View source for Paranthodon

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Short description|Stegosaurian dinosaur genus from Early Cretaceous South Africa}}
{{Speciesbox
| fossil_range = <br />[[Early Cretaceous]], {{Geological range|earliest=151|132}}<small>Possible [[Late Jurassic]] record</small>
| image = Paranthodon.png
| image_alt = Skull of Paranthodon
| image_caption = Reconstruction of the skull; grey material is unknown.
| display_parents = 2
| genus = Paranthodon
| parent_authority = [[Franz Nopcsa|Nopcsa]], 1929<ref name="nopcsa1929" />
| species = africanus
| authority = [[Robert Broom|Broom]], 1912<ref name="broom1912" />
| synonyms_ref =<ref name="raven2018" />
| synonyms = 
*''[[Anthodon (reptile)|Anthodon]] serrarius''<br /><small>[[Richard Owen|Owen]], 1876 (in part)<ref name="owen1876" /></small>
*''[[Palaeoscincus]] africanus''<br /><small>Broom, 1912<ref name="broom1912" /></small>
*''Paranthodon owenii''<br /><small>Nopcsa, 1929<ref name="nopcsa1929" /></small>}}

'''''Paranthodon''''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|r|æ|n|θ|ə|d|ɒ|n}} {{respell|pə|RAN|thə|don}}<ref name="holtz2007"/>) is a [[genus]] of [[stegosauria]]n dinosaur that lived in what is now [[South Africa]] during the [[Early Cretaceous]], between 139 and 131&nbsp;[[myr|million years ago]]. Discovered in 1845, it was one of the first stegosaurians found. Its only remains, a partial skull, isolated teeth, and fragments of vertebrae, were found in the [[Kirkwood Formation]]. British [[paleontologist]] [[Richard Owen]] initially identified the fragments as those of the [[pareiasaur]] ''[[Anthodon (reptile)|Anthodon]]''. After remaining untouched for years in the [[British Museum of Natural History]], the partial skull was identified by South African paleontologist [[Robert Broom]] as belonging to a different genus; he named the specimen ''[[Palaeoscincus]] africanus''. Several years later, Hungarian paleontologist [[Franz Nopcsa]], unaware of Broom's new name, similarly concluded that it represented a new [[taxon]], and named it ''Paranthodon owenii''. Since Nopcsa's species name was assigned after Broom's, and Broom did not assign a new genus, both names are now [[synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]]s of the current binomial, ''Paranthodon africanus''. The genus name combines the [[Ancient Greek]] ''para'' (near) with the genus name ''Anthodon'', to represent the initial referral of the remains.

In identifying the remains as those of ''Palaeoscincus'', Broom initially classified ''Paranthodon'' as an [[ankylosaurian]], a statement backed by the research of Coombs in the 1970s. In 1929, Nopcsa identified the taxon as a [[stegosaurid]], with which most modern studies agree. In 1981, the genus was reviewed with modern taxonomic techniques, and found to be a valid genus of stegosaurid. A 2018 review of ''Paranthodon'' could only identify one distinguishing feature, and while that study still referred it to Stegosauria based on similarity and multiple phylogenetic analyses, no diagnostic features of the group could be identified in ''Paranthodon''.

==History of discovery==
[[File:Anthodon.png|thumb|upright|left|Skull of ''[[Anthodon serrarius]]'', to which the skull of ''Paranthodon'' was originally assigned|alt=Fossils of Anthodon, what Paranthodon was once thought to be]]
In 1845, amateur geologists [[William Guybon Atherstone]] and [[Andrew Geddes Bain]] discovered several fossils near [[Dassieklip]], [[Cape Province]], in the [[Bushman's River]] Valley.<ref name="atherstone" /><ref name="deklerk2000"/> This was the first dinosaur find in Africa and in the Southern Hemisphere.<ref name="durand"/> In 1849 and 1853, Bain sent some of the fossils to [[palaeontologist]] [[Richard Owen]] for identification. Among them was an upper jaw Bain referred to as the "Cape ''[[Iguanodon]]''", so the site was named "Iguanodonhoek". Atherstone published a short paper about the discovery in 1857,<ref name="atherstone"/> but lamented in 1871 that it had thus far received no attention in London.<ref name="deklerk2000"/><ref name="atherstone1871">{{cite book|last=Atherstone|first=W.G.|year=1871|chapter=From Graham’s Town to the Gouph|title=Selected articles from the Cape Monthly Magazine (New Series 1870–76)|issue=Second series No. 9|publisher=Van Riebeeck Society|location=Cape Town}}</ref> In 1876 Owen named a series of specimens from the collection ''Anthodon serrarius'', basing the generic name on the resemblance of the teeth to a flower.<ref name="deklerk2000"/><ref name="owen1876"/> The partial [[holotype]] skull BMNH 47337, the left jaw BMNH 47338, the [[matrix (geology)|matrix]] BMNH 47338 including bone fragments and impressions of the [[anatomical terms of location#Anterior and posterior|anterior]] skull, and the [[vertebrae]] BMNH 47337a were all assigned to ''Anthodon.''<ref name="galton&coombs1981"/> In 1882, [[Othniel Charles Marsh]] assigned ''Anthodon'' to [[Stegosauridae]] based on BMNH 47338, and in 1890, [[Richard Lydekker]] found that although ''Anthodon'' was a [[pareiasauria|pareiasaur]], its teeth were similar to those of the Stegosauridae.<ref name="galton&coombs1981"/> Lydekker in 1890 also corrected a mistake of Owen, who had incorrectly summarised all the material as coming from a single locality, whereas there was separate material from two clearly distinct localities.<ref name="deklerk2000">{{cite journal|last=de Klerk|first=W.J.|year=2000|title=South Africa's first dinosaur revisited – history of the discovery of the stegosaur ''Paranthodon africanus'' (Broom)|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51874772#page/55/mode/1up|journal=Annals of the Eastern Cape Museums|volume=1|issn=1562-5273|pages=54–60|access-date=31 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131101828/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51874772#page/55/mode/1up|archive-date=31 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1909, [[Robert Broom]] visited the collection of the [[British Museum of Natural History]]. He concluded that Owen had mixed the partial distorted skull, teeth, and a [[mandible]] of a pareiasaur and a partial upper jaw of a dinosaur, BMNH 47338, which were from two different species.<ref name="broom1912"/><ref name="owen1876"/> Broom kept the name ''Anthodon'' for the pareiasaur, but identified the other fossil as a member of the genus ''[[Palaeoscincus]]'', naming the new species ''Palaeoscincus africanus'' in 1912. He found that the anatomy of the teeth were quite different, even though they resembled each other, as well as those of ''[[Stegosaurus]]''.<ref name="deklerk2000"/><ref name="broom1912"/> In 1929, Franz Nopcsa, unaware of Broom's previous publication, provided a second novel name as [[D. M. S. Watson]] believed that the jaw should be differentiated from ''Anthodon''.<ref name="deklerk2000"/><ref name="nopcsa1929"/> Nopcsa named the species ''Paranthodon Owenii'', with the generic name derived from the [[Latin]] ''para'', meaning "similar", "near", or "beside", and ''Anthodon'', and specific name honouring Owen.<ref name="nopcsa1929"/><ref name="holtz2007" /><ref name="glut97"/> Following modern conventions, the specific name was later emended to ''owenii''.<ref name="galton&coombs1981"/> Both names were brought into the current nomenclature by Walter P. Coombs in his 1971 dissertation as the new combination ''Paranthodon africanus'', as the name ''Paranthodon'' was the first new generic name for the fossils and ''africanus'' was the first new specific name.<ref name="deklerk2000"/><ref name="olshevsky1978"/> This makes ''Paranthodon africanus'' the proper name for the taxon previously known as ''Palaeoscincus africanus'' and ''Paranthodon owenii''.<ref name="deklerk2000"/><ref name="galton&coombs1981"/>

===Material===
[[File:Paranthodon teeth.png|thumb|Previously referred tooth (NHMUK R4992)]]
The holotype of ''Paranthodon'', BMNH 47338, was found in a layer of the [[Kirkwood Formation]] that has been dated between the [[Berriasian]] and early [[Valanginian]] ages. It consists of the back of the snout, containing the [[maxilla]] with teeth, the posterior caudodorsal ramus of the [[premaxilla]], part of the [[nasal bone|nasals]], and some isolated teeth probably from the lower jaw. One additional specimen was assigned to it based on the [[dentition]], BMNH (now NHMUK) R4992, including only isolated teeth sharing the same morphology as those from the holotype.<ref name="galton&coombs1981"/> Some bones that were unidentified by Galton & Coombs (1981) were described as a fragment of a vertebra in 2018 by Raven & Maidment.<ref name=raven2018/> The teeth do not bear any autapomorphies of ''Paranthodon'', and were referred to an indeterminate stegosaurid in 2008.<ref name="maidment08"/> The teeth were identified in 2018 as also lacking any distinct stegosaurian features, and were thus designated as [[Thyreophora]] indeterminate.<ref name=raven2018>{{cite journal|last1=Raven|first1=T.J.|last2=Maidment|first2=S.C.R.|year=2018|title=The systematic position of the enigmatic thyreophoran dinosaur ''Paranthodon africanus'', and the use of basal exemplifiers in phylogenetic analysis|journal=PeerJ|volume=6|pages=e4529|doi=10.7717/peerj.4529|pmid=29576986|pmc=5865477 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The [[Mugher Mudstone]] of [[Ethiopia]] was screened in the 1990s by the [[University of California Museum of Paleontology]], and in it were discovered multiple dinosaur teeth, pertaining to many groups of taxa. The locality has been described as "the largest and most complete record of dinosaur fossils from a Late Jurassic African locality outside of [[Tendaguru Formation|Tendaguru]]". Two of the partial teeth discovered were referred to ''Paranthodon'' by Lee Hall and Mark Goodwin in 2011. The reasons for the referral to ''Paranthodon'' were not discussed.<ref name=hall11/>

==Description==
[[File:Paranthodon Size Comparison by PaleoGeek.svg|thumb|left|Size comparison with a human|alt=Silhouette of ''Paranthodon'' is shown to be three times longer than the human silhouette is tall]]
''Paranthodon'' was a small relative of larger stegosaurids such as ''Stegosaurus''. [[Thomas R. Holtz Jr.]] estimated that the animal was {{convert|16.4|ft|abbr=on|disp=flip}} long and weighed between {{convert|454|and|907|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref name="holtz2007"/><ref name="holtzsuplementary"/> The snout is elongated, though not extremely so, and [[wikt:convex|convex]] on top. The back of the premaxilla is long and broad, and the external [[nostrils|nares]] are large. The teeth have a prominent primary ridge. The fossilised nasal and maxillary bones are relatively complete, and an incomplete premaxilla is also preserved. The partial snout resembles ''Stegosaurus'' in its large [[anatomical terms of location#Anterior and posterior|posterior]] premaxillary process and the extension of the [[palate]]. ''Stegosaurus'' was the only stegosaurid known from adequate cranial material to compare with ''Paranthodon'' during the 1981 review of the taxon, and even though their resemblance is great, tooth [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] is very distinguishing among the stegosaurians. For example, cranial material is known from ''Stegosaurus'', ''Paranthodon'', ''Kentrosaurus'', and ''Tuojiangosaurus'', and the tooth morphology differs in all of them.<ref name="galton&coombs1981"/>
[[File:Paranthodon maxilla.png|thumb|upright|[[Maxilla]] and [[premaxilla]] in multiple views]]
The premaxilla of ''Paranthodon'' is incomplete, but the anterior process is sinuous and curves [[anatomical terms of location#Dorsal and ventral|ventrally]]. This is similar to in ''[[Miragaia longicollum|Miragaia]]'', ''[[Huayangosaurus]]'', the [[ankylosaur]] ''[[Silvisaurus]]'', and ''[[Heterodontosaurus]]'', but unlike in ''[[Chungkingosaurus]]'', ''Stegosaurus'', ''[[Edmontonia]]'' and ''[[Lesothosaurus]]''. The premaxilla also lacks any teeth, like in every stegosaur except ''Huayangosaurus'' where the premaxilla is preserved. Like in ''Huayangosaurus'' but not ''Stegosaurus'' or ''[[Hesperosaurus]]'', the [[nasal fenestra]] faces anterolaterally, being visible from the front and sides. The naris is longer than wide like in other stegosaurs, and also has a smooth internal surface, so it was most likely a simple passage.<ref name=raven2018/> The maxilla is roughly triangular, as in most other thyreophorans. The [[tooth row]] is horizontal in lateral view, and in ventral view it is sinuous. ''Stegosaurus'' and ''Huayangosaurus'' possess a straight tooth row in ventral view, although ''[[Scelidosaurus]]'' and ''[[Jiangjunosaurus]]'' do not.<ref name=raven2018/> The maxilla of ''Paranthodon'' preserves the tooth row, and shows that there is little to no overhang. This differs from ankylosaurians, where there is a large overhang of the maxilla.<ref name="PMGCratero"/> As with ''Stegosaurus'' and ''Silvisaurus'', there is a [[diastema]] (gap in the tooth row) on the maxilla in front of the tooth row. The posterior maxilla is incomplete so no information is known about the [[jugal bone|jugal]] or [[lacrimal bone|lacrimal]] contact.<ref name=raven2018/> ''Paranthodon'' has an elongate, dorsally convex nasal, like in most other stegosaurs. There are thickened ridges along the sides of the nasals. The preserved portion of the nasal does not contact the premaxilla or maxilla.<ref name=raven2018/>
[[File:Paranthodon vertebra.png|thumb|left|Known vertebra fragment, compared to a complete ''[[Stegosaurus]]'' dorsal vertebra (F)]]
Thirteen teeth are preserved in ''Paranthodon'', but as they extend to the back of the maxilla there were possibly more in life. The teeth are symmetrical as in stegosaurs except ''Chungkingosaurus''. Along the base of the [[tooth crown]] there is a swelling ([[cingulum (tooth)|cingulum]]), which is seen in all other known stegosaurid teeth except ''Huayangosaurus''.<ref name=raven2018/> The teeth have a middle ridge, with five fewer prominent ridges on either side. This is similar to the size ridges seen on ''Kentrosaurus''.<ref name="PMGCratero"/> Like all stegosaurians, the [[Denticle (tooth feature)|denticles]] on the teeth are rounded at the tips, in contrast to ankylosaurians. Also, like ''Huayangosaurus'', but unlike ''Kentrosaurus'' and ''Stegosaurus'', ''Paranthodon'' possesses a prominent buccal margination (a ridge beside the tooth row). ''Paranthodon'' teeth preserve wear, but wear is absent on most teeth, similar to ''Huayangosaurus'', meaning it is likely that ''Paranthodon'' lacked [[occlusion (dentistry)|occlusion]] between teeth.<ref name="pmb01"/>

As only two fragments of a vertebra are known, few anatomical details can be observed. The right [[transverse process]] and [[prezygapophysis]] are preserved. The vertebra is possibly a middle dorsal, based on the angle of the transverse process and the orientation of the prezygapophysis. Similar to ''Stegosaurus'' and ''Chungkingosaurus'' mid-dorsals, the transverse process is angled about 60º dorsally. Unlike in all other stegosaurs except ''Stegosaurus'', the prezygapophysis faces dorsally.<ref name=raven2018/>

==Classification==
Currently, ''Paranthodon'' is classified as a stegosaur related to ''Stegosaurus'', ''[[Tuojiangosaurus]]'', and ''[[Loricatosaurus]]''. Initially, when Broom assigned the name ''Palaeoscincus africanus'' to the ''Paranthodon'' fossils, he classified them as an [[ankylosauria]]n. This classification was later changed by Nopcsa, who found that ''Paranthodon'' best resembled a stegosaurid (before the group was truly defined<ref name="serenotaxon"/>). Coombs (1978) did not follow Nopcsa's classification, keeping ''Paranthodon'' as an ankylosaurian, like Broom, although he only classified it as Ankylosauria ''[[incertae sedis]]''.<ref name="coombs1978"/> A subsequent review by Galton and Coombs in 1981 instead confirmed Nopcsa's interpretation, redescribing ''Paranthodon'' as a stegosaurid from the Lower Cretaceous.<ref name="galton&coombs1981"/><ref name="PMGCratero"/> ''Paranthodon'' was distinguished from other stegosaurs by a long, wide, posterior process of the premaxilla, teeth in the maxilla with a very large cingulum, and large ridges on the tooth crowns.<ref name="glut97"/> Not all of these features were considered valid in a 2008 review of Stegosauria, with the only [[autapomorphy]] found being the possession of a partial second bony palate on the maxilla.<ref name="maidment08"/>
[[File:Paranthodon.jpg|thumb|Hypothetical [[paleoart|restoration]] based on related [[stegosaurians]]|alt=A small-headed dinosaur standing on four legs. The back has numerous bony plates extending upward.]]
Multiple phylogenetic analyses have placed ''Paranthodon'' in Stegosauria, and often in Stegosauridae. A 2010 analysis including nearly all species of stegosaurians found that ''Paranthodon'' was outside Stegosauridae, and in a [[polytomy]] with ''Tuojiangosaurus'', ''Huayangosaurus'', ''Chungkingosaurus'', ''Jiangjunosaurus'', and ''[[Gigantspinosaurus]]''. When the latter two genera were removed, ''Paranthodon'' grouped with ''Tuojiangosaurus'' just outside Stegosauridae, and ''Huayangosaurus'' grouped with ''Chungkingosaurus'' in Huayangosauridae.<ref name="maidment2010"/> An elaboration upon this analysis was published in 2017 by Susannah Maidment and Thomas Raven, and it resolved relationships within Stegosauria much more. All taxa were remained included, and ''Paranthodon'' grouped with ''Tuojiangosaurus'', ''Huayangosaurus'' and ''Chunkingosaurus'' as the most basal true stegosaurians. The position of ''[[Alcovasaurus]]'' was uncertain, and further work could change the result. Below is the analysis.<ref name="maidment17"/>
[[File:Paranthodon nasal.png|thumb|upright|[[Nasal bone]] of ''Paranthodon'' in multiple views]]
{{Clade| style=font-size: 85%; line-height:85%
|label1=[[Thyreophora]]
|1={{clade
 |1=''[[Lesothosaurus diagnosticus]]''
 |2={{clade
  |1={{clade
   |1=''[[Laquintasaura venezuelae]]''
   |2=''[[Scutellosaurus lawleri]]'' }}
  |2={{clade
   |1=''[[Emausaurus ernsti]]''
   |2={{clade
    |1=''[[Scelidosaurus harrisonii]]''
    |2={{clade
     |1=''[[Alcovasaurus longispinus]]''
     |label2=[[Eurypoda]]
     |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Ankylosauria]]
      |1={{clade
       |1=''[[Sauropelta edwardsi]]''
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Gastonia burgei]]''
        |2=''[[Euoplocephalus tutus]]'' }} }}
      |label2=[[Stegosauria]]
      |2={{clade
       |1={{clade
        |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Huayangosaurus taibaii]]''
         |2=''[[Chungkingosaurus jiangbeiensis]]'' }}
        |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Tuojiangosaurus multispinus]]''
         |2='''''Paranthodon africanus''''' }} }}
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Jiangjunosaurus junggarensis]]''
        |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Gigantspinosaurus sichuanensis]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Kentrosaurus aethiopicus]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Dacentrurus armatus]]''
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Loricatosaurus priscus]]''
            |2={{clade
             |1={{clade
              |1=''[[Hesperosaurus mjosi]]''
              |2=''[[Miragaia longicollum]]'' }}
             |2={{clade
              |1=''[[Stegosaurus stenops]]''
              |2=''[[Stegosaurus homheni]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

Other analyses have found ''Paranthodon'' closely related to ''Tuojiangosaurus'', ''Loricatosaurus'', and ''Kentrosaurus'' within [[Stegosaurinae]].<ref name="maidment08"/><ref name="galton2012"/> Even though phylogenetic analyses recognise ''Paranthodon'' as a stegosaurid, the type material bears no [[Synapomorphy|synapomorphies]] of Stegosauria. The material is likely of stegosaurian nature, and phylogenies by many authors have found it to be within the group.<ref name="maidment2010"/>

==Paleoecology==
{{Location map|South Africa Eastern Cape
|width      = 200
|float      = right
|border     = 
|caption    = The [[Kirkwood Formation]], the location of the fossil discovery
|alt        = Map showing the Eastern Cape off the coast of South Africa, with the Kirkwood Formation near the southern coast
|relief     = 
|AlternativeMap= 
|overlay_image = 
|label      = Kirkwood Formation
|label_size = 
|position   = 
|background = 
|mark       = 
|marksize   = 
|link       = 
|lat_deg    = -33.417774
|lon_deg    = 25.275333
}}
The Kirkwood Formation is in South Africa, and many fossils of different [[species]] and genera have been discovered in it, with ''Paranthodon'' being the first uncovered.<ref name="forsteretal2009"/> The formation is of a [[Late Jurassic]] to [[Early Cretaceous]] age, with the oldest deposits from the [[Tithonian]], about 145.5 million years ago, and the youngest rocks being from the Valanginian, about 130 million years ago.<ref name="holtz2007"/><ref name="glut97"/><ref name="psetal03"/> The specific vertebrate-bearing portion of the formation is approximately level with the upper region of the [[Sundays River Formation]], which has been dated to 139 to 131 mya based on microfossils.<ref name="mcphee16"/> A large variety of different [[animal]] groups have been found in the formation, including dinosaurs, at least two different [[sphenodontia]]n tuataras, multiple [[teleost]] fishes, a few [[crocodylian]]s, some [[frog]] specimens, and also [[turtles]]. A large amount of the material of the Kirkwood formation only includes isolated teeth or partial and fragmentary pieces of bone. Dinosaurs of the formation include a basal [[tetanuran]], the primitive [[ornithomimosauria]]n ''[[Nqwebasaurus]]'', the [[sauropod]] ''[[Algoasaurus]]'', a potential [[titanosauria]]n, many [[ornithischia]]ns, a genus of ornithopod ''[[Iyuku]]'', and a "[[hypsilophodontid]]" (the family Hypsilophodontidae is no longer considered to be a natural grouping<ref name="brown2013"/>).<ref name="forsteretal2009"/><ref name="albanymus"/> Multiple additional sauropod taxa have been discovered, including a basal [[eusauropod]], a [[brachiosaurid]], a [[dicraeosaurid]] and a derived [[diplodocid]].<ref name="mcphee16"/>

If the referral of teeth from Ethiopia to ''Paranthodon'' is correct, then the taxon's geographic range is extended significantly. The Mugher locality is approximately 151 million years old, about 14 million older than has previously been suggested for ''Paranthodon'', as well as across both southern and eastern Africa. The fauna in the Mugher locality differ from elsewhere of the same time and place in Africa. While the Tendaguru has abundant stegosaurs, sauropods, [[ornithopod]]s and [[theropod]]s, the Mugher Mudstone preserves the stegosaur ''Paranthodon'', a hypsilophodontid ornithopod, a probable sauropod, and theropods related to [[Allosauridae]] and [[Dromaeosauridae]].<ref name=hall11/>

==References==
{{Academic peer reviewed|Q83852037|doi-access=free}}
<references>
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<ref name="pmb01">{{cite book|last1=Barrett|first1=P.M.|editor1-last=Carpenter|editor1-first=Kenneth|title=The Armoured Dinosaurs|year=2001|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-33964-5|pages=36–39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04tQ5_qJN8MC|chapter=Tooth Wear and Possible Jaw Action of ''Scelidosaurus harrisonii'' Owen and a Review of Feeding Mechanisms of Other Thyreophoran Dinosaurs}}</ref>
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<ref name="broom1912">{{cite journal | last1 = Broom | first1 = R. | year = 1912 | title = Observations on some specimens of South African fossil reptiles preserved in the British Museum | journal = Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa | volume = 2 | pages = 19–25 | doi = 10.1080/00359191009519357| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1430381 }}</ref>
<ref name="nopcsa1929">{{cite journal | last1 = Nopsca | first1 = F. | year = 1929 | title = Dinosaurierreste aus Siebenburgen V. Geologica Hungarica. Series Palaeontologica | journal = Fasciculus | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | page = 13 }}</ref>
<ref name="glut97">{{cite book|last1=Glut|first1=D.F.|title=Dinosaurs, the encyclopedia|year=1997|publisher=McFarland & Co.|isbn=978-0-7864-7222-2|pages=676–677}}</ref>
<ref name="coombs1978">{{cite journal|last=Coombs|first=W.P. Jr.|year=1978|title=The Families of the Ornithischian Dinosaur Order Ankylosauria|url=http://cdn.palass.org/publications/palaeontology/volume_21/pdf/vol21_part1_pp143-170.pdf|journal=Palaeontology|volume=21|issue=1|pages=143–170|access-date=3 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708192417/http://cdn.palass.org/publications/palaeontology/volume_21/pdf/vol21_part1_pp143-170.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="galton&coombs1981">{{cite journal|last1=Galton|first1=P.M.|last2=Coombs|first2=W.P. Jr.|year=1981|title=''Paranthodon africanus'' (broom) a stegosaurian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of South Africa|journal=Geobios|volume=14|issue=3|pages=299–309|doi=10.1016/S0016-6995(81)80177-5|bibcode=1981Geobi..14..299G }}</ref>
<ref name="olshevsky1978">{{cite journal|last1=Olshevsky |first1=G. |year=1978 |title=The Archosaurian Taxa (excluding the Crocodylia) |journal=Mesozoic Meanderings |issue=1 |pages=1–50 }}</ref>
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</references>

==See also==
{{sisterlinks|v=WikiJournal_of_Science/Paranthodon|d=Q135602|c=Category:Paranthodon|species=Paranthodon|n=no|b=no|voy=no|m=no|wikt=Paranthodon|s=no|q=no|mw=no}}
* [[Timeline of stegosaur research]]

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[[Category:Stegosauria]]
[[Category:Valanginian dinosaurs]]
[[Category:Dinosaurs of South Africa]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1929]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Franz Nopcsa von Felső-Szilvás]]