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{{Short description|Opera and ballet company of France}}
{{Redirect|Opéra national de Paris|the company founded in 1847 by Adolphe Adam|Opéra-National|another opera company residing in Paris|Opéra-Comique}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox performing arts company
| name      = Paris Opera
| native_name = {{Lang|fr|Opéra national de Paris|italic=no}}
| native_name_lang = fr
| logo      = Logo_–_Opéra_national_de_Paris.jpg
| logo_size = 200
| logo_caption = Logo of the Paris Opera
| image     = File:Paris Opera full frontal architecture, May 2009.jpg
| caption   = [[Palais Garnier]]
| type      = [[Opera]] and [[ballet]] company
| location  = [[Paris]], France
| homepage  = [https://www.operadeparis.fr/en operadeparis.fr]
}}
The '''Paris Opera''' ({{Langx|fr|Opéra de Paris}} {{IPA|fr|ɔpeʁa də paʁi||L'opera de Paris.ogg}}) is the primary [[opera]] and [[ballet]] company of France. It was founded in 1669 by [[Louis XIV]] as the {{Lang|fr|Académie d'Opéra|italic=no}}, and shortly thereafter was placed under the leadership of [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]] and officially renamed the '''{{Lang|fr|Académie Royale de Musique|italic=no}}''', but continued to be known more simply as the {{Lang|fr|Opéra|italic=no}}. [[Classical ballet]] as it is known today arose within the Paris Opera as the [[Paris Opera Ballet]] and has remained an integral and important part of the company. Currently called the '''{{Lang|fr|Opéra national de Paris|italic=no}}''', it mainly produces operas at its modern 2,723-seat theatre [[Opéra Bastille]] which opened in 1989, and [[ballet]]s and some classical operas at the older 1,979-seat [[Palais Garnier]] which opened in 1875. Small scale and contemporary works are also staged in the 500-seat Amphitheatre under the Opéra Bastille.

The company's annual budget is in the order of 200&nbsp;million euros, of which €100M come from the French state and €70M from box office receipts.<ref>[http://www.artistikrezo.com/musique/decouverte-portrait/interview-bernard-stirn-president-du-conseil-dadministration-de-lopera-de-paris.html "Bernard Stirn – Président du Conseil d'Administration de l'Opéra de Paris"], interview by Édouard Brane with the President of the Board of the Opéra, {{interlanguage link|Bernard Stirn|fr}}, 8 April 2011 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> With this money, the company runs the two houses and supports a large permanent staff, which includes the [[orchestra]] of 170, a [[choir|chorus]] of 110 and the ''[[corps de ballet]]'' of 150.<ref name=tola>Company profile, [http://www.tous-a-lopera.fr/2011/contenu/dp.pdf Tous à l'Opéra 2012 press release] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205416/http://www.tous-a-lopera.fr/2011/contenu/dp.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }} pp. 52, 53 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

Each year, the Paris Opera presents about 380 performances of opera, ballet and other concerts, to a total audience of about 800,000 people (of whom 17% come from abroad), with an average seat occupancy rate of 94%.<ref name=tola /> In the 2012–2013 season, the Paris Opera presented 18 opera titles (two in a double bill), 13 ballets, 5 symphonic concerts and two vocal recitals, plus 15 other programmes. The company's training bodies are also active, with 7 concerts from the Atelier Lyrique and 4 programmes from the École de Danse.<ref>Opéra national de Paris website, [http://www.operadeparis.fr/saison_2012_2013 2012–2013 season presentation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808063839/http://www.operadeparis.fr/saison_2012_2013/ |date=8 August 2012 }} {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|French opera}}

===The Opera under Louis XIV===
====Pierre Perrin====

The poet [[Pierre Perrin]] began thinking and writing about the possibility of French opera in 1655, more than a decade before the official founding of the Paris Opera as an institution. He believed that the prevailing opinion of the time that the French language was fundamentally unmusical was completely incorrect. Seventeenth-century France offered Perrin essentially two types of organization for realizing his vision: a royal [[French art salons and academies|academy]] or a public theater. In 1666 he proposed to the minister [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert|Colbert]] that "the king decree 'the establishment of an Academy of Poetry and Music' whose goal would be to synthesize the French language and French music into an entirely new lyric form."<ref>Johnson (2005) p. 15.</ref>

Even though Perrin's original concept was of an academy devoted to discussions of French opera, the king's intention was in fact a unique hybrid of royal academy and public theatre, with an emphasis on the latter as an institution for performance.<ref>Johnson (2005) p. 22.</ref> On 28 June 1669, [[Louis XIV]] signed the ''Privilège accordé au Sieur Perrin pour l'établissement d'une Académie d'Opéra en musique, & Vers François'' (Privilege granted to Sir Perrin for the establishment of an Academy of Opera in music, & French Verse). The wording of the ''[[letters patent|privilège]]'', based in part on Perrin's own writings, gave him the exclusive right for 12 years to found anywhere in France academies of opera dedicated to the performance of opera in French. He was free to select business partners of his choice and to set the price of tickets. No one was to have the right of free entry including members of the royal court, and no one else could set up a similar institution.<ref>Johnson (2005) pp. 98–99.</ref> Although it was to be a public theatre, it retained its status as royal academy in which the authority of the king as the primary stakeholder was decisive. The monopoly, originally intended to protect the enterprise from competition during its formative phase, was renewed for subsequent recipients of the privilege up to the early [[French Revolution]]. As Victoria Johnson points out, "the Opera was an organization ''by nature'' so luxurious and expensive in its productions that its very survival depended on financial protection and privilege."<ref>Johnson (2005) p. 23.</ref>

Perrin converted the [[Bouteille tennis court]], located on the Rue des Fossés de Nesles (now 42 Rue Mazarine),<ref>Gourret (1985) p. 17.</ref> into a rectangular facility with provisions for stage machinery and scenery changes and a capacity of about 1200 spectators.
====Jean-Baptiste Lully====
[[File:Jeu de Paume de Béquet (Bel-Air) - View - VJohnson 2008 p101.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|View of the [[Salle du Bel-Air]]]]

The institution was renamed the Académie Royale de Musique and came to be known in France simply as the Opéra. Within one month Lully had convinced the king to expand the privilege by restricting the French and Italian comedians to using two singers rather than six, and six instrumentalists, rather than twelve. Because of legal difficulties Lully could not use the Salle de la Bouteille, and a new theatre was built by [[Carlo Vigarani]] at the [[Salle du Bel-Air|Bel-Air tennis court]] on the [[Rue de Vaugirard]].<ref name=Harris856>Harris-Warrick, Rebecca. "Paris. 2. 1669–1725" in Sadie (1992) '''3''': 856.</ref> Later, Lully and his successors bitterly negotiated the concession of the privilege, in whole or in part, from the entrepreneurs in the provinces: in 1684 Pierre Gautier bought the authorisation to open a music academy in [[Marseille]], then the towns of [[Lyon]], [[Rouen]], [[Lille]] and [[Bordeaux]] followed suit in the following years. During Lully's tenure, the only works performed were his own. The first productions were the pastorale ''Les fêtes de l'Amour et de Bacchus'' (November 1672) and his first ''tragedie lyrique'' called ''[[Cadmus et Hermione]]'' (27 April 1673).<ref name=Harris856 />

[[File:Théâtre du Palais-Royal 1673 - plan - WD Howarth 1997 p149.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Vigarani's plan of the Salle du Palais-Royal]]

After [[Molière]]'s death in 1673, [[Molière's company|his troupe]] merged with the players at the [[Théâtre du Marais]] to form the Théâtre Guénégaud (at the same theatre that had been used by the Académie d'Opéra), and no longer needed the theatre built by [[Cardinal Richelieu|Richelieu]] at his residence the [[Palais-Royal]], near the [[Louvre]]. (In 1680 the troupe at the Guénégaud merged again with the players from the [[Hôtel de Bourgogne (theatre)|Hôtel de Bourgogne]] forming the [[Comédie-Française]].)<ref name=Anthony>Anthony, James R. (2001). "Paris. III. 1600–1723" in Sadie (2001).</ref> Richelieu's theatre had been designed by [[Jacques Le Mercier]] and had opened in 1641, and unlike the huge [[Théâtre des Tuileries|theatre at the Tuileries Palace]], which could accommodate 6,000 to 8,000 spectators, was of a size consistent with good acoustics. Lully greatly desired a better theatre and persuaded the king to let him use the one at the Palais-Royal free of charge. The [[Théâtre du Palais-Royal (rue Saint-Honoré)|Théâtre du Palais-Royal]] had been altered in 1660 and 1671, but Lully, with 3,000 ''[[Livre tournois|livres]]'' received from the king, had further changes made by Vigarani in 1674.<ref name=Anthony />

The first production in the new theatre was ''[[Alceste (Lully)|Alceste]]'' on 19 January 1674. The opera was bitterly attacked by those enraged at the restrictions that Lully had caused to be placed on the French and Italian comedians. To mitigate the damage, Louis XIV arranged for new works to be premiered at the court, usually at the Chateau Vieux of the [[Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye]]. This had the further advantage of subsidizing the cost of rehearsals, as well as most of the machinery, sets, and costumes, which were donated to the Opéra for use in Paris.<ref name=LaGorce>[[Jérôme de La Gorce|La Gorce, Jérôme de]] (2001). "Lully. (1) Jean-Baptiste Lully. 1. Life" in Sadie (2001).</ref> During Lully's time at the Opéra, performances were given all year, except for three weeks at [[Easter]]. Regular performances were on Tuesdays, Fridays, and Sundays. The premieres presented at court were usually during [[Carnival]] and were moved to the Palais-Royal after Easter, where the openings were on Thursdays. About two to three new works were mounted each year. In all, thirteen of Lully's ''tragédie en musique'' were performed there (see the [[list of compositions by Jean-Baptiste Lully]]).<ref name="Harris856-7">Harris-Warrick, Rebecca (1992). "Paris. 2. 1669–1725" in Sadie (1992) '''3''': 856–857.</ref>

====After Lully====
[[File:Plan général du Palais-Royal 1679 (Opera in blue) - Gourret 1985 p42.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Plan of the Palais-Royal in 1679 showing the location of the Paris Opera's theatre (in blue)]]

After Lully died (in 1687), the number of new works per year almost doubled, since his successors ([[Pascal Collasse]], [[Henri Desmarets]], [[André Campra]], [[André Cardinal Destouches]], and [[Marin Marais]]) had greater difficulty sustaining the interest of the public. Revivals of Lully's works were common. French composers at the Opéra generally wrote music to new librettos, which had to be approved by the directors of the company. The Italian practice of preparing new settings of existing librettos was considered controversial and did not become the norm in Paris until around 1760. One of the most important of the new works during this period was an ''opéra-ballet'' by Campra called ''[[L'Europe galante]]'' presented in 1697.<ref name="Harris856-7" />

====Ballet====
In 1661 Louis XIV, who was a dancer himself and one of the great architects of [[baroque dance|baroque ballet]] (the art form which would one day evolve into [[classical ballet]]), established the [[Académie Royale de Danse]], intended to codify court and character dances and to certify dance teachers by examination.<ref name=Craine>"Académie Royale de Dance, L'" in Craine and Mackrell (2000), p. 1.</ref> From 1680 until Lully's death, it was under the direction of the great dancing master [[Pierre Beauchamp]], the man who codified the [[five positions of the feet]].<ref>Costonis (1992); Astier (1998b).</ref> When Lully took over the Opéra in 1672, he and Beauchamp made theatrical ballet an important part of the company's productions. The [[History of ballet#17th century – France and Court Dance|ballet of that time]] was merely an extension of the opera, having yet to evolve into an independent form of theatrical art. As it became more important, however, the dance component of the company began to be referred to as the [[Paris Opera Ballet]]. In 1713 an associated ballet school was opened, today known as the Paris Opera Ballet School.<ref>"Paris Opera Ballet" in Craine and Mackrell (2000), pp. 360–361; Christout (1998), pp. 87–88.</ref> The Académie Royale de Danse remained separate, and with the fall of the monarchy in 1789 it disappeared.<ref>Astier (1998a).</ref>

===The company after the Revolution and in the 19th century===
[[File:Paris Opera - Theatre de l'Opera 1794-1820.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The [[Théâtre National de la rue de la Loi|Théâtre des Arts]], principal venue of the Paris Opera from 1794 to 1820]]
[[File:Paris Opera interior.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The [[Palais Garnier]], view of the scene]]

With the [[French Revolution]] and the founding of the [[French First Republic|Republic]], the company changed names several times, dropping its association with the royal family (see the [[#List of official company names|List of official company names]] for details), and in 1794, moved into the [[Théâtre National de la rue de la Loi]] (capacity 2800)<ref name=Charlton867>Charlton, David (1992). "Paris. 4. 1789–1870." in Sadie (1992) '''3''': 866–867.</ref> where it took the name Théâtre des Arts.<ref name=Pitou38>Pitou (1983) '''1''': 38.</ref> In 1797, it was renamed the Théâtre de la République et des Arts.<ref name=Pitou38 />

[[Napoleon]] took control of the company in 1802 and with the declaration of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]] in 1804, renamed the company the ''Académie Impériale de Musique''.<ref>"Book Reviews: ''Napoléon et l'Opéra: La politique sur la scéne, 1810–1815'' by David Chaillou." ''The English Historical Review'' '''122''' (496): 486–490 (2007). {{doi|10.1093/ehr/cem021}}.</ref> With the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Restoration]] in 1814, the company was renamed the Académie Royale de Musique. It became part of the {{Lang|fr|[[Académie des Beaux-Arts]]|italic=no}} in 1816. In 1821, the company moved to the [[Salle Le Peletier]], which had a capacity of 1900 spectators and where it remained until the building was destroyed by fire in 1873.

In the second half of the 19th century, with the ascension of [[Napoleon III]] in 1851, the name Académie Impériale de Musique was reinstated and after 1870 with the formation of the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]], was changed to Théâtre National de l'Opéra.<ref name=Charlton867 /> In 1875, the institution occupied a new home, the [[Palais Garnier]].<ref name=LanghamSmith874>Langham Smith, Richard (1992). "Paris. 5. 1870–1902." in Sadie (1992) '''3''': 874.</ref>

===20th century===
Between 1908 and 1914 [[Henri Benjamin Rabaud]] conducted at Palais Garnier. Rabaud also composed several works which first premiered at [[Opéra-Comique]], but were later also performed at Palais Garnier.<ref name=pitou>{{Cite book| publisher = Greenwood Press| isbn = 978-0-313-27783-2| last = Pitou| first = Spire| title = The Paris Opera: An Encyclopedia of Operas, Ballets, Composers, and Performers; Growth and Grandeur, 1815-1914; M-Z| date = 1990}}</ref>

In 1939, the Opéra was merged with the [[Opéra-Comique]] and the company name became Réunion des Théâtres Lyriques Nationaux. The Opéra-Comique was closed in 1972 with the appointment of [[Rolf Liebermann]] as general administrator of the Théâtre National de l'Opéra de Paris (1973–1980), but in 1976, the Opéra-Comique was restored.

In 1990, the Opéra moved its primary venue to the new [[Opéra-Bastille]], becoming the Opéra de Paris, although it continued to mount productions, primarily ballet, at the Palais Garnier; and the Opéra-Comique regained its autonomy. In 1994 the Opéra de Paris became the Opéra National de Paris.<ref name=ParisOperaWebsite>{{Cite web |url=http://www.operadeparis.fr/cns11/live/onp/L_Opera/L_Opera_de_Paris/histoire_de_l_Opera.php?lang=en |title=Opéra national de Paris - Histoire de l'Opéra national de Paris |access-date=25 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718030541/http://www.operadeparis.fr/cns11/live/onp/L_Opera/L_Opera_de_Paris/histoire_de_l_Opera.php?lang=en |archive-date=18 July 2011 |url-status=dead }} at the official website {{in lang|fr}}. Retrieved 25 March 2010.</ref> Regardless of all the changes in its "official" name, the company and its theatres were commonly referred to as the Opéra.

===21st century===
The current managing director of the Opéra is Alexander Neef, since September 2020.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/18/arts/music/paris-opera-alexander-neef.html | title=Running the Paris Opera Was Never Going to Be Easy. But Come On. | work=The New York Times | author=Roslyn Sulcas | date=18 November 2020 | access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref>  Past principal conductors and music directors of the Opéra have included [[Myung-whun Chung]], [[James Conlon]] and [[Philippe Jordan]].  In April 2021, the Opéra announced the appointment of [[Gustavo Dudamel]] as its next music director, effective 1 August 2021, with an initial contract of 6 seasons.<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.operadeparis.fr/en/news/appointment-of-music-director-gustavo-dudamel | title=Appointment of Music Director: Gustavo Dudamel | publisher=Opéra national de Paris | date=16 April 2021 | access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref>  In May 2023, Dudamel announced his resignation music director of the Opéra, effective August 2023.<ref>{{cite news | title=Gustavo Dudamel, Star Maestro, to Resign From Paris Opera | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/25/arts/music/gustavo-dudamel-to-resign-from-paris-opera.html | work=The New York Times | author=Javier C. Hernández | date=2023-05-25 | access-date=2023-05-25}}</ref>

====Video streaming service<span class="anchor" id="Paris Opera Play"></span>====
On 7 April 2023, the company launched a [[video streaming]] service, Paris Opera Play (or POP). The initial release consisted of 80 titles, including videos of operas, ballets, documentaries, and master classes. Subscribers can also watch video of live performances.<ref>Francisco Salazar (3 April 2023) [https://operawire.com/opera-de-paris-announces-paris-opera-play/#google_vignette "Opéra de Paris Announces Paris Opera Play"], OperaWire website.</ref><ref>[https://play.operadeparis.fr/en Paris Opera Play website].</ref> Video is watched with a [[web browser]]: [[Google Chrome]], [[Firefox]], [[Microsoft Edge|Microsoft Edge Chromium]], and [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] are supported. Subtitles in French and English are available for most videos. To watch videos on a [[TV]], one can use [[Chromecast]] or [[AirPlay]]; however the latter does not support subtitles. An alternative method, which supports subtitles, is to play the video on a computer connected to a TV with an [[HDMI cable]].<ref>[https://www.operadeparis.fr/en/services-and-practical-info/frequently-asked-questions#operachezsoi FAQ], Paris Opera website.</ref> In March 2025, it was announced that Paris Opera Play had become available for streaming, with apps for [[Apple TV]] and [[Android TV]].<ref>Afton Markay (9 March 2025). [https://operawire.com/paris-opera-play-streaming-now-available-on-android-tv-apple-tv/#google_vignette "Paris Opera Play Streaming Now Available on Android TV & Apple TV"], OperaWire website.</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="220">
File:Paris old opera house.jpg|The Palais Garnier at night
File:Opéra Garnier - le Grand Foyer.jpg|The Grand Foyer at the Palais Garnier
File:La salle de l'opéra Bastille vue depuis la scène.jpg|The [[Opéra Bastille]] inside
</gallery>

==List of official company names==
{| class="wikitable"
! Date
! Official name
! Notes
! Ref
|-
| align="right" | 28 June 1669
| Académie d'Opéra<ref>Name according to some sources: Académie Royale des Opéra --Powell 2000, p. 3.</ref>
| [[Pierre Perrin|Perrin]] granted license by [[Louis XIV]]
| <ref name="Harris856" />
|-
| align="right" | 13 March 1672
| Académie Royale de Musique
| [[Jean-Baptiste Lully|Lully]] granted license by [[Louis XIV]]
| <ref name="Harris856" />
|-
| align="right" | 24 June 1791
| Opéra
| [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]] flees Paris (21 June)
| <ref name="Pitou3031">Pitou (1983) '''1''': 30–31.</ref>
|-
| align="right" | 29 June 1791
| Académie de Musique
| [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]] returns to Paris (25 June)
| <ref name="Pitou3031" />
|-
| align="right" | 17 September 1791
| Académie Royale de Musique
| Royal family attends opera (20 September)
| <ref name="Pitou3031" />
|-
| align="right" | 15 August 1792
| Académie de Musique
| [[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]] arrested (13 August)
| <ref name="Pitou3031" />
|-
| align="right" | 12 August 1793
| Opéra
| Ratification of the Constitution of 1793
| <ref name="Pitou3031" />
|-
| align="right" | 18 October 1793
| Opéra National
| [[French Republican Calendar|Republican Calendar]] adopted (24 October)
| <ref name="Pitou3031" />
|-
| align="right" | 7 August 1794
| Théâtre des Arts
| Opéra moves to the [[Théâtre National de la rue de la Loi|Salle Montansier]]
| <ref name="Fontaine">Fontaine 2003, pp. 22 f.</ref>
|-
| align="right" | 2 February 1797
| Théâtre de la République et des Arts
|
| <ref name="Fontaine" />
|-
| align="right" | 24 August 1802
| Théâtre de l'Opéra
|
| <ref name="Fontaine" />
|-
| align="right" | 29 June 1804
| Académie Impériale de Musique
| [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] installs the [[First French Empire]] (18 May)
| <ref name="Fontaine" />
|-
| align="right" | 3 April 1814
| Académie de Musique
|
| <ref name="Fontaine" />
|-
| align="right" | 5 April 1814
| Académie Royale de Musique
| [[Bourbon Restoration in France|First Restoration]] (April)
| <ref name="Fontaine" />
|-
| align="right" | 21 March 1815
| Académie Impériale de Musique
| [[Hundred Days]] of [[Napoleon]] (20 March)
| <ref name="Fontaine" />
|-
| align="right" | 9 July 1815
| Académie Royale de Musique
| [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Second Restoration]] (8 July)
| <ref name="Fontaine" />
|-
| align="right" | 4 August 1830
| Théâtre de l'Opéra
| [[Charles X of France|Charles X]] abdicates (2 August)
| <ref name="Fontaine" /><ref name="Levin">Levin, 2009, p, 382.</ref>
|-
| align="right" | 10 August 1830
| Académie Royale de Musique
| [[July Monarchy]]
| <ref name="Fontaine" /><ref name="Levin" />
|-
| align="right" | 26 February 1848
| Théâtre de la Nation
| [[French Second Republic|Second Republic]]
| <ref name="Fontaine" /><ref name="Levin" />
|-
| align="right" | 29 March 1848
| Opéra-Théâtre de la Nation
|
| <ref name="Fontaine" /><ref name="Levin" />
|-
| align="right" | 2 September 1850
| Académie Nationale de Musique
|
| <ref name="Fontaine" /><ref name="Levin" />
|-
| align="right" | 2 December 1852
| Académie Impériale de Musique
| [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]] ([[Napoleon III]])
| <ref name="Fontaine" /><ref name="Levin" />
|-
| align="right" | 1 July 1854
| Théâtre Impérial de l'Opéra
| Supervision assumed by Imperial Household<ref>[[Hervé Lacombe|Lacombe, Hervé]]. "The 'machine' and the state" in Charlton (2003), p. 27.</ref>
| <ref name="Fontaine" /><ref name="Levin" />
|-
| align="right" | 4 September 1870
| Théâtre de l'Opéra
| [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]
| <ref name="Levin" />
|-
| align="right" | {{nowrap|17 September 1870}}
| Théâtre National de l'Opéra
|
| <ref name="Levin" /><ref>Fontaine 2003, p. 23, gives the date as 12 July 1871.</ref>
|-
| align="right" | 14 January 1939
| {{Nowrap|Réunion des Théâtres Lyriques Nationaux}}
| Opéra takes control of [[Opéra-Comique]]
| <ref name="Fontaine" />
|-
| align="right" | 7 February 1978
| Théâtre National de l'Opéra de Paris
|
| <ref name="Fontaine" />
|-
| align="right" | 2 April 1990
| Opéra de Paris
| Move to the [[Opéra Bastille]]; Opéra-Comique regains autonomy
| <ref name="Fontaine" />
|-
| align="right" | 5 February 1994
| Opéra National de Paris
|
| <ref name="Fontaine" />
|}

=={{Anchor|Paris Opera House}}List of venues==
{| class=wikitable align="center"
! Theatre
! Dates used
! Notes
! Ref
|-
| [[Salle de la Bouteille]]
| 3 March 1671 – 1&nbsp;April&nbsp;1672
| Located on the Rue Mazarine;<ref>Pitou (1983) '''1''': 7.</ref> eventually demolished.
|<ref>Bashford, Christina. "Camembert, Robert" in Sadie (1992) '''1''': 696–698.</ref><ref>Pitou (1983) '''1''': 9.</ref>
|-
| [[Salle du Bel-Air]]
| 10? November 1672 – June&nbsp;1673
| Located on the [[Rue de Vaugirard]]; also called Jeu de Paume de Béquet;<ref name=Rosow /> eventually demolished.
| <ref name=Rosow>Rosow, Lois. "Fêtes de l'Amour et de Bacchus, Les" in Sadie (1992) '''2''': 173.</ref><ref>Pitou (1983) '''1''': 11–12.</ref>
|-
| [[Théâtre du Palais-Royal (rue Saint-Honoré)|Salle du Palais-Royal]] (1st)
| 16 June 1673 – 6&nbsp;April&nbsp;1763
| Built 1641; altered 1660, 1671, and 1674;<ref>Harris-Warrick, Rebecca. "Paris. 2. 1669–1725" in Sadie (1992) '''3''': 857.</ref> destroyed by fire 6 April 1763.
| <ref>Pitou (1983) '''1''': 13, 26.</ref>
|-
| [[Salle des Tuileries]]
| 24 January 1764 – 23 January 1770
| Remodeled first to a much smaller theatre by [[Jacques-Germain Soufflot|Soufflot]].<ref name=Harris3>Harris-Warrick, Rebecca. "Paris. 3. 1725–1789" in Sadie (1992) '''3''': 860–864.</ref>
| <ref>Pitou (1983) '''1''': 26; Wild (1989), p. 299.</ref>
|-
| Salle du Palais-Royal (2nd)
| 26 January 1770 – 8&nbsp;June&nbsp;1781
| Destroyed by fire 8 June 1781.
| <ref>Pitou (1985) '''2''': 407; Wild (1989), p. 299.</ref>
|-
| [[Salle des Menus-Plaisirs (rue Bergère)|Salle des Menus-Plaisirs]]
| 14 August – 23&nbsp;October&nbsp;1781
| Located on the Rue Bergère; former theatre of the [[Opéra-Comique]] of the [[Théâtre de la foire|Foire St. Laurent]]; eventually demolished.
| <ref name=Pitou30>Pitou (1983) '''1''': 30.</ref><ref>Gourret 1985, pp. 81–84</ref>
|-
| [[Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin]]
| 27 October 1781 – 7&nbsp;March&nbsp;1794
| Built in two months by Samson-Nicholas Lenoir at the request of [[Marie Antoinette]].
| <ref name=Pitou30 />
|-
| |[[Théâtre National de la rue de la Loi]]
| 26 July 1794 – 13&nbsp;February&nbsp;1820
| [[Mademoiselle Montansier|Montansier]]'s 1793 theatre; street name restored to [[Rue de Richelieu]] in 1806; theatre demolished 1820; site now Square Louvois.<ref>Dickens, Charles (1883). ''Dickens's Dictionary of Paris'', p. 221. London: Macmillan. [https://books.google.com/books?id=UW0DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA221 Full view] at [[Google Books]].</ref>
| <ref name=Pitou38 />
|-
| Salle Favart (1st)
| 19 April 1820 – 11&nbsp;May&nbsp;1821
| Theatre of the [[Opéra-Comique]] on the Place Boieldieu; destroyed by fire on 13–14 January 1838.<ref name=Pitou56>Pitou (1983) '''1''': 56.</ref>
| <ref name=Charlton867 /><ref name=Pitou44>Pitou (1983) '''1''': 44.</ref>
|-
| [[Salle Louvois]]
| 25 May – 15&nbsp;June&nbsp;1821
| Built in 1791; the company performed there 3 times: 25 May, and 1 and 15 June.
| <ref name=Pitou44 />
|-
| [[Salle Le Peletier]]
| 16 August 1821 – 28&nbsp;October&nbsp;1873
| Built on the Rue Le Peletier as temporary quarters; destroyed by fire 28–29 October 1873.
| <ref name=Pitou44 />
|-
| [[Salle Ventadour]]
| 19 January 1874 – 30&nbsp;December&nbsp;1874
| Shared the theatre with its long-time occupant the [[Théâtre-Italien]] until the [[Palais Garnier]] was completed.
| <ref name=LanghamSmith874 /><ref name=Pitou60>Pitou (1983) '''1''': 60.</ref>
|-
| [[Palais Garnier]]
| 5 January 1875 – 29&nbsp;June&nbsp;1936
| Designed by [[Charles Garnier (architect)|Charles Garnier]]; located at the [[Place de l'Opéra]].
| <ref name=LanghamSmith874 /><ref name="Pitou60" />
|-
| [[Théâtre Sarah&nbsp;Bernhardt]]
| 1 August 1936 – 20&nbsp;November&nbsp;1936
| Performed at this theatre while the Palais Garnier was under renovation.
| <ref name=Wolff561>Wolff 1962, p. 561.</ref>
|-
| [[Théâtre des Champs-Élysées]]
| {{Nowrap|30 November 1936 – 17&nbsp;February&nbsp;1937}}
| Performed at this theatre while the Palais Garnier was under renovation.
| <ref name=Wolff561 />
|-
| Palais Garnier
| 21 February 1937 – present
| Reopened at the renovated theatre.
| <ref name=Wolff561 />
|-
| [[Opéra Bastille]]
| 13 July 1989 – present
| Designed by [[Carlos Ott]]; the official opening concert was on 13 July 1989 to celebrate the bicentennial of the [[French Revolution]].
| <ref name=ParisOperaWebsite /><ref>Pitt, Charles. "Paris. 6. 20th century" in Sadie (1992) '''3''': 881.</ref>
|}

==List of managing directors==
{| class="wikitable"
! Start date
! Name<ref>The information in the list of managing directors is from Fontaine 2003, pp. 22–23, and Levin 2009, p. 383, except as noted.</ref>
! Administration
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 28 June 1669&nbsp;
| [[Pierre Perrin]]
| rowspan="12" valign="top"| Royal Household
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 30 March 1672&nbsp;
| [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 27 June 1687&nbsp;
| [[Jean-Nicolas de Francine]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 30 December 1688&nbsp;
| Jean Nicolas de Francine, [[Hyacinthe de Gauréault Dumont]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 7 October 1704&nbsp;
| Pierre Guyenet
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 12 December 1712&nbsp;
| Jean Nicolas de Francine, Hyacinthe de Gauréault Dumont
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 8 February 1728&nbsp;
| [[André-Cardinal Destouches]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1 June 1730&nbsp;
| Maximilien-Claude Gruer
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 18 August 1731&nbsp;
| [[Claude Lecomte (Opera director)]] Lebœuf
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 30 May 1733&nbsp;
| Eugène de Thuret
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 18 March 1744&nbsp;
| Jean-François Berger
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 3 May 1748&nbsp;
| Joseph Guénot de Tréfontaine
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 25 August 1749&nbsp;
| [[Louis-Basile de Bernage]],<ref>Charlton 2014.</ref> Marquis d'Argenson, then [[François&nbsp;Rebel]]<br />and [[François&nbsp;Francœur]]
| rowspan="3" valign="top"| [[Paris|City of Paris]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1754&nbsp;
| [[Joseph-Nicolas-Pancrace Royer]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1755&nbsp;
| Bontemps, Levasseur
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 13 March 1757&nbsp;
| [[François Rebel]], François&nbsp;Francœur
| rowspan="2" valign="top"| Royal Household
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 9 February 1767&nbsp;
| [[Pierre Montan Berton]], [[Jean-Claude Trial]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 9 November 1769&nbsp;
| valign="top"| Pierre Montan Berton, Jean-Claude Trial,<br />[[Antoine&nbsp;Dauvergne]], Joliveau
| valign="top"| City of Paris
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 18 April 1776&nbsp;
| Direction by the Royal&nbsp;Commissioners
| rowspan="2" valign="top"| Royal Commissioners
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 18 October 1777&nbsp;
| rowspan="2" valign="top"| [[Jacques de Vismes]]<!-- Spelling per cited ref. -->
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 19 February 1779&nbsp;
| rowspan="1" valign="top"| City of Paris
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 19 March 1780&nbsp;
| Pierre Montan Berton
| rowspan="2" valign="top"|Royal Accountant
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 27 May 1780&nbsp;
| Antoine Dauvergne, [[François-Joseph Gossec]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 8 April 1790&nbsp;
|
| valign="top"| City of Paris
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 8 March 1792&nbsp;
| [[Louis-Joseph Francœur]], [[Jacques Cellerier]]<br />(under committee headed by J.-J.Leroux)
| rowspan="7" valign="top"| [[Paris Commune (French Revolution)|Paris Commune]] ([[French First Republic]])
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 17 September 1793&nbsp;
| Committee of the Commune (with [[François Lays]])
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1 May 1797&nbsp;
| Committee of the Commune
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 12 September 1799
| Jacques Devisme (formerly Jacques&nbsp;de&nbsp;Vismes du Valgay),<br />[[Joseph Bonet de Treyches]]<!-- Spelling per cited ref. -->
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 13 March 1800&nbsp;
| Jacques Devisme
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 25 December 1800&nbsp;
| Joseph Bonet de Treyches
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 19 December 1801&nbsp;
| Jacques Cellerier
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 26&nbsp;November&nbsp;1802&nbsp;
| Prefect Étienne Morel de Chefdeville, then<br />Joseph Bonet de Treyches as Director
| rowspan="1" valign="top"|Prefects of the Palace
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1 November 1807&nbsp;
| rowspan="2" valign="top"| [[Louis-Benoit Picard]]
| valign="top"| Imperial Superintendents
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 3 April 1814&nbsp;
| rowspan="7" valign="top"| Royal Superintendents
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 18 January 1816&nbsp;
| valign="top"| [[Denis Pierre Jean Papillon de la Ferté]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 30 March 1817&nbsp;
| [[Alexandre-Étienne Choron|Alexandre Étienne Choron]]
|-
| align="right"| 30 October 1819&nbsp;
| [[Giovanni-Battista Viotti]]
|-
| align="right"| 1 November 1821&nbsp;
| [[François-Antoine Habeneck]]
|-
| align="right"| 26 November 1824&nbsp;
| Raphaël Duplantys
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 12 July 1827&nbsp;
| Émile Timothée Lubbert
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 2 March 1831&nbsp;
| [[Louis-Désiré Véron]]
| rowspan="9" valign="top"| Franchised entrepreneurship<br />with state subvention
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 15 August 1835&nbsp;
| [[Henri Duponchel]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 15 November 1839&nbsp;
| Henri Duponchel, [[Édouard&nbsp;Monnais]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1 June 1840<ref>Levin 2009, p. 382, says Pillet joined Duponchel and Monnais as a co-director on 1 June 1840, and Gerhard 1998, p. 35, says Pillet joined Duponchel without mentioning Monnais. Consistent with this date, Guest 2008, p. 326, mentions that in 1840 Pillet, "as Director of the Opera", sent an emissary to London to negotiate a reappearance of the ballerina [[Marie Taglioni]] at the Paris Opera.</ref>
| Henri Duponchel, Édouard&nbsp;Monnais, [[Léon&nbsp;Pillet]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1 June 1841<ref>Fontaine 2003, p. 23, says Duponchel and Pillet became co-directors on 1 June 1841 (without Monnais). On this date Monnais was appointed to a position as Royal Commissioner (Walton 1898, [https://books.google.com/books?id=malVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA294 p. 294]). Fontaine, perhaps in error, omits the 1 June 1840 co-directorship of Duponchel, Monnais, and Pillet.</ref>
| Henri Duponchel, [[Léon&nbsp;Pillet]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| October 1841<ref>Gerhard 1998, p. 35, says Duponchel retired in October 1841. Fontaine 2003, p. 23, gives the year 1843 for the beginning of Pillet's sole directorship, while Levin 2009, p. 383, gives 1 June 1842.</ref>
| Léon Pillet
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1 August 1847<ref>Levin 2009, p. 383 says Duponchel and Roqueplan joined Pillet as directors on 1 August 1847, while Fontaine says Duponchel and Roqueplan took over as co-directors without Pillet on 31 July 1847.</ref>
| Léon Pillet, Henri&nbsp;Duponchel, [[Nestor&nbsp;Roqueplan]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 24&nbsp;November&nbsp;1847<ref>Fulcher 1987, p. 113, says that Duponchel and Roqueplan took over as directors on 24 November 1847, while Fontaine 2003, p. 23, and Levin 2009, p. 383, only give the month November 1847, and Gerhard 1998, p. 35, says Pillet retired in October 1847.</ref>
| Henri Duponchel, Nestor&nbsp;Roqueplan
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 21 November 1849&nbsp;
| rowspan="2" valign="top"| [[Nestor Roqueplan]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1 July 1854&nbsp;
| rowspan="4" valign="top"| Imperial Household<br />(Civil List)
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 11 November 1854&nbsp;
| [[François-Louis Crosnier]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1 July 1856&nbsp;
| [[Alphonse Royer]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 20 December 1862&nbsp;
| rowspan="4" valign="top"| [[Émile Perrin]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 11 April 1866&nbsp;
| valign="top"| Franchised entrepreneurship<br />with state subvention
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1 October 1870&nbsp;
| State administration
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 28 October 1870&nbsp;
| rowspan="4" valign="top"| Society of Artists<br />with state subvention
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 9 May 1871&nbsp;
| Eugène Garnier
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 3 July 1871&nbsp;
| Émile Perrin
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 9 July 1871&nbsp;
| rowspan="2" valign="top"| Hyacinthe Halanzier
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1 November 1871&nbsp;
| rowspan="9" valign="top"| Private entrepreneurship<br />with state subvention
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 16 July 1879&nbsp;
| [[Auguste Vaucorbeil]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1 December 1884&nbsp;
| [[Eugène Ritt]], [[Pedro&nbsp;Gailhard]]<!-- Spelling per cited ref. -->
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1 January 1892&nbsp;
| [[Eugène Bertrand]], [[Édouard&nbsp;Colonne]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1 April 1893&nbsp;
| Eugène Bertrand, Pedro&nbsp;Gailhard
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 31 December 1899&nbsp;
| [[Pedro Gailhard]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1907&nbsp;
| Pedro Gailhard, Pierre&nbsp;Barthélemy&nbsp;Gheusi
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1 January 1908&nbsp;
| [[Leimistin Broussan]], [[André&nbsp;Messager]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1 January 1915&nbsp;
| rowspan="2" valign="top"|[[Jacques Rouché]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 14 January 1939&nbsp;
| rowspan="14" valign="top" style="border-bottom: none;"| State administration:<br />{{Interlanguage link multi|Réunion des Théâtres Lyrique Nationaux|fr|3=Réunion des théâtres lyriques nationaux|lt=Réunion des Théâtres<br />Lyrique Nationaux|vertical-align=sup}}<!-- Capitalized per cited ref. --><br />(Opéra and {{Nowrap|Opéra-Comique}}<br />merged under one<br />administration, RTLN)
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1940&nbsp;
| Jacques Rouché (RTLN), Philippe&nbsp;Gaubert&nbsp;(Opéra)
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1942&nbsp;
| Jacques Rouché (RTLN), {{Nowrap|[[Marcel Samuel-Rousseau]]}} (Opéra)
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 21 February 1945&nbsp;
| René Gadave (interim&nbsp;administrator)
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 27 June 1945&nbsp;
| [[Maurice Lehmann]] (RTLN), [[Reynaldo&nbsp;Hahn]]&nbsp;(Opéra)
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 12 May 1946&nbsp;
| [[Georges Hirsch]] (RTLN), [[Henri&nbsp;Büsser]]&nbsp;(Opéra)
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 17 November 1951&nbsp;
| Maurice Lehmann (RTLN), Emmanuelle&nbsp;Bondville (Opéra)
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 30 September 1955&nbsp;
| [[Jacques Ibert]] (RTLN), Emmanuelle&nbsp;Bondville (Opéra)
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 13 April 1956&nbsp;
| Georges Hirsch (RTLN), Emmanuelle&nbsp;Bondville (Opéra)
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| August 1959&nbsp;
| [[A.-M. Julien]] (RTLN), Emmanuelle&nbsp;Bondville (Opéra)
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 19 April 1962&nbsp;
| [[Georges Auric]] (RTLN), Emmanuelle&nbsp;Bondville (Opéra)
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| September 1968&nbsp;
| André Chabaud (interim&nbsp;director)
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1 October 1969&nbsp;
| [[René Nicoly]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 23 May 1971&nbsp;
| [[Jean-Yves Daniel-Lesur]] (RTLN),<br />[[Bernard Lefort]] (Opéra)
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1 January 1972&nbsp;
| rowspan="2" valign="top"| [[Rolf Liebermann]]
| style="border-top: none;"| (Opéra-Comique closed)
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 7 February 1978&nbsp;
| rowspan="5" valign="top" style="border-bottom: none;"| Théâtre National de<br />l'Opéra de Paris
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 31 July 1980&nbsp;
| Bernard Lefort
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| September 1982&nbsp;
| Interim committee: {{interlanguage link|Paul Puaux|fr}} {{interlanguage link|Jean-Pierre Leclerc|fr}},<br />[[Alain Lombard]], {{Nowrap|[[Georges-François Hirsch]]}}
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1 August 1983&nbsp;
| [[Massimo Bogianckino]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 24 September 1985&nbsp;
|
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 12 February 1986&nbsp;
| rowspan="2" valign="top" style="border-bottom: none;"| [[Jean-Louis Martinoty]]
| style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none;"|
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 13 July 1989&nbsp;
| style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none;"| ([[Opéra Bastille]] opens)
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1 September 1989&nbsp;
| style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none;"| [[Jean-Albert Cartier]]<br />(general&nbsp;administrator of&nbsp;the&nbsp;[[Palais&nbsp;Garnier]])
| style="border-top: none;"|
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 2 April 1990&nbsp;
| valign="top" style="border-bottom: none;"| [[Pierre Bergé]] (president)
| style="border-bottom: none;"| Opéra de Paris<br />{{Nowrap|(Opéra-Comique reopens)}}
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 15 May 1991&nbsp;
| style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none;"| [[Georges-François Hirsch]]<br />(general&nbsp;administrator of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Palais&nbsp;Garnier)
| rowspan="2" style="border-top: none;"|
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1 September 1992&nbsp;
| valign="top" style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none;"| [[Brigitte Lefèvre]]<br />(general&nbsp;administrator of&nbsp;the&nbsp;Palais&nbsp;Garnier)
|-
| align="right" valign="top"style="border-top: none;"| 5 February 1994&nbsp;
| style="border-top: none;"|
| style="border-bottom: none;"| Opéra National de Paris
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 15 February 1994&nbsp;
| [[Jean-Paul Cluzel]] (inspector&nbsp;general of&nbsp;finances)
| rowspan="6" valign="top" style="border-top: none;"|
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1 August 1995&nbsp;
| [[Hugues Gall]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| September 2004&nbsp;
| [[Gerard Mortier]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1 August 2009&nbsp;
| [[Nicolas Joel]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1 August 2014&nbsp;
| [[Stéphane Lissner]]
|-
| align="right" valign="top"| 1 September 2020&nbsp;
| Alexander Neef
|-
|}

== Other Parisian opera companies and theatres ==
In the period from 1725 to 1791 there were essentially four public theatres which were permitted in Paris:<ref name=Harris3 />
*Opéra de Paris
*[[Comédie-Française]]
*[[Comédie-Italienne]]
*[[Opéra-Comique]]
In 1762, the Opéra-Comique merged with the Comédie-Italienne.

In 1791, the laws were changed allowing almost anyone to open a public theatre. This led to rapid growth in the number of theatres and companies and complexities in their naming. Theatres might burn down and be rebuilt using the name of an old or new company or patron. Some of the new theatres that appeared during this period include:<ref>Charlton, David; Johnson, Janet. "Paris. 4. 1789–1870." in Sadie (1992) '''3''': 870–873.</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=30em|rules=yes}}
*[[Théâtre Feydeau]]
*[[Comédie-Italienne|Théâtre Italien]]
*[[Théâtre Lyrique]]
*[[Théâtre de l'Ambigu-Comique]]
*[[Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens]]
*[[Amphithéâtre Anglais|Cirque Olympique]]
*[[Théâtre de la Gaîté (boulevard du Temple)|Théâtre de la Gaîté]]
*[[Théâtre du Gymnase Marie Bell|Gymnase-Dramatique]]
*[[Théâtre des Nouveautés]]
*[[Odéon Theatre|Théâtre de l'Odeon]]
*[[Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin|Porte-St-Martin]]
*[[Théâtre de la Renaissance]]
*[[Théâtre des Variétés]]
*[[Théâtre du Vaudeville]]
{{Div col end}}
After about 1870, the situation was simpler with regard to opera, with primarily the Opéra and the Opéra-Comique in operation. The naming situation became somewhat confusing after the Opéra-Comique's theater (the second Salle Favart) burned on 25 May 1887, since the company began performing in other locations. Companies other than the Opéra producing operas or operettas at various theatres in this period included:<ref>Charlton, David; Johnson, Janet. "Paris. 4. 1789–1870." in Sadie (1992) '''3''': 873–874.</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=30em|rules=yes}}
*[[Opéra-Comique]] at Salle Favart (2), [[Théâtre de la Ville|Théâtre Lyrique]], [[Théâtre du Château-d'Eau]], Salle Favart (3)
*[[Opéra National Lyrique]] at [[Théâtre de la Gaîté (rue Papin)|Théâtre de la Gaîté]]
*[[Eden-Théâtre]] (''[[Lohengrin (opera)|Lohengrin]]'', 1887)
*[[Opéra Populaire]] performing at [[Théâtre du Châtelet]], Théâtre de la Gaîté, and Théâtre du Château-d'Eau
*Théâtre du Château-d'Eau
*Théâtre Lyrique performing at [[Salle de l'Athénée]], Théâtre du Château-d'Eau, and [[Théâtre de la Renaissance]]
*Nouveau-Lyrique at [[Théâtre Taitbout]]
*[[Théâtre de l'Odéon]] (plays with incidental music by, e.g. Bizet, Fauré)
*[[Théâtre de la Ville]]
*[[Théâtre du Châtelet]]
*[[Théâtre des Champs-Élysées]]
{{Div col end}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Opera|France}}
*[[List of theatres and entertainment venues in Paris]]
*[[Opéra (Paris Métro)]]
*[[:Category:Opera world premieres at the Paris Opera]]
*''[[The Phantom of the Opera (novel)|The Phantom of the Opera]]''

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Cited sources===
* Astier, Régine (1998a). "Académie Royale de Danse" in Cohen 1998, vol. 1, pp.&nbsp;3–5.
* Astier, Régine (1998b). "Beauchamps, Pierre" in Cohen 1998, vol. 1, pp.&nbsp;396–397.
* Charlton, David, editor (2003). ''[[Cambridge Companions to Music|The Cambridge Companion to Grand Opera]]''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-64118-0}}
* Charlton, David (2014). "New Light on the ''Bouffons'' in Paris (1752–1754)", ''Eighteenth-Century Music'', vol. 11, no. 1, pp.&nbsp;31–54.
* Christout, Marie-Françoise (1998). "Paris Opera Ballet" in Cohen 1998, vol. 5, pp.&nbsp;86–100.
* Cohen, Selma Jeanne, editor (1998). ''International Encyclopedia of Dance''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-509462-6}} (hardcover). {{ISBN|978-0-19-517369-7}} (2004 paperback edition).
* Costonis, Maureen Needham (1992). "Beauchamps [Beauchamp] Pierre" in Sadie (1992) '''1''': 364.
* Craine, Debra; Mackrell, Judith (2000). ''The Oxford Dictionary of Dance''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-860106-7}}.
* Fauser, Annegret, editor; Everist, Mark, editor (2009). ''Music, Theater, and Cultural Transfer. Paris, 1830–1914''. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|978-0-226-23926-2}}.
* Fontaine, Gerard (2003). ''Visages de marbre et d'airain: La collection de bustes du Palais Garnier''. Paris: Monum, Éditions du patrimoine. {{ISBN|978-2-85822-751-8}}.
* Fulcher, Jane (1987). ''The Nation's Image: French Grand Opera as Politics and Politicized Art''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|9780521327749}}.
* Gerhard, Anselm (1998). ''The Urbanization of Opera: Music theatre in Paris in the Nineteenth Century'', translated from French to English by Mary Whittall. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|978-0-226-28857-4}}.
* Gourret, Jean (1985). ''Histoire des Salles de l'Opéra de Paris''. Paris: Guy Trédaniel. {{ISBN|978-2-85707-180-8}}.
* Guest, Ivor (2008). ''The Romantic Ballet in Paris''. Alton, Hampshire, UK: Dance Books. {{ISBN|978-1-85273-119-9}}.
* Johnson, Victoria (2008). ''Backstage at the Revolution: How the Royal Paris Opera Survived the End of the Old Regime''. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|978-0-226-40195-9}}.
* Levin, Alicia (2009). "A documentary overview of musical theaters in Paris, 1830–1900" in Fauser 2009, pp.&nbsp;379–402.
* Pitou, Spire (1983). ''The Paris Opéra: An Encyclopedia of Operas, Ballets, Composers, and Performers. Genesis and Glory, 1671–1715''. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. {{ISBN|9780313214202}}.
* Pitou, Spire (1985). ''The Paris Opera: An Encyclopedia of Operas, Ballets, Composers, and Performers. Rococo and Romantic, 1715–1815''. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. {{ISBN|9780313243943}}.
* Pitou, Spire (1990). ''The Paris Opéra: An Encyclopedia of Operas, Ballets, Composers, and Performers. Growth and Grandeur, 1815–1914''. New York: Greenwood Press. {{ISBN|9780313262180}}.
* Powell, John S. (2000). ''Music and Theatre in France 1600–1680''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-816599-6}}.
* [[Sadie, Stanley]], editor (1992). ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Opera]]'' (4 volumes). London: Macmillan. {{ISBN|978-1-56159-228-9}}.
* Sadie, Stanley, editor; John Tyrell; executive editor (2001). ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]'', 2nd edition. London: Macmillan. {{ISBN|978-1-56159-239-5}} (hardcover). {{OCLC|419285866}} (eBook).
* Walton, William (1899). ''Paris from the Earliest Period to the Present Day'', vol. 3. Philadelphia: George Barrie & Son. [https://books.google.com/books?id=malVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP11 View] at [[Google Books]].
* Wild, Nicole (1989). ''Dictionnaire des théâtres parisiens au XIXe siècle: les théâtres et la musique''. Paris: Aux Amateurs de livres. {{ISBN|978-0-8288-2586-3}}. {{ISBN|978-2-905053-80-0}} (paperback). [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20954302 View formats and editions] at [[WorldCat]].
* Wolff, Stéphane (1962). ''L'Opéra au Palais Garnier (1875–1962)''. Paris: Deposé au journal L'Entr'acte {{OCLC|7068320|460748195}}. Paris: Slatkine (1983 reprint) {{ISBN|978-2-05-000214-2}}.

===General sources===
* [[Chouquet, Gustave]] (1873). ''Histoire de la musique dramatique en France'' (in French), pp.&nbsp;309–425. Paris: Didot. [https://books.google.com/books?id=HfssAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA309 View] at [[Google Books]].
* Durey de Noinville, Jacques-Bernard (1753–1757). ''Histoire du Théâtre de l'opéra en France'' (2 volumes). Paris: Joseph Barbou. Vols. [https://books.google.com/books?id=S24GAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 1] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=GFlDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP2 2] at [[Google Books]].
* Gourret, Jean (1982). ''Dictionnaire des chanteurs de l'Opéra de Paris''. Paris: Albatros. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10018314 View formats and editions] at [[WorldCat]].
* Gourret, Jean (1987). ''Dictionnaire des cantatrices de l'Opéra de Paris''. Paris: Albatros. {{ISBN|978-2-7273-0164-6}}.
* [[Théodore Lajarte|Lajarte, Théodore]] (1878). ''Bibliothèque musicale du Théâtre de l'Opéra'', volume 1 [1671–1791]. Paris: Librairie des Bibliophiles. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3AM6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP13 View] at [[Google Books]].
* Lajarte, Théodore de (1878). ''Bibliothèque musicale du Théâtre de l'Opéra'', volume 2 [1793–1876]. Paris: Librairie des Bibliophiles. [https://books.google.com/books?id=gnw6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP13 View] at [[Google Books]].
* Lasalle, Albert de (1875). ''Les treize salles de lOpéra''. Paris: Sartorius. [https://archive.org/stream/lestreizesallesd00lasauoft#page/n5/mode/2up View] at [[Internet Archive]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BP0IAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP9 View] at [[Google Books]].
* [[Nuitter, Charles]]; Thoinan, Ernest (1886). ''Les Origines de l'Opéra français'' (in French). Paris: E. Plon, Nourrit et Cie. Copies [https://books.google.com/books?id=mTwQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR5 1] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=xLgxAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR5 2] at [[Google Books]].
* [[Pougin, Arthur]] (1881). ''Les vrais créateurs de l'opéra français, Perrin et Cambert''. Paris: Charavay Frères. [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2051685.r=.langEN Copy] at [[Gallica]].

==External links==
{{Commons category|Opéra de Paris}}
*[https://www.operadeparis.fr/en Official website]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Paris Opera| ]]
[[Category:Music schools in Paris]]
[[Category:Arts and culture in the Ancien Régime]]
[[Category:Institut de France]]
[[Category:1669 establishments in France]]
[[Category:French opera companies]]
[[Category:Opera history]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1669]]
[[Category:Theatres completed in the 1660s]]
[[Category:Opera in France]]
[[Category:Louis XIV]]