View source for Paucituberculata

{{Short description|Order of marsupials}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Paleocene|Late Paleocene]] ([[Itaboraian]])-Recent<br />~{{Fossil range|58.7|0}}
| image = Caenolestes sangay. Foto Jorge Brito.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Caenolestes sangay]]''
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Paucituberculata
| authority = [[Florentino Ameghino|Ameghino]], 1894
| subdivision_ranks = Suborders
| subdivision =
* See text
| diversity = 
7 extant species
| synonyms = 
* Paucituberculiformes <small>Kinman 1994</small>
* Asyndactylia <small>Thomas 1895</small>
}}

'''Paucituberculata''' {{IPAc-en|,|p|ɔː|s|ᵻ|tj|uː|,|b|3r|k|j|uː|'|l|ei|t|@}} is an order of [[South America]]n [[marsupials]]. Although currently represented only by the seven living species of [[shrew opossum]]s, this order was formerly much more diverse, with more than 60 extinct species named from the fossil record, particularly from the late Oligocene to early Miocene epochs.<ref name="Abello2013">{{cite journal |last1=Abello |first1=María A. |title=Analysis of dental homologies and phylogeny of Paucituberculata (Mammalia: Marsupialia) |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=441–465 |doi=10.1111/bij.12048 |year=2013 |doi-access=free |hdl=11336/13571 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Engelman /> The earliest paucituberculatans date to the [[Paleocene|late Paleocene]] ([[Itaboraian]] [[South American land mammal age]]).<ref name="Goin2009">{{cite journal |last1=Goin |first1=Francisco J. |last2=Candela |first2=Adriana M. |last3=Abello |first3=M. Alejandra |last4=Oliveira |first4=Edison V. |title=Earliest South American paucituberculatans and their significance in the understanding of 'pseudodiprotodont' marsupial radiations |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |date=2009 |volume=155 |issue=4 |pages=867–884 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00471.x |doi-access=free }}</ref> The group went through a pronounced decline in the middle [[Miocene]] epoch, which resulted in the extinction of all families of this order except for the living [[shrew opossums]] (Caenolestidae). Extinct families of Paucituberculatans include [[Pichipilidae]], [[Palaeothentidae]], and [[Abderitidae]].<ref name=Engelman />

== Classification ==
It is one of two clades of [[Ameridelphia]], a [[paraphyletic]] group; genetic studies have shown these animals to be a [[sister group]] to [[Australidelphia]] (i.e., [[Didelphimorphia]] branched off first).<ref name="LAT">{{Cite web | last = Schiewe | first = Jessie | title = Australia's marsupials originated in what is now South America, study says | work = [[Los Angeles Times]] | date = 2010-07-28 | url = http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-marsupial-20100728,0,5549873.story | access-date = 2010-08-01| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100801001045/http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-marsupial-20100728,0,5549873.story| archive-date= 1 August 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name = "Nilsson">{{Cite journal | last = Nilsson | first = M. A. |author2=Churakov, G.|author3=Sommer, M.|author4=Van Tran, N.|author5=Zemann, A.|author6=Brosius, J.|author7= Schmitz, J. | title = Tracking Marsupial Evolution Using Archaic Genomic Retroposon Insertions | journal = [[PLOS Biology]] | volume = 8 | issue = 7 | pages = e1000436 | date = 2010-07-27 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000436 | pmid=20668664 | pmc=2910653 | doi-access = free }}</ref> However, other studies have shown that shrew opossums branched off first, and thus [[Didelphimorphia]] is the sister group of Australidelphia.<ref name="Upham 2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Upham |first1=Nathan S. |last2=Esselstyn |first2=Jacob A. |last3=Jetz |first3=Walter |date=2019 |title=Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution and conservation |journal=PLOS Biol |volume=17 |issue=12 |pages=e3000494 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494 |pmid=31800571 |pmc=6892540 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Upham |first1=Nathan S. |last2=Esselstyn |first2=Jacob A. |last3=Jetz |first3=Walter |year=2019 |title=DR_on4phylosCompared_linear_richCol_justScale_ownColors_withTips_80in |url=https://github.com/n8upham/MamPhy_v1/blob/master/Fig6_compare_tipDRs/DR_on4phylosCompared_linear_richCol_justScale_ownColors_withTips_80in.pdf |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=17 |issue=12 |pages= e3000494|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494 |doi-access=free |pmid=31800571 |pmc=6892540 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Álvarez-Carretero |first1=Sandra |last2=Tamuri |first2=Asif U. |last3=Battini |first3=Matteo |last4=Nascimento |first4=Fabrícia F. |last5=Carlisle |first5=Emily |last6=Asher |first6=Robert J. |last7=Yang |first7=Ziheng |last8=Donoghue |first8=Philip C.J. |last9=dos Reis |first9=Mario |year=2022 |title=A species-level timeline of mammal evolution integrating phylogenomic data |journal=Nature |volume= 602|issue=7896 |pages=263–267 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04341-1 |pmid=34937052 |bibcode=2022Natur.602..263A |s2cid=245438816 |url=https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/75979|hdl=1983/de841853-d57b-40d9-876f-9bfcf7253f12 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Álvarez-Carretero |first1=Sandra |last2=Tamuri |first2=Asif U. |last3=Battini |first3=Matteo |last4=Nascimento |first4=Fabrícia F. |last5=Carlisle |first5=Emily |last6=Asher |first6=Robert J. |last7=Yang |first7=Ziheng |last8=Donoghue |first8=Philip C.J. |last9=dos Reis |first9=Mario |year=2022 |title=4705sp_colours_mammal-time.tree |journal=Nature |volume= 602|issue=7896 |pages=263–267 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04341-1 |pmid=34937052 |bibcode=2022Natur.602..263A |s2cid=245438816 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Data_for_A_Species-Level_Timeline_of_Mammal_Evolution_Integrating_Phylogenomic_Data_/14885691|hdl=1983/de841853-d57b-40d9-876f-9bfcf7253f12 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

The Paucituberculata were once considered to be closely related to South American [[polydolopimorph]] metatherians, however phylogenetic analyses have found this is not true.<ref name=Goin2009/>

=== Subdivision ===
The order is subdivided into:<ref name=Abello2007_p410>Abello, 2007, p.410</ref><ref name=FWPaucituberculata>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=147534 Paucituberculata] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>

{{cladogram|title=Phylogeny of Paucituberculata<ref name="AA">{{cite journal|author1=Alejandra Abello, María|author2=Martin, Gabriel M.|author3=Cardoso, Yamila|title=Review of the extinct 'shrew-opossums' (Marsupialia: Caenolestidae), with descriptions of two new genera and three new species from the Early Miocene of southern South America|year=2021|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=193|issue=2|pages=464–498|url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/193/2/464/6088263|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa165|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Abello, María Alejandra |author2= Toledo, Nestor |author3=Ortiz-Jaureguizar, Edgardo |title=Evolution of South American Paucituberculata (Metatheria: Marsupialia): adaptive radiation and climate changes at the Eocene- Oligocene boundary |year=2018 |journal=Historical Biology |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=476–493 |url=http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/127161/Documento_completo.pdf-PDFA.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |doi=10.1080/08912963.2018.1502286}}</ref>|
{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%;width:400px
|1={{Clade
  |1=†''[[Bardalestes]]''
  |2={{Clade
    |1=†''[[Fieratherium]]''
    |2={{Clade
      |1=†''[[Evolestes]]''
      |2={{Clade
        |label1=[[Caenolestidae]]
        |1={{Clade
          |1=†''[[Stilotherium]]''
          |2={{Clade
            |1=†''[[Gaimanlestes]]''
            |2={{Clade
              |1=†''[[Pliolestes]]''
              |2={{Clade
                |1=†''[[Caenolestoides]]''
                |2={{Clade
                  |1={{Clade
                    |1=''[[Lestoros]]''
                    |2=''[[Rhyncholestes]]''
                     }}
                  |2=''[[Caenolestes]]''
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
        |label2=†Palaeothentoidea
        |2={{Clade
          |1={{Clade
            |label1=†Pichipilidae
            |1={{Clade
              |1=†''[[Phonocdromus]]''
              |2=†''[[Pichipilus]]''
               }}
             }}
          |2={{Clade
            |1=†''[[Perulestes]]''
            |2={{Clade
              |1=†''[[Sasawatsu]]''
              |2={{Clade
                |1={{Clade
                  |1=†''[[Palaeothentes boliviensis]]''
                  |2=†''[[Pilchenia]]''
                   }}
                |2={{Clade
                  |label1=†Abderitidae
                  |1={{Clade
                    |1=†''[[Parabderites]]''
                    |2={{Clade
                      |1=†''[[Pitheculites]]''
                      |2=†''[[Abderites (mammal)|Abderites]]''
                       }}
                     }}
                  |label2=†Palaeothentidae
                  |2={{Clade
                    |1={{Clade
                      |1=†''[[Trelewthentes]]''
                      |2={{Clade
                        |1=†''[[Titanothentes]]''
                        |2=†''[[Acdestis (mammal)|Acdestis]]''
                         }}
                       }}
                    |2={{Clade
                      |1={{Clade
                        |1=†''[[Carlothentes]]''
                        |2=†''[[Antawallathentes]]''
                         }}
                      |2={{Clade
                        |1=†''[[Palaepanorthus]]''
                        |2=†''[[Palaeothentes]]''
                         }}
                       }}
                     }}
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}
}}

* †''[[Bardalestes]]'' {{small|Goin et al. 2009}}<ref name=Goin2009/>
* †''[[Evolestes]]'' {{small|Goin et al. 2007}}
* †''[[Fieratherium]]'' {{small|Forasiepi et al. 2013}}
* †''[[Riolestes]]'' {{small|Goin et al. 2009}}<ref name=Goin2009/>
* Superfamily Caenolestoidea {{small|[[Édouard Louis Trouessart|Trouessart]] 1898}}
** Family [[Caenolestidae]] {{small|Trouessart 1898}}
*** ''[[Caenolestes]]'' {{small|Thomas 1895}}
*** †''[[Caenolestoides]]'' {{small|Arbello, Martin & Cardoso 2021}}
*** †''[[Gaimanlestes]]'' {{small|Arbello, Martin & Cardoso 2021}}
*** ''[[Lestoros]]'' {{small|Oehser 1934}}
*** †''[[Pliolestes]]'' {{small|Reig 1955}}
*** †''[[Pseudhalmarhiphus]]'' {{small|Ameghino 1903}}
*** ''[[Rhyncholestes]]'' {{small|Osgood 1924}}
*** †''[[Stilotherium]]'' {{small|[[Florentino Ameghino|Ameghino]] 1887}}
* Superfamily †Palaeothentoidea {{small|Goin et al. 2009}}<ref name=FWPalaeothentoidea>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=246326 Palaeothentoidea] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>
** †''[[Perulestes]]'' {{small|Goin & Candela 2004}}
** †''[[Pilchenia]]'' {{small|Ameghino 1903}}
** †''[[Sasawatsu]]'' {{small|Goin & Candela 2004}}
** Family †[[Pichipilidae]] {{small|Marshall 1980}}
*** †''[[Phonocdromus]]'' {{small|Ameghino 1894}}
*** †''[[Pichipilus]]'' {{small|Ameghino 1890}}
*** †''[[Quirogalestes]]'' {{small|Goin & Candela 1998}}
** Family †[[Abderitidae]] {{small|Ameghino 1889}}
*** †''[[Abderites (mammal)|Abderites]]'' {{small|Ameghino 1887}}
*** †''[[Parabderites]]'' {{small|Ameghino 1902}}
*** †''[[Pitheculites]]'' {{small|Ameghino 1902}}
** Family †[[Palaeothentidae]] {{small|Sinclair 1906}}
*** †''[[Chimeralestes]]'' {{small|Engelman et al. 2017}}<ref name="Engelman">{{cite journal |last1=Engelman |first1=Russell K. |last2=Anaya |first2=Federico |last3=Croft |first3=Darin A. |title=New palaeothentid marsupials (Paucituberculata) from the middle Miocene of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia and their implications for the palaeoecology, decline, and extinction of the Palaeothentoidea |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=15 |issue=10 |pages=787–820 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2016.1240112 |year=2017 |s2cid=88758358 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/New_palaeothentid_marsupials_Paucituberculata_from_the_middle_Miocene_of_Quebrada_Honda_Bolivia_and_their_implications_for_the_palaeoecology_decline_and_extinction_of_the_Palaeothentoidea/4216506 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*** †''[[Hondathentes]]'' {{small|Dumont & Brown 1997}}<ref name=FWHondathenthes>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=268562 ''Hondathenthes''] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>
*** Subfamily †Palaeothentinae {{small|Sinclair 1906}}<ref name=FWPaleothentidae>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=268563 Paleothentidae] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref>
**** †''[[Antawallathentes]]'' {{small|Rincón et al. 2015}}<ref name="Rincon2015">{{cite journal |last1=Rincón |first1=Ascanio D. |last2=Shockey |first2=Bruce J. |last3=Anaya |first3=Federico |last4=Solórzano |first4=André |title=Palaeothentid Marsupials of the Salla Beds of Bolivia (Late Oligocene): Two New Species and Insights into the Post-Eocene Radiation of Palaeothentoids |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=455–471 |doi=10.1007/s10914-015-9295-8 |year=2015 |s2cid=2940122 }}</ref>
**** †''[[Carlothentes]]'' {{small|Bown & Fleagle 1993}}
**** †''[[Palaeothentes]]'' {{small|Ameghino 1887}}
**** †''[[Palaepanorthus]]'' {{small|Ameghino 1902}}
**** †''[[Propalaeothentes]]'' {{small|Bown & Fleagle 1993}}
*** Subfamily †Acdestinae {{small|Bown & Fleagle 1993}}
**** †''[[Acdestis (mammal)|Acdestis]]'' {{small|Ameghino 1887}}
**** †''[[Acdestoides]]'' {{small|Bown & Fleagle 1993}}
**** †''[[Acdestodon]]'' {{small|Bown & Fleagle 1993}}
**** †''[[Titanothentes]]'' {{small|Rae, Bown & Fleagle 1996}}
**** †''[[Trelewthentes]]'' {{small|Bown & Fleagle 1993}}

==See also==
* [[List of mammal genera]]
* [[List of prehistoric mammals]]

== References ==
{{Portal|Mammals|Paleontology|Prehistoric mammals}}
{{Reflist|20em}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite thesis |last=Abello |first=María Alejandra |year=2007 |title=Sistemática y bioestratigrafía de los Paucituberculata (Mammalia, Marsupialia) del Cenozoico de América del Sur |type=PhD thesis |url=http://naturalis.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar/repositorio/_documentos/tesis/tesis_0942.pdf |publisher=[[National University of La Plata|Universidad Nacional de La Plata]] |pages=1–438 |accessdate=2017-10-20}}

{{Metatheria|M.|state=autocollapse}}
{{Mammals}}
{{Paucituberculata}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q13411128}}

[[Category:Shrew opossums]]
[[Category:Mammal orders]]
[[Category:Neogene mammals of South America]]
[[Category:Quaternary mammals of South America]]
[[Category:Extant Oligocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Florentino Ameghino]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{marsupial-stub}}