East and North Africa Regional Office Shaha Ali Riza.<ref name=Sherwell>Philip Sherwell, [https://web.archive.org/web/20040816053146/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040802/asp/foreign/story_3572445.asp "Special 'relationship' Behind US West Asia policy"], ''The Telegraph'', August 1, 2002, Retrieved April 18, 2007.</ref> According to Richard Leiby, of ''The Washington Post'', Riza is "an Oxford-educated British citizen, was born in Tunisia and grew up in Saudi Arabia. She is known for her expertise on women's rights and has been listed on the bank's Web site as a media contact for Iraq reconstruction issues."<ref name=Leiby>Richard Leiby, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A55423-2005Mar21.html "Reliable Source: What Will the Neighbors Say?"], ''The Washington Post'', March 22, 2007, C-03, Retrieved May 1, 2007.</ref> According to Leiby and Linton Weeks, in their essay "In the Shadow of a Scandal", Riza's employment at the World Bank predated Wolfowitz's nomination as Bank president: "Riza started at the World Bank as a consultant in July 1997 and became a full-time employee in 1999"; and the relationship between Riza and Wolfowitz pre-dated it as well: <blockquote>In the early 1990s, Riza joined the National Endowment for Democracy and is credited there with development of the organization's Middle East program. Wolfowitz was on the endowment's board—which is how Riza first met him, according to Turkish journalist Cengiz Candar, a friend of the couple. "Shaha was married at the time and Paul was married," Candar recalled, and it wasn't until late 1999—after Riza divorced and Wolfowitz had separated from his wife of 30 years, Clare Selgin Wolfowitz—that the couple began dating."<ref name=WeeksLeiby>Linton Weeks and Richard Leiby, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/09/AR2007050902501.html?hpid=topnews "In the Shadow of a Scandal"], ''The Washington Post'', May 10, 2007, Retrieved  May 10, 2007. (Page 2 of 3 pages.)</ref><ref name=Leiby/></blockquote>

When Wolfowitz was considered for head of the CIA after the 2000 election, Clare Wolfowitz wrote President-elect George Bush a letter telling him that her husband's relationship with a foreign national—Riza—posed a national security risk.<ref>[http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2007/11/09/house_of_bush_3/print.html How Cheney took control of Bush's foreign policy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012184055/http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2007/11/09/house_of_bush_3/print.html |date=October 12, 2008 }}, Craig Unger, Salon.com, November 9, 2007; [[n:Vanity Fair contributing editor Craig Unger on the Bush family feud, neoconservatives and the Christian right|Interview with ''Vanity Fair'' contributing editor Craig Unger]], David Shankbone, ''Wikinews'', November 12, 2007</ref> It has been reported that [[Scooter Libby]] intercepted the letter.<ref>[http://www.villagevoice.com/blogs/bushbeat/archive/2007/06/libby_and_wolfi.php Libby and Wolfie: A Story of Reacharounds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622091757/http://villagevoice.com/blogs/bushbeat/archive/2007/06/libby_and_wolfi.php |date=June 22, 2007 }}, Ward Harkarvey, ''The Village Voice'', June 14, 2007.</ref> [[Sidney Blumenthal]] also reported on the letter Clare Wolfowitz wrote:
<blockquote>This embittered letter remained a closely guarded secret, although a former high official of the CIA told me about it. Chris Nelson also reported it on April 16 in his widely respected, nonpartisan foreign policy newsletter: "A certain Ms. Riza was even then Wolfowitz's true love. The problem for the CIA wasn't just that she was a foreign national, although that was and is today an issue for anyone interested in CIA employment. The problem was that Wolfowitz was married to someone else, and that someone was really angry about it, and she found a way to bring her complaint directly to the President. So when we, with our characteristic innocence, put Wolfowitz on our short-list for CIA, we were instantly told, by a very, very, very senior Republican foreign policy operative, 'I don't think so.' " The ''Daily Mail'' of London also reported on his wife's letter when Wolfowitz was appointed president of the World Bank in 2005.<ref>[http://www.salon.com/opinion/blumenthal/2007/05/24/wolfowitz_aftermath/index_np.html Wolfowitz's tomb], Sidney Blumenthal, Salon.com, May 24, 2007.</ref></blockquote>

According to the London ''[[Sunday Times]]'' on March 20, 2005, despite their cultural differences:<blockquote>Riza, an Arab feminist who confounds portrayals of Wolfowitz as a leader of a "Zionist conspiracy" of Jewish neoconservatives in Washington ... [and who] works as the bank's senior gender co-ordinator for the Middle East and North Africa ... not only shares Wolfowitz's passion for spreading democracy in the Arab world, but is said to have reinforced his determination to remove Saddam Hussein's oppressive regime.<ref name="ProfTOL">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080111211618/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2088-1533085,00.html "Profile: Paul Wolfowitz: Hawk with a Lot of Loot Needs a Bit of Lady Luck"], ''The Sunday Times'', March 20, 2005, Retrieved  April 18, 2007.</ref></blockquote>The relationship created further controversy over Wolfowitz's nomination to head the World Bank, because the bank's ethics rules preclude sexual relationships between a manager and a staff member serving under that manager, even if one reports to the other only indirectly through a chain of supervision.

Wolfowitz initially proposed to the World Bank's Ethics Committee that he recuse himself from personnel matters regarding Riza, but the committee rejected that proposal.<ref name="Hitt1">Greg Hitt, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB117806854490188980?mod=googlenews_wsj "World Bank Ex-Board Member Disputes Wolfowitz"], ''The Wall Street Journal'', May 2, 2007, A8, Retrieved  May 8, 2007 (restricted access; free preview); rpt. [http://goldnotes.wordpress.com/2007/05/02/london-irvine-report-may 2-2007/ "World Bank Ex-Board Member Disputes Wolfowitz"], ''goldnotes.wordpress.com'', May 2, 2007, Retrieved May 8, 2007; cf. Greg Hitt, [https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2007/05/07/top-wolfowitz-adviser-resigns/ "Top Wolfowitz Adviser Resigns"], ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', ''Wall Street Journal Online'', May 7, 2007, Washington Wire, Retrieved May 8, 2007.</ref> Riza was "seconded to the State Department", or placed on "external assignment", assigned "a job at the state department under [[Liz Cheney]], the daughter of the vice-president, promoting democracy in the Middle East".<ref name="Goldenberg2">Suzanne Goldenberg, [https://www.theguardian.com/usa/story/0,,2052072,00.html "Wolfowitz Under Fire After Partner Receives Promotion and Pay Rise"], ''The Guardian'', April 7, 2007, Retrieved  May 2, 2007.</ref> She "was also moved up to a managerial pay grade in compensation for the disruption to her career", resulting in a raise of over $60,000, as well as guarantees of future increases; "The staff association claims that the pay rise was more than double the amount allowed under employee guidelines."<ref name="Goldenberg2" /><ref name="McQuillen">William McQuillen, [https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601068&sid=apPbM7Uq_IPQ&refer=economy "Wolfowitz Says He Won't Quit, Calls Charges 'Bogus'"] (Update2), ''[[Bloomberg News]]'', April 30, 2007, accessed May 2, 2007.</ref> A promotion and raise had been among the options suggested by a World Bank ethics committee that was set up to advise on the situation.<ref name="EthicsCommitteeCaseNo2">{{cite web|url=http://bicusa.org/proxy/Document.10080.aspx |title=Ethics Committee Case No 2 and President Papers|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212015110/http://bicusa.org/proxy/Document.10080.aspx |archive-date=December 12, 2008}} , ''World Bank'', "strictly confidential" documents posted online at ''bicusa.org'', April 12, 2007, Retrieved  April 14, 2007.</ref> According to Steven R. Weisman, however, in a report published in ''The New York Times'', the then-current chair of the committee emphasized that he was not informed at the time of the details or extent of the present and future raises built into the agreement with Riza.<ref>Steven R. Weisman, [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/27/washington/27wolfowitz.html "Wolfowitz Loses Ground in Fight for World Bank Post"], ''The New York Times'', April 27, 2007, Retrieved May 1, 2007.</ref> Wolfowitz referred to the controversy concerning his relationship with Riza in a statement posted on the website of the World Bank at the time (April 12, 2007).<ref name="Wolfstat">Paul Wolfowitz, [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:21295972~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html "Statement by Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank Group WB/IMF Spring Meetings 2007"], ''Worldbank.org'', April 12, 2007, Retrieved May 1, 2007. (Video and audio links.)</ref>

The affair resurfaced in headlines in 2011.<ref>[http://newledger.com/2011/05/dominique-strauss-kahn-anwar-ibrahim-and-paul-wolfowitz-the-woman-troubles-of-men-who-oversee-money/ "Dominique Strauss-Kahn, Anwar Ibrahim, and Paul Wolfowitz: The Woman Troubles of Men Who Oversee Money"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521073250/http://newledger.com/2011/05/dominique-strauss-kahn-anwar-ibrahim-and-paul-wolfowitz-the-woman-troubles-of-men-who-oversee-money/|date=May 21, 2011}}, New Ledger. May 16, 2011. Accessed June 9, 2011</ref><ref>[https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2011/05/137_87636.html "Can Asians become chief of IMF or World Bank?"], Robert E. Kelly. May 25, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.businesslive.co.za/incoming/2011/06/06/france-s-lagarde-leads-imf-race "France's Lagarde leads IMF race"], Business Live. June 6, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011</ref>

===Wolfowitz's leadership of the World Bank Group===
In early 2007, [[Fox News]] published on a series of investigative stories on the World Bank, based in part on leaks of internal bank documents.<ref name=BeharFeb>{{cite news|author=[[Richard Behar]]|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,250800,00.html|title=World Bank Launches Internal Probe to Root Out Leakers|publisher=Fox News|date=February 8, 2007|access-date=May 14, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403125447/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,250800,00.html|archive-date=April 3, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> On April 11, 2007, Reuters and Al Kamen in ''The Washington Post'', reported that Wolfowitz and the World Bank board had hired the [[Williams & Connolly]] law firm to oversee an investigation into the leaking of internal bank documents to Fox News.<ref name=ReutersFoxNews>Reuters, [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,265200,00.html "World Bank Launches Probe Into Leak of Confidential Documents to FOXNews.com"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516080549/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,265200,00.html |date=May 16, 2007 }}, Fox News, April 11, 2007, accessed May 16, 2007.</ref><ref name=Kamenprobe>Al Kamen, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/10/AR2007041001716_pf.html "Under Flood of Criticism, Looking to Plug a Leak"], ''The Washington Post'', April 11, 2007, accessed May 16, 2007.</ref> Those reports cite an internal memo to the bank staff later posted on the internet, dated April 9, 2007, in which the World Bank's general counsel, Ana Palacio, states that the bank's legal staff was scrutinizing two articles by investigative reporter [[Richard Behar]] published on the website of Fox News on January 31 and March 27, 2007.<ref name=Behar1-2>[[Richard Behar]], [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,248601,00.html "Wolfowitz vs. the World Bank Board: It's Trench Warfare"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518144206/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,248601,00.html |date=May 18, 2007 }}, Fox News, January 31, 2007, and [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,261290,00.html "World Bank Anticorruption Drive Blunted as China Threatens to Halt Loans"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510231807/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,261290,00.html |date=May 10, 2007 }}, Fox News, March 27, 2007, both accessed May 14, 2007.</ref> A day after the second report published by Behar, on March 28, 2007, Kamen had disclosed that "Bank records obtained by the Government Accountability Project" documented pay raises in excess of Bank policies given to [[Shaha Riza]].<ref name=Kamen1>Al Kamen, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/27/AR2007032701953.html "In the Loop: Where the Money Is"], ''The Washington Post'', March 28, 2007, accessed May 10, 2007.</ref>

On April 12, 2007, the London ''[[Financial Times]]'' reported that, in a 2005 memorandum, Wolfowitz had personally directed the bank's human resources chief to offer Riza a large pay rise and promotion, according to two anonymous sources who told the ''Financial Times'' that they had seen the memo.<ref name=GuhaCallan>Krishna Guha and Eoin Callan, [https://www.ft.com/content/42f29804-e8ae-11db-b2c3-000b5df10621 "Wolfowitz Laid Out Terms for Partner’s Pay Package"], ''The Financial Times'', April 12, 2007, accessed May 14, 2007.</ref> The memo was part of a package of 102 pages of documents released by the bank on April 14, 2007.<ref name=GuhaCallan/>

On April 14, 2007, after reviewing these documents, the ''Financial Times'' concluded that it was "a potentially fatal blow" to Wolfowitz.<ref name="GuhaCallan"/> In contrast, Fox News concluded that the new documents might offer Wolfowitz a "new lifeline" in the scandal, because the bank's ethics committee had launched a review of the Riza compensation case in early 2006 and concluded that it did not warrant any further attention by the committee.<ref name=Behar3>[[Richard Behar]], [https://www.foxnews.com/story/documents-may-give-wolfowitz-new-lifeline-in-world-bank-scandal "Documents May Give Wolfowitz New Lifeline in World Bank Scandal"], Fox News, April 14, 2007, accessed May 14, 2007.</ref>
Wolfowitz failed, on April 19, 2007, to attend a high-profile meeting and the controversy led to disruption at the World Bank when some employees wore [[blue ribbon]]s "in a display of defiance against his leadership."<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/apr/20/imf.usnews "Wolfowitz Absent As World Bank Board Decides Fate"], ''The Guardian'', April 19, 2007, accessed April 20, 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2007/04/20/MNGDOPCBOA1.DTL&type=politics "Wolfowitz's Troubles Disrupt World Bank"], ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', April 20, 2007, accessed April 20, 2007.</ref>

World Bank Group's board of executive directors and staffers complained also that Wolfowitz was imposing [[George W. Bush administration|Bush administration]] policies to eliminate family planning from World Bank programs. According to Nicole Gaouette, in her report published in the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' on April 19, 2007, [[Juan José Daboub]]—the managing director whom Wolfowitz had appointed who has also been criticized for overly-conservative policies concerning climate change<ref name=Guha/> and "a Roman Catholic with ties to a conservative Salvadoran political party"—repeatedly deleted references to family planning from World Bank proposals.<ref name=Gaouette>Nicole Gaouette, [https://archive.today/20130127171226/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-worldbank19apr19,1,3027731,full.story "World Bank May Target Family Planning:] Repeated Absence of References to Birth Control in Internal Reports Alarms Women's Health Advocates", ''[[The Los Angeles Times]]'', April 19, 2007, accessed May 1, 2007.</ref>

On May 14, 2007, the World Bank committee investigating the alleged ethics violations reported (in part):
* "Mr. Wolfowitz's contract requiring that he adhere to the Code of Conduct for board officials and that he avoid any conflict of interest, real or apparent, were violated";
* "The salary increase Ms. Riza received at Mr. Wolfowitz's direction was in excess of the range established by Rule 6.01";
* "The ad hoc group concludes that in actuality, Mr Wolfowitz from the outset cast himself in opposition to the established rules of the institution"; and
* "He did not accept the bank's policy on conflict of interest, so he sought to negotiate for himself a resolution different from that which would have applied to the staff he was selected to head."<ref name=CNNMoney>Reuters, {{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2007/05/15/news/newsmakers/wolfowitz.reut/?postversion=2007051507 |title=Wolfowitz Rejects World Bank Ethics Ruling |access-date=May 15, 2007 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518235908/http://money.cnn.com/2007/05/15/news/newsmakers/wolfowitz.reut/?postversion=2007051507 |archive-date=May 18, 2007 }}: Bank Committee Determines That President Violated Ethics Standards Over His Girlfriend's Promotion; Wolfowitz Calls Findings 'unbalanced' and 'flawed'", online posting, ''[[CNN]]Money.com'' ("The Internet home of ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'', ''[[Money (magazine)|Money]]'', ''[[Business 2.0]]''"), May 15, 2007, accessed November 17, 2008.</ref>

Wolfowitz appeared before the World Bank Group's board of executive directors to respond on May 15. Adams speculated that "With Mr Wolfowitz so far refusing to step down, the board may need to take radical action to break the stalemate. Members have discussed a range of options, including sacking Mr Wolfowitz, issuing a vote of no confidence or reprimanding him. Some board members argue that a vote of no confidence would make it impossible for him to stay in the job."<ref name=Adams>Richard Adams, [https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/may/15/usnews.imf "Angry Wolfowitz in Four-letter Tirade"], ''[[The Guardian|The Guardian Unlimited]]'', May 15, 2007, accessed May 16, 2007.</ref> By Wednesday, May 16, 2007, ''The New York Times'', reported that "after six weeks of fighting efforts to oust him as president ... Wolfowitz began today to negotiate the terms of his possible resignation, in return for the bank dropping or softening the charge that he had engaged in misconduct ..."<ref name=Weisman3>Steven R. Weisman, [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/16/washington/16cnd-wolfowitz.htm "Wolfowitz Said to Be Working On Deal for His Resignation"], ''The New York Times'', May 16, 2007, accessed May 16, 2007.</ref> After expressions from the Bush administration that it "fully" supported Wolfowitz as World Bank president and its urging a "fair hearing" for him, President Bush expressed "regret" at Wolfowitz's impending resignation.<ref name=Aversa>Jeannine Aversa ([[Associated Press]]), [https://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2007-05-09-3701887316_x.htm "White House: Give Wolfowitz Fair Hearing"], ''[[USA Today]]'', May 9, 2007, accessed November 17, 2008; {{cite web |url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/fn/4814948.html |title=Markets: Bush Expresses Regret Over Wolfowitz |access-date=May 13, 2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519040810/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/fn/4814948.html |archive-date=May 19, 2007 }}, ''[[The Houston Chronicle]]'', May 17, 2007, accessed November 19, 2008.</ref>

On May 17, 2007, the World Bank Group's board of Executive Directors announced that Paul Wolfowitz would resign as World Bank Group president at the end of June 2007.<ref name=Weisman4>Steven R. Weisman, [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/18/washington/18worldbank.html "'Second Chance' at Career Goes Sour for Wolfowitz"], ''The New York Times'', May 18, 2007, accessed May 18, 2007.</ref>

==Recent activities==
As a visiting scholar of the [[American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research]], Wolfowitz has blogged for the group<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.american.com/2011/05/the-friend-of-my-enemy-is-my-enemy/ |title=The Friend of My Enemy is My Enemy « the Enterprise Blog |website=blog.american.com |access-date=January 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602031622/http://blog.american.com/2011/05/the-friend-of-my-enemy-is-my-enemy/ |archive-date=June 2, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and appeared in group events.<ref>[http://www.aei.org/event/100390 "What Will 'Odyssey Dawn' Bring?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601045811/http://www.aei.org/event/100390 |date=June 1, 2011 }}. AEI, March 28, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.aei.org/event/100395 "A Conversation with Libyan National Council Representative Ali Aujali"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603144145/http://www.aei.org/event/100395 |date=June 3, 2011 }}. AEI, April 11, 2011.</ref> In 2011, he wrote columns that appeared in publications such as ''The Independent'', ''The Sunday Times'', and ''Newsweek''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aei.org/scholarWorks?scholarId=126&type=article&name=Paul%20Wolfowitz&title=Visiting%20Scholar |title=AEI - Scholars - Paul Wolfowitz |access-date=May 31, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428171946/http://www.aei.org/scholarWorks?scholarId=126&type=article&name=Paul%20Wolfowitz&title=Visiting%20Scholar |archive-date=April 28, 2011 }}</ref>

Wolfowitz is a former steering committee member of the [[Bilderberg group]].<ref>[http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/former-steering-committee-members.html Bilderberg Meetings.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095633/http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/former-steering-committee-members.html |date=February 2, 2014 }}</ref>

In February 2013, Wolfowitz publicly supported [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|legal recognition for same-sex marriage]] in an [[amicus brief]] submitted to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|US Supreme Court]].<ref>[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/02/28/the-pro-freedom-republicans-are-coming-131-sign-gay-marriage-brief.html "The Pro-Freedom Republicans Are Coming: 131 Sign Gay-Marriage Brief"], ''The Daily Beast'', February 28, 2013.</ref>

In February 2015, Wolfowitz advised presidential candidate [[Jeb Bush]].<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2015-02-22/wolfowitz-jeb-bush-foreign-policy-adviser-plays-up-reagan-influence "Wolfowitz, Jeb Bush Foreign Policy Adviser, Plays Up Reagan Influence"], ''Bloomberg Politics'', February 22, 2015, 3:09 PM CST.</ref>

In August 2016, Wolfowitz announced his intention to vote for [[Hillary Clinton]] in the [[2016 United States presidential election]], despite having "serious reservations about her."<ref>{{cite web|title=Former Bush adviser Wolfowitz to vote for Clinton: Spiegel|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-clinton-wolfowitz-idUSKCN1111XS|website=[[Reuters]]|access-date=August 26, 2016|date=August 26, 2016}}</ref> However, in a December interview on Fox Business, Wolfowitz claimed that he did not in fact vote for Clinton.<ref>{{cite web|title= Amb. Wolfowitz Raises Concerns About Surveillance and Putin
 |website=[[Fox Business]]|url=http://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/2016/12/21/amb-wolfowitz-raises-concerns-about-surveillance-and-putin.html|date=December 21, 2016}}</ref>

In January 2017, Wolfowitz wrote an op-ed in ''[[The New York Times]]'' commenting on a "dissent cable" that had been signed by 1,000 [[Foreign Service Officers]] criticizing [[Executive Order 13769|President Trump's executive action on immigration]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Wolfowitz |first=Paul D. |date=January 31, 2017 |title=A Diplomat's Proper Channel of Dissent |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/31/opinion/a-diplomats-proper-channel-of-dissent.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=February 1, 2017 }}
</ref>

In February 2023, Wolfowitz was awarded [[Order of Brilliant Star]] with Grand Cordon by [[President of the Republic of China]] [[Tsai Ing-wen]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Teng |first1=Pei-ju |title=Ex-USTBC chair receives presidential medal for promoting Taiwan-U.S. ties |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202302080022 |access-date=9 February 2023 |agency=Central News Agency |date=8 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Madjar |first1=Kayleigh |title=President Tsai confers honor on Paul Wolfowitz |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2023/02/09/2003794014 |access-date=9 February 2023 |work=Taipei Times |date=9 February 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Politics}}
* ''[[Joint Vision 2020]]''
* [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]] (WINEP)
* [[World Bank Group]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Bazbauers, Adrian Robert. "The wolfensohn, wolfowitz, and zoellick presidencies: Revitalising the neoliberal agenda of the world bank." ''Forum for Development Studies'' 41#1 (2014) pp.&nbsp;91–114..
* Davis, Jack. "Paul Wolfowitz on Intelligence Policy-Relations" (CIA Center For The Study Of Intelligence, 1996) [https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a525681.pdf online] 
* Hanlon, Joseph. "Wolfowitz, the World Bank, and illegitimate lending." ''Brown Journal of World Affairs'' 13.2 (2007): 41-54 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24590567 online].
* Immerman, Richard H. ''Empire for Liberty: A History of American Imperialism from Benjamin Franklin to Paul Wolfowitz'' (2010) pp.&nbsp;196–231 [https://www.amazon.com/Empire-Liberty-American-Imperialism-Wolfowitz/dp/069112762X/ excerpt and text search]
* Meyer, Karl E. and Shareen Blair Brysac. ''Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East'' (2009) pp 381–410.
* Milne, David. "Paul Wolfowitz and the promise of American power, 1969–2001." on ''American foreign policy'' (Manchester University Press, 2017) pp.&nbsp;159–192.
* Milne, David. "Intellectualism in US diplomacy: Paul Wolfowitz and his predecessors." ''International Journal'' 62.3 (2007): 667-680.
* Rich, Bruce. "The Brief, Broken Presidency of Paul Wolfowitz." in ''Foreclosing the Future: The World Bank and the Politics of Environmental Destruction'' (2013) pp: 114-137.
* Solomon, Lewis D. ''Paul D. Wolfowitz: Visionary intellectual, policymaker, and strategist'' (Greenwood, 2007), aq standard scholarly biography.
* Wolfowitz, Paul D. "Clinton's first year." ''Foreign Affairs'' (1994) 73#1: 28-43. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20045889 online]

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
* [http://www.aei.org/scholar/126 Paul Wolfowitz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027190900/http://www.aei.org/scholar/126 |date=October 27, 2011 }} at the American Enterprise Institute's website
* {{C-SPAN|8543}}

;Official biographical accounts
* [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/ORGANIZATION/EXTOFFICEPRESIDENT/0,,contentMDK:20519590~menuPK:64260190~pagePK:51174171~piPK:64258873~theSitePK:1014541,00.html "Biography: Paul Wolfowitz: President, The World Bank Group"], at ''web.worldbank.org'' ([[World Bank Group]]). Accessed May 4, 2007.
* [https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/results/leadership/bio_466.html "Paul Wolfowitz – Department of Defense, Deputy Secretary of Defense"]. Search result in obsolete directory of "The President and His Leadership Team". Accessed May 4, 2007.
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502184118/http://www.defenselink.mil/bios/wolfowitz_bio.html |date=May 2, 2006 |title="Paul Wolfowitz, Deputy Secretary of Defense" }} – Archived biography at the [[United States Department of Defense]]. Last updated: March 16, 2005. Accessed May 2, 2007.
* Wolfowitz, Paul.[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:21295972~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html "Statement by Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank Group WB/IMF Spring Meetings 2007"]. Online posting. ''[[World Bank Group]]'', ''Worldbank.org'', April 12, 2007. Accessed May 1, 2007. (Video and audio links.)

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{{s-bef|before=[[Anthony Lake]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Director of Policy Planning]]|years=1981–1982}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Stephen W. Bosworth|Stephen Bosworth]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[John H. Holdridge|John Holdridge]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs]]|years=1982–1986}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Gaston J. Sigur, Jr.|Gaston Sigur]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Fred Iklé]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Under Secretary of Defense for Policy|Undersecretary of Defense for Policy]]|years=1989–1993}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Frank G. Wisner|Frank Wisner]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Rudy de Leon]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States Deputy Secretary of Defense]]|years=2001–2005}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Gordon R. England|Gordon England]]}}
|-
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John H. Holdridge|John Holdridge]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States Ambassador to Indonesia]]|years=1986–1989}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John Cameron Monjo]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[James Wolfensohn]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of the World Bank Group]]|years=2005–2007}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Robert Zoellick]]}}
|-
{{s-aca}}
{{s-bef|before=George Packard}}
{{s-ttl|title=Dean of the [[Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies]]|years=1993–2001}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jessica Einhorn]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{World Bank}}
{{USDepSecDef}}
{{US Ambassadors to Indonesia}}
{{Neoconservatism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wolfowitz, Paul}}
[[Category:Paul Wolfowitz| ]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
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[[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Indonesia]]
[[Category:American bankers]]
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[[Category:American Zionists]]
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[[Category:United States under secretaries of defense for policy]]
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[[Category:Jewish American diplomats]]