View source for Parks Canada

{{Short description|Government agency}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name     = Parks Canada Agency
| nativename      = {{lang|fr|Agence Parcs Canada}}
| nativename_a    = 
| nativename_r    = 
| logo            = Parks Canada logo (2023).svg
| logo_width      = 
| logo_caption    = The Parks Canada Agency [[beaver]] logo, first used in 1933 and last updated in 2023<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-19 |title=Parks Canada gets new simplified beaver logo |work=[[Edmonton Sun]] |url=https://torontosun.com/news/national/parks-canada-gets-new-simplified-beaver-logo}}</ref>
| seal            = 
| seal_width      = 
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| formed          = {{start date and age|1911|5|19}}
| jurisdiction    = Government of Canada
| headquarters    = [[Gatineau]], [[Quebec]], Canada
| employees       = 4,666 (March 2021)
| budget          = {{CAD|1.3}}&nbsp;billion (2020–21)
| minister1_name  = [[Julie Dabrusin]]
| minister1_pfo   = [[Minister of the Environment, Climate Change and Nature]]
| chief1_name     = Ron Hallman
| chief1_position = Chief Executive Officer
| chief2_name     = 
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| parent_department = 
| website         = {{URL|https://parks.canada.ca}}
| footnotes       = 
}}

'''Parks Canada''' ({{langx|fr|Parcs Canada}})<ref group="NB">Parks Canada is the applied title under the [[Federal Identity Program]]; the legal title is '''Parks Canada Agency''' ({{Langx|fr|Agence Parcs Canada}}).</ref> is the [[Structure of the Canadian federal government|agency]] of the [[Government of Canada]] which manages the country's 37 [[National parks of Canada|National Parks]], three [[National Marine Conservation Area]]s, 172 [[National Historic Sites of Canada|National Historic Sites]], one National Urban Park ([[Rouge National Urban Park|Rouge]]), and one [[National Landmarks (Canada)|National Landmark]] ([[Pingo Canadian Landmark|Pingo]]). It also manages 11 proposed national park areas (National Park Reserves). Parks Canada is mandated to "protect and present nationally significant examples of Canada's [[nature|natural]] and [[cultural heritage]], and foster public understanding, appreciation, and enjoyment in ways that ensure their ecological and commemorative integrity for present and [[future generations]]".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parks Canada Agency|first=Government of Canada|date=January 4, 2018|title=The Parks Canada Mandate and Charter|url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/agence-agency/mandat-mandate|access-date=January 10, 2019|website=www.pc.gc.ca}}</ref> 

The agency also administers lands and waters set aside as potential national parklands, including ten National Park Reserves and one National Marine Conservation Area Reserve. More than {{convert|450000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} of lands and waters in national parks and national marine conservation areas has been set aside for such purposes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parks Canada celebrates 100 years of world-class conservation and further protects historic gr|url=http://www.wwf.ca/newsroom/?uNewsID=9381|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107011646/http://www.wwf.ca/newsroom/?uNewsID=9381|archive-date=November 7, 2017|access-date=April 30, 2018|website=wwf.ca}}</ref> Parks Canada [[Comanagement in Canada|cooperatively manages]] a large majority of their protected areas and heritage sites with [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous partners]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parks Canada Agency|first=Government of Canada|date=2019-07-26|title=Indigenous Affairs Branch – Indigenous relations at Parks Canada|url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/agence-agency/aa-ia|access-date=2021-04-01|website=www.pc.gc.ca}}</ref><ref>Dearden, P., & Bennett, N. (2016). The Role of Aboriginal Peoples in Protected Areas. In P. Dearden, R. Rollins, & M. Needham (Eds.), ''Parks and Protected Areas in Canada: Planning and Management'' (4th ed., pp. 357–390). Oxford University Press.</ref> The [[Canadian Register of Historic Places]] is supported and managed by the agency, in collaboration with provincial and territorial governments and other federal bodies. The agency is also the working arm of the national [[National Historic Sites of Canada#Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada|Historic Sites and Monuments Board]], which recommends [[National Historic Sites of Canada|National Historic Sites]], [[Events of National Historic Significance (Canada)|Events]], and [[Persons of National Historic Significance|Persons]].

The [[Minister of the Environment, Climate Change and Nature|minister of the environment, climate change and nature]] ([[Julie Dabrusin]] since 2025) is [[Responsible government|responsible]] for the agency, and it is managed by its chief executive officer (Ron Hallman since 2019). The agency's budget was {{CAD|1.3}}&nbsp;billion in the 2020–2021 fiscal year and it employed {{formatnum:4666}} [[Public Service of Canada|public servants]] in March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GC InfoBase|url=https://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/ems-sgd/edb-bdd/index-eng.html#infographic/dept/263/intro|access-date=2021-12-31|website=www.tbs-sct.gc.ca|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Parks Canada was established on May 19, 1911, as the Dominion Parks Branch under the [[Department of the interior (Canada)|Department of the Interior]], becoming the world's first national park service.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/travel/northamerica/article/990243--parks-canada-celebrates-a-century-of-discovery|title=Parks Canada celebrates a century of discovery|last=Irish|first=Paul|date=May 13, 2011|work=Toronto Star|access-date=May 18, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516235956/http://www.thestar.com/travel/northamerica/article/990243--parks-canada-celebrates-a-century-of-discovery|archive-date=May 16, 2011}}</ref> Since its creation, its name has changed, known variously as the Dominion Parks Branch, National Parks Branch, Parks Canada, Environment Canada – Parks Branch, and the Canadian Parks Service, before a return to Parks Canada in 1998. The service's activities are regulated under legislation such as the ''[[Canada National Parks Act]]'', and the ''Parks Canada Agency Act'', which established the current legal incorporation of the agency in 1998.<ref name=":0" />

To mark the 150th anniversary of [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]] in 2017, Parks Canada offered free passes<ref>{{cite web|title=Free Parks Canada passes costing $5.7 million|url=http://globalnews.ca/news/3163477/free-parks-canada-passes-actually-costing-taxpayers-5-7-million/|website=globalnews.ca|access-date=January 9, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108163202/http://globalnews.ca/news/3163477/free-parks-canada-passes-actually-costing-taxpayers-5-7-million/|archive-date=January 8, 2017}}</ref> to national parks and national historic sites for the year.

== Activities ==

===Public safety and enforcement===
[[File:Parks-Canada-PO.jpg|150px|right|thumb|A Parks Canada Park Warden badge]]
Park Wardens protect natural and cultural resources by conducting patrols of National Parks, National Historic sites and National Marine Conservation Areas. They ensure the safety of staff, visitors and residents, and conduct strategic enforcement activities aimed at public peace maintenance, resource protection, visitor enjoyment and administrative compliance. They are designated under section 18 of the ''Canada National Parks Act''<ref>[https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/n-14.01/page-3.html#h-360446 Canada National Parks Act] </ref> as Park Wardens and are [[peace officers]] as defined by the [[Criminal Code (Canada)|''Criminal Code'']]. They carry [[firearms]] and non-lethal intervention options.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/national-park-wardens-to-get-sidearms-in-2009-1.730309 National park wardens to get sidearms in 2009] </ref>

The minister may also designate provincial and local enforcement officers under section 19 of the Act for the purpose of enforcing laws within the specified parks. These officers have the power of peace officers only in relation to the ''Act''.

In May 2012, it was reported that Park Wardens may be cross designated to enforce certain wildlife acts administered by [[Environment Canada]]. Should the designations go ahead it would only be for Park Wardens that are stationed near existing migratory bird sanctuaries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wardens may extend expertise outside parks – Local News – Rocky Mountain Outlook|work=Rocky Mountain Outlook |url=http://www.rmoutlook.com/article/20120524/RMO0801/305249984/0/RMO|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518205826/http://www.rmoutlook.com/article/20120524/RMO0801/305249984/0/RMO|archive-date=May 18, 2014}}</ref>

Essentially the intent of the change is to allow for a faster and lower-cost response to environmental enforcement incidents, particularly in remote areas in the north where Environment Canada does not have an ongoing presence, but Parks Canada has a Park Warden nearby who could act on its behalf, rather than have Environment Canada responded from a farther office.<ref>{{cite web|title=Finance Committee on May 17th, 2012 – openparliament.ca|url=https://openparliament.ca/committees/finance/41-1/60/jonah-mitchell-1/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819111307/https://openparliament.ca/committees/finance/41-1/60/jonah-mitchell-1/|archive-date=August 19, 2015|access-date=April 30, 2018|website=openparliament.ca}}</ref>

[[File:Jasper-Bear-Hunt-27.jpg|thumb|Park Wardens close off an area of Jasper National Park.]]
=== Ecological integrity monitoring ===
{{like essay|section|date=February 2022}}
According to the ''Panel on Ecological Integrity Report'' in 2000,<ref>[https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/docs/pc/rpts/ie-ei/report-rapport_1 ''Panel on Ecological Integrity Report'']</ref> "the idea of conserving nature unimpaired has been part of national parks' legal mandate since 1930". The term “ecological integrity” was put into the 1988 amendments to the National Parks Act but was in park policy as early as 1979.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 8, 2017|title=Panel on Ecological Integrity Report|url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/docs/pc/rpts/ie-ei/report-rapport_1}}</ref> The Panel on Ecological Integrity Report proposed the following definition: "An ecosystem has integrity when it is deemed characteristic for its natural region, including the composition and abundance of native species and biological communities, rates of change and supporting processes<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 8, 2017|title=Panel on Ecological Integrity, 2000|url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/docs/pc/rpts/ie-ei/report-rapport_1}}</ref>". There is a significant amount of debate surrounding the definition of ecological integrity. As can be seen through the evolution of the term, ecological integrity is deeply rooted in notions of symbiosis, sustainability, and holistic management practices.  There is a fair amount of debate surrounding the definition of the term in the academic world as well. For example, "[ecological integrity] has a high degree of linguistic elasticity and should there ever be a legal challenge to its use, there are no precise and clear definitions for it<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ecological Integrity: A Relevant Concept for International Environmental Law in the Anthropocene?|journal=[Yearbook of International Environmental Law]}}</ref>". Regardless of the fluidity of the term, there are some common elements, "There are, however, certain common elements found in many definitions: naturalness, wholeness, continuity through time<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rohwer|first1=Yasha|last2=Marris|first2=Emma|year=2021|title=Ecosystem integrity is neither real nor valuable|journal=Conservation Science and Practice|volume=3|issue=4|doi=10.1111/csp2.411|doi-access=free|bibcode=2021ConSP...3E.411R }}</ref>". 

According to the most recent iteration of the [[Canada National Parks Act|''Canada National Parks Act S.C. 2000, c.32'']]''.,'' Parks Canada is responsible for the ecological integrity of all [[National Parks of Canada|national parks]]. To cite section 8 (2): “Maintenance or restoration of ecological integrity through the protection of natural resources and natural processes, shall be the first priority of the [[Minister of Environment (Canada)|Minister]] when considering all aspects of the management of park<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 4, 2019|title=Canada National Parks Act, 2000|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/n-14.01/}}</ref>” (''[[Canada National Parks Act|Canada National Parks Act, 2000]])''. This law put additional onus on Parks Canada Agency to implement a robust science-based conservation and monitoring program.

Following the publication of the ''Panel on Ecological Integrity Report'' in 2000, Parks Canada Agency released ''Status on'' ''Agency Progress since First Priority'' in 2008 as a response. One major stride mentioned is the implementation of a policy requirement for national parks to report on the state of ecological integrity every five years, summarizing reports from monitoring programs in place. This ''State of the Park'' report was designed to ensure accountability in the management structure of Parks Canada Agency. In the author's words, “The State of the Park report is the accountability mechanism for Field Unit Superintendents to report to the CEO<ref>[http://parkscanadahistory.com/centennial/leaders-full.htm CEO]</ref> on achieving the Agency's Corporate Plan performance expectations related to maintaining and improving ecological integrity<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 17, 2010|title=Status on Agency Progress since First Priority|url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/agence-agency/bib-lib/rapports-reports/docs5a}}</ref>”. In addition to this reform, Parks Canada also updated and released the ''Agency's Guide to Management Planning'' in 2008 to restructure the agency and ensure that this new integrated approach could be applied to all national parks.

With these changes, Parks Canada formally began monitoring for ecological integrity in 2008 and is ongoing to date. These modifications are consistent with the [[Auditor General of Canada|Office of the Auditor General of Canada]]'s observations in the 2005 report of the Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development.<ref>[https://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/internet/English/parl_cesd_200509_e_1122.html Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development]</ref> For example, “The 6 to 8 ecological integrity indicators for each national park measure the health of Canada's national parks by reporting on the indicator's condition and trend (improving, stable or declining) over time”.<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 17, 2010|title=Status on Agency Progress since First Priority|url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/agence-agency/bib-lib/rapports-reports/docs5a}}</ref> This ecological integrity monitoring program summarizes the state of a park's ecological integrity using “good, fair, poor”. Parks Canada's ecological integrity monitoring program is based on three publications: ''Monitoring and Reporting Ecological Integrity in Canada's National Parks Volume I: Guiding Principles'' (2005) and the compendium document, ''Volume 2: A Park-Level Guide to Establishing EI Monitoring (2007)'', ''Consolidated Guidelines for Ecological Integrity Monitoring in Canada's National Parks (2011).''

The most recent iteration of guidelines for ecological integrity monitoring, ''Consolidated Guidelines for Ecological Integrity Monitoring in Canada's National Parks'',<ref>''[https://parks.berkeley.edu/sites/parks.berkeley.edu/files/Parks%20Canada%20EI_%20Monitoring%20Guidelines_ENG_FINAL_Sept29%20%281%29.pdf Consolidated Guidelines for Ecological Integrity Monitoring in Canada's National Parks (2011)]''</ref> is significantly more robust and science based. Some of the notable improvements include the integration of a trend variable designed to demonstrate whether the indicator is deteriorating, stable or improving. In addition, the inclusion of quantitative thresholds to determine the state of indicator will allow for more accurate results. Lastly, the incorporation of an ''Iceberg Model for EI Indicator''<ref>[https://parks.berkeley.edu/sites/parks.berkeley.edu/files/Parks%20Canada%20EI_%20Monitoring%20Guidelines_ENG_FINAL_Sept29%20%281%29.pdf Iceberg Model for EI Indicator]</ref> provides a more holistic approach, fostering increasingly complete results.

One of Parks Canada's most recent publications, ''Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators: Ecological integrity of national parks'' (2018), demonstrates how effective Parks Canada's recent efforts have been. More exhaustive science-based methodology allows for more precise results and ultimately, better management. This document, and all results, are based on the assessment of 118 ecosystems throughout 42 national parks across Canada. Parks Canada Agency claims that 68 per cent of parks sampled are in good condition, 20 per cent fair, 17 per cent poor. Furthermore, of the 118 ecosystems sampled, 69 per cent are stable, 19.5 per cent are improving and 12 per cent are declining, according to ''Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators: Ecological integrity of national parks''.<ref>''[https://www.publications.gc.ca/site/fra/9.857468/publication.html Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators: Ecological integrity of national parks (2018)]''</ref> This is a notable improvement, considering that in 2000, 54 per cent of parks were suffering some form of major or severe ecological stresses. In 2018, there are 12 ecosystems rated as poor, 20 EI indicators in decline, particularly forests and freshwater environments.

===Parka (mascot)===
Parka, a female beaver, is Parks Canada's mascot.<ref>{{cite web|last=Canada|first=Parks Canada Agency, Government of|title=Parka, our mascot|url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/serapprocher-connect/parka|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102233407/https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/serapprocher-connect/parka|archive-date=January 2, 2018|access-date=April 30, 2018|website=www.pc.gc.ca}}</ref> A series of animated shorts starring her are hosted on the organization's website and have also been aired on television as [[Interstitial program|interstitials]].

==Organization==
The Parks Canada Agency was established as a separate service entity in 1998 and falls under the responsibility of [[Environment Canada|Environment and Climate Change Canada]]. Before 2003, Parks Canada (under various names) fell under the jurisdiction of the [[Department of Canadian Heritage]], where it had been since 1994. From 1979 to 1994, Parks Canada was part of the Department of Environment, and before it was part of the [[Department of Indian and Northern Affairs]] (1966 to 1978), and the Department of the Interior.<ref name="hildebrant-1995">{{cite document |author=Hildebrandt, Walter |title=Historical Analysis of Parks Canada and Banff National Park, 1968–1995 |publisher=Banff-Bow Valley Study |year=1995}}</ref> With the organizational shifts and political leadership in Canada, the priorities of Parks Canada have shifted over the years more towards [[Habitat conservation|conservation]] and away from development.<ref name="hildebrant-1995"/> Starting in the 1960s, Parks Canada has also moved to decentralize its operations.<ref name="hildebrant-1995"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Heads of Parks Canada
|-
! Name<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://parkscanadahistory.com/centennial/leaders-full.htm |title=Leaders of Parks Canada |date=January 23, 2017 |website=Parks Canada History |access-date=May 17, 2018 }}</ref> !! Term
|-
| [[J. B. Harkin]] || 1911–1936
|-
| Frank Williamson || 1936–1941
|-
| [[James Smart (civil servant)|James Smart]] || 1941–1953
|-
| J. A. Hutchison || 1953–1957
|-
| J. K. B. Coleman || 1957–1968
|-
| Jack Nicol || 1968–1978
|-
| Al Davidson || 1978–1985
|-
| J. D. Collinson || 1985–1990
|-
| A. Lefebvre-Anglin || 1990–1993
|-
| Tom Lee || 1993–2002
|-
| Alan Latourelle || 2002–2015
|-
| Daniel Watson || 2015–2018
|-
| Michael Nadler
| 2018–2019
|-
|Ron Hallman
|2019–present
|}

[[File:Jasper-Bear-Hunt-1.jpg|thumb| A sign at the park gates on the Icefields Parkway (Highway 93) advises tourists that they need to buy a pass to enter Jasper National Park in Alberta, Canada. Revenue collected from Park Passes goes to Parks Canada and helps fund the management of Canada's national parks.]]

==Legislation, regulations and boards==
* ''Parks Canada Agency Act'' (S.C. 1998, c. 31);<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/P-0.4/FullText.html|title=Consolidated federal laws of canada, Parks Canada Agency Act|first=Legislative Services|last=Branch|website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca|access-date=April 30, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114004128/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/P-0.4/FullText.html|archive-date=January 14, 2014}}</ref>
* ''Heritage Lighthouse Protection Act'' (S.C. 2008, c. 16);<ref>{{cite web|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/H-3.4/FullText.html|title=Consolidated federal laws of canada, Heritage Lighthouse Protection Act|first=Legislative Services|last=Branch|website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca|date=May 29, 2010|access-date=April 30, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114005030/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/H-3.4/FullText.html|archive-date=January 14, 2014}}</ref>
* ''Historic Sites and Monuments Act'' (R.S.C., 1985, c. H-4),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/H-4/FullText.html|title=Consolidated federal laws of canada, Historic Sites and Monuments Act|first=Legislative Services|last=Branch|website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca|date=December 12, 2013|access-date=April 30, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114004143/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/H-4/FullText.html|archive-date=January 14, 2014}}</ref> which empowers the [[Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada]] to advise the Environment Minister on the designation of [[National Historic Sites of Canada|National Historic Sites]], [[Events of National Historic Significance|National Historic Events]], and [[Persons of National Historic Significance|National Historic Persons]]
* ''Heritage Railway Stations Protection Act'' (R.S.C., 1985, c. 52),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/H-3.5/FullText.html|title=Consolidated federal laws of canada, Heritage Railway Stations Protection Act|first=Legislative Services|last=Branch|website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca|date=February 24, 2005|access-date=April 30, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001062346/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/H-3.5/FullText.html|archive-date=October 1, 2013}}</ref> which makes such structures fall under the Historic Sites and Monuments Board;
* [[Canadian Heritage Rivers System]], which is defined under the ''Parks Canada Agency Act'', and which governs
** 37 Canadian Heritage Rivers
* ''Canada National Marine Conservation Areas Act'', which governs [[National Marine Conservation Area]]s
* ''[[Canada National Parks Act]]'', which creates [[National Parks of Canada|National Parks]]. See also the [[List of National Parks of Canada]]
* ''[[Laurier House]] Act'', R.S.C. 1952, c. 163
* ''[[Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park]] Act''
* Historic Canals Regulations,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-93-220/FullText.html|title=Consolidated federal laws of canada, Historic Canals Regulations|first=Legislative Services|last=Branch|website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca|access-date=April 30, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114005616/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-93-220/FullText.html|archive-date=January 14, 2014}}</ref> which governs the
** [[Rideau Canal]] including the [[Tay Canal]];
** [[Trent-Severn Waterway]] including the
** [[Murray Canal]], which runs between [[Lake Ontario]] and the [[Bay of Quinte]];
** [[Sault Ste. Marie Canal]];
** Saint-Ours Canal;
** [[Chambly Canal]];
** [[Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue Canal]];
** [[Carillon Canal]];
** [[Lachine Canal]];
** [[St. Peters Canal]].

The [[Department of Canadian Heritage]], which runs federal Museums, and heritage and cultural programming, falls under the control of the [[Minister of Canadian Heritage]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Geography|Canada}}
*[[National Park Service]]
*[[Ontario Parks]]
*[[Pingo National Landmark]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group="NB"}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*Campbell, Claire Elizabeth, ed. ''[https://uofcpress.com/books/9781552385265 Century of Parks Canada, 1911–2011]'' (University of Calgary Press, 2011), 447pp; essays by experts that trace the history of the agency
*Hildebrandt, Walter. ''[http://www.ourroots.ca/e/toc.aspx?id=4174 Historical Analysis of Parks Canada and Banff National Park, 1968–1995]'' (1995)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210350/http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/rech-srch/clic-click.aspx?%2Fcgi-bin%2FMsmGo.exe%3Fgrab_id=0&page_id=67178&query=legislation&hiword=LEGISLATE%20LEGISLATED%20LEGISLATIONS%20LEGISLATIVE%20LEGISLATIVELY%20LEGISLATOR%20LEGISLATORS%20legislation List of legislation for which Parks Canada is responsible]
*Lothian, W.F. "[http://www.parkscanadahistory.com/publications/history/lothian/eng/index.htm A History of Canada's National Parks]" Volumes I-IV (Ottawa: Parks Canada, 1976–1986)
*Lothian, W.F. "[http://www.parkscanadahistory.com/publications/history/lothian/brief/eng/index.htm A Brief History of Canada's National Parks]" (Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1987)
*Lothian, W.F. "[http://www.parkscanadahistory.com/publications/history/lothian/fra/index.htm Histoire des parcs nationaux du Canada]" Volumes I-IV (Ottawa: Parcs Canada, 1977–1983)
*Lothian, W.F. "[http://www.parkscanadahistory.com/publications/history/lothian/brief/fra/index.htm Petite histoire des parcs nationaux du Canada]" (Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1987)
*''[https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/agence-agency/bib-lib/rapports-reports Unimpaired for future generations? Volume I, A call to action <nowiki>: conserving ecological integrity with Canada's national parks / [issued by] the Panel on the Ecological Integrity of Canada's National Parks.</nowiki>]'' Ottawa, Canada : The Panel, R62-323/2000-1E-IN. Panel on the Ecological Integrity of Canada's National Parks, Parks Canada (2000)
*''[https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/agence-agency/bib-lib/rapports-reports Unimpaired for future generations? Volume II, Setting a new direction for Canada's national parks : conserving ecological integrity with Canada's national parks / Panel on the Ecological Integrity of Canada's National Parks].'' Ottawa, Canada : The Panel, c2000. R62-323/2000-2E-IN. Panel on the Ecological Integrity of Canada's National Parks, Parks Canada (2000)
*[https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/agence-agency/bib-lib/rapports-reports ''Status On Agency Progress since First Priority''], Parks Canada (2008)
*''[https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/agence-agency/bib-lib/rapports-reports Consolidated Guidelines for Ecological Integrity Monitoring in Canada's National Parks. Protected Areas Establishment and Conservation Branch]'', Parks Canada (2011)
*''[https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/agence-agency/bib-lib/rapports-reports Report of the Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development to the House of Commons, 2005]''. Ottawa: Office of the Auditor General (2005)
*''[https://www.publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.857468/publication.html Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators: Ecological integrity of national parks], Environment and Climate Change Canada (2018)'' 
*''Canada National Parks Act S.C. 2000, c.32[https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/n-14.01/]''
*Bridgewater, P., Kim, R. E., & Bosselmann, K. (2014). Ecological integrity: A relevant concept for international environmental law in the Anthropocene? ''Yearbook of International Environmental Law,'' ''25''(1), 61–78. {{doi|10.1093/yiel/yvv059}} 
*Faber‐Langendoen, D., Nichols, W., Rocchio, J., Walz, K., & Lemly, J. (2016). An introduction to NatureServe's ecological integrity assessment method (p. 33). Arlington, VA: NatureServe. 
*Haight, J., & Hammill, E. (2020). Protected areas as potential refugia for biodiversity under climatic change. ''Biological Conservation,'' ''241'', 108258. {{doi|10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108258}} 
*Halvorson, W. L., Woodley, S., Kay, J., & Francis, G. (1997). Ecological Integrity and the Management of Ecosystems. ''Estuaries,'' ''20''(1), 249. {{doi|10.2307/1352734}} 
*Hannigan, J. (2018). ''Pacific Rim National Park Reserve's Pacific Traverse Trail: Exploring Parks Canada's Environmental Impact Assessment Process'' (Master's thesis, Royal Roads University Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, 2018). Ann Arbor: ProQuest. 
*Jackson, S. T. (2006). Vegetation, environment, and time: The origination and termination of ecosystems. ''Journal of Vegetation Science'', 17(5), 549– 557. 
*Karr, J. R. (1996). Ecological integrity and ecological health are not the same. ''Engineering within Ecological Constraints'', 97, 109. 
*Karr, J. R. (2000). Health, integrity, and biological assessment: The importance of measuring whole things. In Ecological integrity: Integrating environment, conservation, and health (Vol. 209). Washington, DC: Island Press. 
*Kay, J. J. (1993). On the nature of ecological integrity: Some closing comments. Ecological integrity and the management of. ''Ecosystems'', 201, 210. 
*Keenelyside, K., Dudley, N., Cairns, S., Hall, C., & Stolton, S. (2012). ''Ecological restoration for protected areas: principles, guidelines and best practices'' (Vol. 18). IUCN. 
*Mortimer-Sandilands, C. (2009). The Cultural Politics of Ecological Integrity: nature and Nation in Canada's National Parks, 1885–2000. International Journal of Canadian Studies / Revue internationale d'études canadiennes, (39–40), 161–189. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.7202/040828ar</nowiki> 
*Rohwer, Y., & Marris, E. (2021). Ecosystem integrity is neither real nor valuable. ''Conservation Science and Practice,'' ''3''(4). {{doi|10.1111/csp2.411}} 
*Timko, J. A., & Innes, J. L. (2009). Evaluating ecological integrity in national parks: Case studies from Canada and South Africa. ''Biological Conservation,'' ''142''(3), 676–688. {{doi|10.1016/j.biocon.2008.11.022}} 
*Unnasch, R.S., D. P. Braun, P. J. Comer, G. E. Eckert. 2008. The Ecological Integrity Assessment 
*Woodley, S. (2010). Ecological Integrity and Canada's National Parks. ''The George Wright Forum,'' ''27''(2), 151–160. Retrieved December 15, 2020, from {{JSTOR|43598147}} 

==External links==
*{{Official website}}
*{{YouTube|u=ParksCanadaAgency|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20061205050036/http://parkwardens.com/ Park Wardens.com]}} Information about Canada's ecozones
*[http://www.parkwardens.ca National Park Warden Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818114327/http://www.parkwardens.ca/ |date=August 18, 2020 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180324141745/http://parksplayers.com/ Parks Canada Players]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110620071459/http://www.nfb.ca/playlist/100-years-parks-canada/ 100 Years of Parks Canada], [[National Film Board of Canada]] website
*[https://www.ucalgary.ca/news/utoday/may19-2011/parks_canada Claire Campbell, ed., A Century of Parks Canada, 1911–2011, Free eBook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008163204/http://www.ucalgary.ca/news/utoday/may19-2011/parks_canada |date=October 8, 2012 }}
*[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/parks-canada/ <!--Bot repaired link--> Parks Canada article in the Canadian Encyclopedia]
*[http://parkscanadahistory.com/ National Parks of Canada Electronic Library]

{{Government agencies of Canada}}
{{Law enforcement agencies in Canada}}

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[[Category:Environment and Climate Change Canada]]
[[Category:Nature conservation organizations based in Canada]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1911]]
[[Category:National park administrators]]
[[Category:Parks in Canada]]
[[Category:Uniformed services of Canada]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Gatineau]]
[[Category:Parks Canada]]