View source for Partnership for Peace

{{Short description|Intergovernmental organization}}
{{Update|part=[[#Legacy|Legacy]] and [[#Evolution|Evolution]]|date=April 2024|reason=Missing information on the consequences of that one member (Russia) has invaded another member (Ukraine)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date = February 2022}}
{{Use American English|date = April 2019}}
{{Infobox geopolitical organisation
| name                   = '''Partnership for Peace'''
| linking_name           = Partnership for Peace
| image_flag             = 
| symbol_type            = Logo
| image_symbol           = 
| symbol_width           = 190px
| image_map              = Partnership for Peace members.svg
| image_map_size         = 
| map_caption            = {{Col-begin}}{{col-2}}{{legend|#004990|European NATO members (1994)}}{{legend|#008000|Current NATO members which were formerly PfP members}}{{legend|#ff7826|Partnership for Peace members{{efn|name=BLRSUS}}{{efn|name=RUSSUS}}}}{{legend|red|States which aspire for PfP membership}}{{col-end}}
| org_type               = [[Intergovernmental organisation]]
| membership_type        = Membership
| membership             = 18 participating states ''(incl. two suspended)''
| admin_center_type      = NATO Headquarters
| admin_center           = [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]]
| languages_type         = Working languages
| languages              = 
| leader_title1          = 
| leader_name1           = 
| leader_title2          = 
| leader_name2           = 
| leader_title3          = 
| leader_name3           = 
| established_event1     = Founded
| established_date1      = 1994
| established_event2     = 
| established_date2      = 
| established_event3     = 
| established_date3      = 
| area_km2               = 
| area_sq_mi             = 
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| HDI                    = 
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| official_website       = [https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_50349.htm www.nato.int]
| footnotes              = 
}}

[[File:Stamp of Moldova 160.gif|thumb|1994 [[Postage stamps and postal history of Moldova|Moldovan postage stamp]] dedicated to the Partnership for Peace]]
The '''Partnership for Peace''' ('''PfP'''; {{langx|fr|Partenariat pour la paix}}) is a [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO) program aimed at creating trust and cooperation between the [[member states of NATO]] and other states mostly in [[Europe]], including [[post-Soviet states]]; 18 states are members.<ref name="Partners">{{cite web |author=North Atlantic Treaty Organisation |title=Partner countries |date=December 3, 2009 |url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/51288.htm |access-date=December 23, 2009}}</ref> The program contains 6 areas of cooperation, which aims to build relationships with partners through military-to-military cooperation on training, exercises, disaster planning and response, science and environmental issues, professionalization, policy planning, and relations with civilian government.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_50349.htm |title = Partnership for Peace programme|publisher=NATO}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> During policy negotiations in the 1990s, a primary controversy regarding PfP was its ability to be interpreted as a program that is a stepping stone for joining NATO with full Article 5 guarantees.

Amidst the security concerns in [[Eastern Europe]] after the Cold War and [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], and also due to the failure of the [[North Atlantic Cooperation Council]] (NACC), the program was launched during the summit in [[Brussels]], Belgium, between January 10 and 11, 1994.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Johnathan |last=Sunley |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/82596203 |title=Tasks for NATO II: improve the partnership for peace |oclc=82596203}}</ref> In the process, neutral countries also faced a situation in which they had to reconsider maintaining [[military neutrality]]; therefore, countries such as [[Austria]], [[Finland]] and [[Sweden]] joined the Partnership for Peace field activities in 1997.<ref name=":4" />

In 2002, it began the [[Individual Partnership Action Plan]] to provide members an opportunity to be granted further assistance from NATO without having to commit to becoming full members of NATO.<ref name=":5" /> The program has additionally started an initiative for education, specifically military education. Over the course of its creation, the program has struggled with funding due to its ever-changing formation of members.<ref name=":5" />

==Background==
Amidst the security concerns of the [[post–Cold War era]], the [[North Atlantic Cooperation Council]] (NACC) was established in 1991 to pay attention to security issues in Eastern Europe.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kruzel |first=Joseph |chapter=Partnership for Peace and the Transformation of North Atlantic Security |year=1995 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-60836-2_15 |editor1-last=Papacosma |editor1-first=S. V. |editor2-last=Heiss |editor2-first=M. A. |title=NATO in the Post-Cold War Era |pages=339–345 |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-60836-2_15 |isbn=978-1-349-60838-6 |access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref> The NACC was first announced at the Rome summit in November 1991 as NATO's first attempt to incorporate the former [[Soviet Union]] and its Warsaw Pact allies into European security frameworks. This was intended to form [[Diplomacy|diplomatic]] links between NATO and Eastern European military officials on industrial and military conversations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |first=Jeffrey |last=Simon |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/713348684 |title=Partnership for Peace: Stabilizing the East |date=1994 |publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |oclc=713348684}}</ref> After 1991, the NACC held annual ministerial meetings and regular consultations between Eastern and Western representatives of NATO's political, economic, and military committees. The objective of these meetings was to strengthen the relations between Eastern and Western Europe, thereby contributing to the regional political and military stability. However, the council contained 36 members of considerable geographic, economic, and cultural diversity who were at times in political dispute with each other. Eventually, this caused limited actions on the NACC's primary mission. By 1993, a range of Eastern European countries lost confidence in the NACC. The emergence of new states such as Croatia and Ukraine, along with the split of Czechoslovakia, led to Slovakian Foreign Minister, [[Milan Kňažko]], urging the creation of a security framework that would facilitate cooperation on all levels with NATO.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Santis |first=Hugh |date=December 1994 |title=Romancing NATO: Partnership for peace and East European stability |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402399408437570 |journal=Journal of Strategic Studies |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=61–81 |doi=10.1080/01402399408437570 |issn=0140-2390|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The shortcomings of the NACC in their insufficiency when dealing with fast-paced regional events, resulted in heightened pressure by NACC members for a membership into the [[History of NATO|NATO alliance]] and also the formation of an alternative program.<ref name=":0" />

The concept of the PfP was first discussed by the Bulgarian society [[Novae]], after being proposed as an American initiative at the meeting of NATO [[defense minister]]s in [[Travemünde]], Germany, between October 20 and 21, 1993, and it was formally launched on January 10–11, 1994, at the NATO [[Summit (meeting)|summit]] in Brussels, Belgium.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last=Borawski |first=John |date=April 1995 |title=Partnership for Peace and beyond |journal=International Affairs |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=233–246 |publisher=Royal Institute of International Affairs |doi=10.2307/2623432 |jstor=2623432}}</ref> According to declassified U.S. State Department records,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//dc.html?doc=4390825-Document-11-The-President-s-Meeting-with-Czech |title = The President's Meeting with Czech Leaders |work=National Security Archive |via=George Washington University |publisher=William J. Clinton Presidential Library |date=January 11, 1994}}</ref> [[President Clinton]] characterized to [[President Yeltsin]] the PfP as a "track that will lead to NATO membership" and that "does not draw another line dividing Europe a few hundred miles to the east".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/russia-programs/2018-03-16/nato-expansion-what-yeltsin-heard |title=NATO Expansion: What Yeltsin Heard |last1=Savranskaya |first1=Svetlana |last2=Blanton |first2=Tom |work=National Security Archive |access-date=April 6, 2019}}</ref> In September 1994 Clinton told Yeltsin that NATO would expand, but there was no timetable.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://warontherocks.com/2019/11/promises-made-promises-broken-what-yeltsin-was-told-about-nato-in-1993-and-why-it-matters-2/|title=Promises Made, Promises Broken? What Yeltsin Was Told About NATO in 1993 and Why It Matters|publisher=War on the Rocks|author=Jim Goldberger|language=English|date=22 November 2019|accessdate=4 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://clintonwhitehouse6.archives.gov/1994/09/1994-09-21-background-briefing-on-yeltsin-visit.html|title=Background Briefing|publisher=Clinton White House|language=English|date=21 September 1994|accessdate=9 June 2022}}</ref> By that time, Yeltsin had claimed a Russian [[sphere of influence]] covering the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1994/09/27/yeltsin-claims-russian-sphere-of-influence/fe3fe83b-bef3-4c10-b9bf-4784b4ec39c6/|title=Yeltsin Claims Russian Sphere of Influence|newspaper=Washington Post|author=John M. Goshko|language=English|date=27 September 1994|accessdate=12 June 2022}}</ref> According to Russian foreign minister [[Andrei Kozyrev]], in 1993 Yeltsin had been led to believe that Partnership for Peace would be an alternative to NATO membership, not a program for it, although the head of the [[Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)|Foreign Intelligence Service]], [[Yevgeny Primakov]], told him this was a way to begin NATO expansion. Yeltsin still authorized Russia to become a member of the PfP on 22 June 1994, but later said he felt betrayed after NATO declared that PfP was a path to membership in December 1994. In early 1995 he changed Russia's policy as being opposed to any NATO expansion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kozyrev |first=Andrei |author-link=Andrei Kozyrev |year=2019 |title=Russia and NATO Enlargement: An Insider's Account |url=https://transatlanticrelations.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/19-Kozyrev.pdf }}</ref>

== Purpose ==
Between October 20 and 21, 1993, in [[Travemünde]], Germany, a meeting for NATO [[Defence minister|defense ministers]] was held. In the meeting, the US proposed a program called the Partnership for Peace in response to issues in Eastern Europe.<ref name=":1" /> This initiative was designed by the [[Les Aspin|US secretary of defense Les Aspin]] who did not want to exclude [[Russia]] from international security arrangements.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Gallis |first= Paul E. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/299723964 |title=Partnership for peace |date=1994 |publisher=Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress |oclc=299723964}}</ref> This was mainly an initiative launched to encourage states to build [[democracy]] and active participation towards maintaining international security.<ref name=":2" /> The program was also put in place in order to strengthen security cooperation with states in Central and Eastern Europe that were not part of the NATO alliance.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Ruhle |first1=Michael |last2=Williams |first2=Nicholas |date=1994-07-04 |title=Partnership for Peace: A Personal View from NATO |journal=The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters |volume=24 |issue=1 |doi=10.55540/0031-1723.1717 |s2cid=221896802 |issn=0031-1723|doi-access=free }}</ref> In the NATO summit held between January 10 and 11, 1994, the PfP was established by NATO under the [[North Atlantic Council]] (NAC).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> It was claimed by Clinton that the partnership would give way for countries in Eastern Europe, including those that were part of the Soviet Union and even Russia itself to work together "for the best possible future for Europe".<ref name=":1" />

The PfP Framework Document presented six areas of cooperation, including:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Partnership for Peace: Framework Document issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_24469.htm |access-date=18 March 2022 |publisher=NATO |language=en}}</ref>

* To ensure transparency in national defense proceedings and budgeting procedures;
* To allow defense forces to be controlled through democratic methods;
* Under the jurisdiction of the [[United Nations]] or the [[Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe|Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe]] (CSCE), states need to retain their ability and preparedness to contribute in constitutional behavior and operations;
* To enhance the ability for states to provide humanitarian missions such as peacekeeping and search and rescue as the main goal through building a cooperative militaristic relationship with NATO and other states involved;
* To build forces that can work with members of the NATO in the long run;
* To consult with and report to NATO if threats made to the security, territory or sovereignty of a participating state are detected.

States were also promised offices at the [[NATO headquarters]] and at a Partnership Coordination Cell which was located near the [[Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe]] (SHAPE).<ref name=":1" /> States participating in the initiative were to receive perks for cooperating, albeit less than states who had already had full membership in the NATO alliance.<ref name=":3" /> NATO along with the [[Bill Clinton administration|US government]] announced that the existing [[Member states of NATO|alliance members]] would only need minimal contributions towards the cost of the initiative while the PfP members would have to fund for most of the cost of the program.<ref name=":2" /> The PfP also increased the possibility for participating states who were not part of the NATO alliance to be an official member, but never actually guaranteed a [[Member states of NATO|NATO membership]]. It was claimed{{by whom|date=May 2022}} that the PfP was used to delay decisions regarding the move towards [[Enlargement of NATO|expanding NATO membership]] to non-NATO members in Europe.<ref name=":1" /> It was also perceived{{by whom|date=May 2022}} as a devised plot by the West to prepare Eastern European states for the formation of a [[European Union]] by turning them into democratic states through military cooperation.<ref name=":3" /> By mid-October 1994, 22 states were part of the PfP.<ref name=":2" />

==Membership==
[[File:Partnership for Peace members.svg|460px|thumb|{{Col-begin}}{{col-2}}{{legend|#004990|European NATO members (1994)}}{{legend|#008000|Current NATO members which were formerly PfP members}}{{col-2}}{{legend|#ff7826|Partnership for Peace members{{efn|name=BLRSUS}}{{efn|name=RUSSUS}}}}{{legend|red|States which aspire for PfP membership}}{{col-end}}]]
On April 26, 1995, [[Malta]] became a member of PfP;<ref name="malta">{{cite web |author=North Atlantic Treaty Organisation |title=Secretary General's Council Welcoming Remarks, Visit by Maltese Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Professor Guido de Marco, Wednesday, April 26, 1995 |date=April 26, 1995 |url=http://www.nato.int/docu/speech/1995/s950426a.htm |access-date=November 30, 2006}}</ref> it left on October 27, 1996, in order to maintain its neutrality.<ref name="malta2">{{cite news |first=Celestine |last=Bohlen |title=New Malta Chief Focuses on Neutrality |work=New York Times |date=November 12, 1996 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0DE0D6133BF931A25752C1A960958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |access-date=April 5, 2008 |quote=Within hours of taking office, Mr. [[Alfred Sant|[Alfred] Sant]] withdrew Malta's membership in Partnership for Peace, a NATO military cooperation program that is so loosely defined that its sign-up list now spans the spectrum from Russia to Switzerland. [...] Mr. Sant says none of those moves should be interpreted as anti-European or anti-American, but simply as the best way of insuring Malta's security.}}</ref> On March 20, 2008, Malta decided to reactivate its PfP membership;<ref name="malta3">{{cite web |author=Gambin, Karl |title=Malta reactivates Partnership for Peace membership |date=April 3, 2008 |url=http://www.di-ve.com/Default.aspx?ID=72&Action=1&NewsId=50311&newscategory=35 |publisher=DI-VE |access-date=April 3, 2008 |quote=The cabinet has agreed to reactivate its membership in the Partnership for Peace which was withdrawn in 1996, the government said on Thursday. |archive-date=March 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323195520/http://www.di-ve.com/Default.aspx?ID=72&Action=1&NewsId=50311&newscategory=35 |url-status=dead }}</ref> this was accepted by NATO at the summit in [[Bucharest]] on April 3, 2008.<ref name="malta4">{{cite web |author=North Atlantic Treaty Organization |title=Malta re-engages in the Partnership for Peace Programme |date=April 3, 2008 |url=http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2008/04-april/e0403e.html |access-date=April 3, 2008 |quote=At the Bucharest Summit, NATO Heads of State and Government welcomed Malta's return to the Partnership for Peace Programme. At Malta's request, the Allies have re-activated Malta's participation in the Partnership for Peace Programme (PfP).}}</ref> During the NATO summit in [[Riga]] on November 29, 2006,  [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Montenegro]], and [[Serbia]] were invited to join PfP,<ref name="balkans2">{{cite web |author=North Atlantic Treaty Organization |title=Alliance offers partnership to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Serbia |date=November 29, 2006 |url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_82584.htm |access-date=November 30, 2006}}</ref> which they did<ref name="pfpsigs"/> on December 14, 2006.<ref>{{cite web |agency=Associated Press |title=Serbia inducted into NATO |date=December 14, 2006 |url=http://www.serbianna.com/news/2006/02871.shtml |access-date=December 14, 2006 |archive-date=September 27, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927030020/http://www.serbianna.com/news/2006/02871.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Russia was suspended from the PfP in April 2014,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rasmussen |first=Anders Fogh |author-link=Anders Fogh Rasmussen |date=2014-04-01 |title=NATO Suspends Low and Mid-Level Cooperation with Russia |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/nato-suspends-lower-and-mid-level-cooperation-with-russia/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=[[Atlantic Council]] |quote=So today, we are suspending all practical cooperation with Russia, military and civilian. In the NATO-Russia Council, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, and the Partnership for Peace.}}</ref> and Belarus was suspended in November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sto.nato.int/Pages/partnership-for-peace.aspx|title=The Partnership for Peace Programme|website=NATO Science & Technology Organization }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Topic: NATO's relations with Belarus |website=NATO |date=5 Mar 2012 | url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49119.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310021943/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49119.htm | access-date=2025-03-21 | archive-date=2015-03-10}}</ref>

===Current members===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Country !! PfP membership<ref name="pfpsigs">{{cite web |publisher=North Atlantic Treaty Organization |title=Signatures of Partnership for Peace Framework Document |date=October 5, 2006 |url=http://www.nato.int/pfp/sig-cntr.htm |access-date=November 30, 2006}}</ref>  !! Notes
|-
| {{ARM}} || {{dts|5 October 1994|format=mdy}} || [[Collective Security Treaty Organization|CSTO]] member
|-
| {{AUT}} || {{dts|10 February 1995|format=mdy}} || [[Member state of the European Union|EU member]]
|-
| {{AZE}} || {{dts|4 May 1994|format=mdy}} || [[GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development|GUAM]] member
|-
| {{BLR}}{{Efn|name=BLRSUS|Belarus suspended in November 2021.}} || {{dts|11 January 1995|format=mdy}} || CSTO member
|-
| {{BIH}} || {{dts|14 December 2006|format=mdy}} ||
|-
| {{GEO}} || {{dts|23 March 1994|format=mdy}} || GUAM member
|-
| {{IRL}} || {{dts|1 December 1999|format=mdy}} ||EU member
|-
| {{KAZ}} || {{dts|27 May 1994|format=mdy}} || CSTO member
|-
| {{KGZ}} || {{dts|1 June 1994|format=mdy}} || CSTO member
|-
| {{MLT}} || {{dts|26 April 1995|format=mdy}}<ref name="malta"/>{{efn|name=Malta|Malta withdrew on October 27, 1996,<ref name="malta2"/> but reactivated its membership on March 20, 2008,<ref name="malta3"/> which was accepted by NATO on April 3, 2008.<ref name="malta4"/>}} ||EU member
|-
| {{MDA}} || {{dts|16 March 1994|format=mdy}} || GUAM member
|-
| {{RUS}}{{efn|name=RUSSUS|Russia suspended in April 2014.}} || {{dts|22 June 1994|format=mdy}} || CSTO member
|-
| {{SRB}} || {{dts|14 December 2006|format=mdy}} || CSTO observer
|-
| {{CHE}} || {{dts|11 December 1996|format=mdy}} ||
|-
| {{TJK}} || {{dts|20 February 2002|format=mdy}} || CSTO member
|-
| {{TKM}} || {{dts|10 May 1994|format=mdy}} ||
|-
| {{UKR}} || {{dts|8 February 1994|format=mdy}} || GUAM member
|-
| {{UZB}} || {{dts|13 July 1994|format=mdy}} ||
|}
{{notelist|close}}

==== Austria ====
{{main|Austria&ndash;NATO relations}}
[[Austria]]'s participation in PfP was strengthened in 1996. Their views on PfP focused on maintaining the ability and readiness to contribute to operations "under the authority and/or responsibility of the United Nations and/or NATO and/or the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]]". An important area of Austrian PfP contribution is private emergency planning. 30% of all PfP activities in this field came from Austria in 1997. In that year, Austria participated in 227 activities, including 14 peacekeeping operations involving 713 people, within the framework of the NATO/PfP program.<ref name=":4" />

===Aspiring members===
====Cyprus====
{{See also|Cyprus–NATO relations}}
[[Cyprus]] is the only [[European Union]] [[Member state of the European Union|member state]] that is neither a [[Member states of NATO|NATO member state]] nor a member of the PfP program.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/nato-membership-for-cyprus/ |title=NATO membership for Cyprus. Yes, Cyprus |publisher=[[Atlantic Council]] |first=Damon |last=Wilson |date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=January 1, 2020}}</ref> The [[House of Representatives (Cyprus)|Parliament of Cyprus]] adopted a resolution in February 2011 in favor of PfP membership, but President [[Demetris Christofias]] vetoed the decision, arguing that it would hamper his attempts to negotiate an end to the [[Cyprus dispute]] and demilitarize the island.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/newsbriefs/setimes/newsbriefs/2011/02/25/nb-03 |title=Cypriot parliament votes to join NATO's Partnership for Peace |date=February 25, 2011 |access-date=July 19, 2012 |publisher=[[SETimes]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2081_E.htm |title=Cyprus – Vouli Antiprosopon (House of Representatives) |access-date=February 24, 2013 |publisher=[[Inter-Parliamentary Union]]}}</ref> [[Turkey]], a full member of NATO, is likely to veto any attempt by Cyprus to engage with NATO until the dispute is resolved.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/25/world/europe/25iht-letter.html |title=Between the European Union and NATO, Many Walls |work=[[New York Times]] |first=Judy |last=Dempsey |authorlink=Judy Dempsey |date=November 24, 2012 |access-date=July 19, 2012}}</ref> [[Nicos Anastasiades]], who was [[2013 Cypriot presidential election|elected President in 2013]], stated that he intended to apply for membership in the PfP program soon after taking over.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyprus-idUSBRE91N00220130224 | title=Cypriot conservative romps to presidential victory | work=[[Reuters]] | date=2013-02-24 | access-date=2013-02-24 | last1=Kambas | first1=Michele | last2=Babington | first2=Deepa | archive-date=28 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128054520/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyprus-idUSBRE91N00220130224 | url-status=live}}</ref> His foreign minister [[Nikos Christodoulides]] later dismissed Cypriot membership of NATO or Partnership for Peace, preferring to keep Cyprus' [[Foreign relations of Cyprus|foreign and defence affairs]] within the framework of the EU, i.e. the [[Common Security and Defence Policy]] (CSDP).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/cyprus-dismisses-nato-scenarios | title=Cyprus dismisses reports on NATO scenarios | date=2018-06-05 | work=KNEWS – Kathimerini Cyprus | access-date=2020-01-12 | archive-date=19 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519062354/https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/cyprus-dismisses-nato-scenarios | url-status=live}}</ref>

After the [[2023 Cypriot presidential election|2023 presidential election]], Anastasiades' foreign minister Christodoulides succeeded him as President. In November 2024, Christodoulides reversed his previous stance and revealed a plan to deepen Cyprus' relations with NATO and eventually [[Enlargement of NATO|join as a full member]]. Under the first phase of the plan, Cyprus would seek to join preparatory organizations linked to NATO, which would require progress in resolving the Cyprus dispute with NATO member Turkey and improvements to [[European Union–Turkey relations|EU–Turkey relations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kathimerini.com.cy/gr/politiki/1-bima-bima-pros-to-nato-i-kypros|title=Βήμα βήμα προς το ΝΑΤΟ η Κύπρος|date=2024-11-24|accessdate=2024-12-08|first=Λένας|last=Αργύρη|publisher=[[Kathimerini]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Cyprus moves closer to NATO, talks begin on permanent U.S. military presence |url=https://knews.kathimerini.com.cy/en/news/cyprus-moves-closer-to-nato-talks-begin-on-permanent-u-s-military-presence |access-date=25 November 2024 |work=Kathimerini Cyprus |date=25 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.protothema.gr/2024/11/28/christodoulides-once-everything-is-in-place-we-want-cyprus-to-become-a-nato-member/|title=Christodoulides: Once everything is in place, we want Cyprus to become a NATO member|date=2024-11-28|accessdate=2024-12-08|publisher=[[Proto Thema]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/cyprus-nato-president-military-bases-us-45a0311616736a329fad5b4353a69227|title=Cyprus could become a member of NATO when conditions permit, the country's president says|first=Menelaos |last=Hadjicostis |date=2024-11-28|accessdate=2024-12-08|publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>

====Kosovo====
{{See also|Kosovo–NATO relations}}
[[Kosovo]] has described PfP membership as a tactical and strategic objective of the government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=1,4,2293&offset=1 |title=Hoxhaj në Lituani, merr përkrahje për MSA-në dhe vizat (Video) |date=April 3, 2014 |access-date=April 3, 2014 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kosovo |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140407091249/http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=1,4,2293&offset=1 |archive-date= Apr 7, 2014 }}</ref> Kosovo submitted an application to join the PfP program in July 2012. However, four [[NATO member states]], [[Greece]], [[Romania]], [[Slovakia]] and [[Spain]], do not [[International recognition of Kosovo|recognize]] Kosovo's independence and have threatened to block its participation in the program.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/138718/kosovo-seeks-to-join-international-organisations.html |title=Kosovo seeks to join international organisations |date=July 19, 2012 |access-date=July 19, 2012 |publisher=[[Turkish Weekly]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725141140/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/138718/kosovo-seeks-to-join-international-organisations.html |archive-date=July 25, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/features/2013/01/21/feature-04 |title=Kosovo looking to join the Adriatic Charter |date=January 21, 2013 |access-date=November 11, 2013}}</ref>  To be eligible to join, the Kosovar Armed Forces must be established<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=1,4,2494&offset=1 |title=Prioritetet e reja të Politikës së Jashtme të Kosovës |first=Hashim |last=Thaçi |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kosovo}}</ref> from the [[Kosovo Security Force]].

===Previous members===
{{See also|Enlargement of NATO}}
16 former member states of the PfP (namely [[Albania]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Croatia]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Estonia]], [[Finland]], [[Hungary]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Montenegro]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Poland]], [[Romania]], [[Slovakia]], [[Slovenia]] and [[Sweden]]) have subsequently joined NATO.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ NATO members that were previously PfP members<ref name="pfpsigs"/>
|-
! Country !! Joined PfP !! Became full NATO member
|-
| {{POL}} || {{dts|2 February 1994|format=mdy}} || rowspan="3" | {{dts|12 March 1999|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{HUN}} || {{dts|8 February 1994|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{CZE}} || {{dts|10 March 1994|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{ROU}} || {{dts|26 January 1994|format=mdy}} || rowspan="7" | {{dts|29 March 2004|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{LTU}} || {{dts|27 January 1994|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{EST}} || {{dts|3 February 1994|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{SVK}} || {{dts|9 February 1994|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{LVA}} || rowspan="2" | {{dts|14 February 1994|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{BGR}}
|-
| {{SVN}} || {{dts|30 March 1994|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{ALB}} || {{dts|23 February 1994|format=mdy}} || rowspan="2" | {{dts|1 April 2009|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{HRV}} || {{dts|25 May 2000|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{MNE}} || {{dts|14 December 2006|format=mdy}} || {{dts|5 June 2017|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{MKD}} || {{dts|15 November 1995|format=mdy}}{{ref|b}} || {{dts|27 March 2020|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{FIN}} || rowspan="2" | {{dts|9 May 1994|format=mdy}} || rowspan="1" | {{dts|4 April 2023|format=mdy}}
|-
| {{SWE}} || {{dts|7 March 2024|format=mdy}}
|}

====Note====
:1.{{note|b}}Known as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia before February 15, 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Relations with the Republic of North Macedonia (Archived) |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_48830.htm |publisher=NATO |access-date=4 April 2023 |location=Brussels |date=17 September 2020}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
During the [[Post–Cold War era|post-Cold War]] era, equal distribution of opportunities to contribute to [[peacekeeping]] operations was made, but the status of middle and neutral powers such as [[Sweden]], [[Finland]], and [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] also decreased. Therefore, neutral countries also faced a situation in which they had to reconsider maintaining military neutrality in the current international political [[Polarity (international relations)|unipolar system]]. In June 1997, a senior NATO official said a broader role was aimed at working closer with NATO and finally joining the alliance. While the PfP provides a framework for cooperative relations with [[Russia]], it did not include a membership into NATO. Although the PfP has made important contributions to crisis management, such as peacekeeping operations, [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] and [[Austria]] are still not NATO members.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |first=Katsumi |last=Ishizuka |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/879023336 |title=Ireland and International Peacekeeping Operations 1960-2000. |date=2014 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-1-135-29526-4 |oclc=879023336}}</ref>

== Evolution ==
In 2001, NATO granted participation in its Membership Action Plan (MAP) to nine of the 26 PfP countries. In 2002, NATO began the [[Individual Partnership Action Plan]] (IPAP) initiative during the [[2002 Prague Summit]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Christoff |first=Joseph A. |date=2009 |title=GAO Report on NATO Enlargement: Albania and Croatia |journal=Connections: The Quarterly Journal |volume=08 |issue=2 |pages=75–91 |doi=10.11610/connections.08.2.06 |issn=1812-1098|doi-access=free }}</ref> The goal of this plan was to provide member states of PfP a chance to be granted assistance from NATO to "establish reform goals" without the pressure of committing to NATO.<ref name=":5" />

In 2003, the alliance assumed strategic command, control, and coordination of the mission and established a permanent [[International Security Assistance Force]] (ISAF) headquarters in [[Kabul]]. Since then, the operation has grown to about 120,000 troops from 47 countries.<ref name=":5" />

During  NATO's [[2004 Istanbul Summit]], the [[Istanbul Cooperation Initiative]] was launched. During this summit, six countries of the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] were included. Over the course of the summit, NATO also established the less formalized [[Partners across the Globe]] initiative.<ref name=":5" />

The 2008 [[Russo-Georgian War]] had implications for the Partnership for Peace.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Herd |first1=Graeme P. |last2=Flesch |first2=Daniel A. |date=2008 |title=The Georgia Crisis: Implications for the Partnership for Peace |journal=Connections: The Quarterly Journal |volume=08 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.11610/connections.08.1.01 |issn=1812-1098|doi-access=free }}</ref> President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] referred to an attack by Georgia against a Russian military base in [[Tskhinvali]], the capital of [[South Ossetia]], as "Russia's [[September 11 attacks|9/11]]".<ref name=":6" /> The subsequent expansion of the previously bilateral [[Georgia Train and Equip Program]], which had been established within the context of Georgia's participation in the PfP, was viewed with alarm in Moscow.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

As of 2023, Bosnia and Herzegovina is the only remaining participant in NATO's Membership Action Plan (MAP).<ref>{{cite web |title=Membership Action Plan (MAP) |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_37356.htm |publisher=NATO |access-date=4 April 2023 |location=Brussels |language=en |date=5 October 2022}}</ref>

== Partnership for Peace Education Initiative ==
The PfP has pushed for education programs amongst members of both NATO and the PfP composed of professional military education. Its purpose is to "contribute to peace and security in the Euro-Atlantic region and beyond". These education programs and training are mostly focused on [[Central Asia]] and the [[South Caucasus]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keagle |first=James M. |date=2012 |title=A Special Relationship: U.S. and NATO Engagement with the Partnership for Peace to Build Partner Capacity Through Education |journal=Connections: The Quarterly Journal |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=59–73 |doi=10.11610/connections.11.4.07 |issn=1812-1098|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Struggles with funding ==
The Partnership for Peace has had ramification on its budget caused by the ever-changing formation of members. For instance, the average annual Wales Initiative Funding (WIF) established for the program was set at $43 million during the fiscal years of 1996 to 2005. In consequence of a decline in the number of countries participating in the program, annual funding was reduced to $29 million in fiscal years 2006 through 2010.<ref name=":5" /> Another factor includes the reduction of distribution of WIF funding in the program amongst aspiring members of NATO.<ref name=":5" />

==See also==
* [[Atlantic Treaty Association]]
* [[Enlargement of NATO]]
* [[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council]] 
* [[Foreign relations of NATO]]
* [[Individual Partnership Action Plan]] 
* [[NATO open door policy]]
* [[Partnership for Peace Information Management System]]

==Notes and references==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Partnership for Peace (PfP)}}
* [http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_50349.htm The Partnership for Peace programme]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050403012027/http://www.pims.org/ Partnership for Peace Information Management System (PIMS)] (archived 3 April 2005)
* [http://nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_136598.htm Building a Partnership for Peace]

{{North Atlantic Treaty Organization}}
{{NATO relations}}
{{NATO candidates}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Partnership For Peace}}
[[Category:Organizations established in 1994]]
[[Category:International relations]]
[[Category:NATO relations]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Belgium]]