View source for Paramedics in Australia

{{short description|Overview of paramedics in Australia}}
A [[paramedic]] in [[Australia]] is a health care professional who holds a minimum of a [[Bachelor's degree|Bachelor's Degree]] in Paramedicine and is registered with the Paramedicine Board of Australia via the [[Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency|Australian Health Practitioners Regulation Agency]] (AHPRA)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Registration|url=https://www.paramedicineboard.gov.au/registration.aspx|access-date=5 February 2021|website=Paramedicine Board of Australia|publisher=Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency}}</ref>  As of December 2021, there are over 22,500 registered '''paramedics in Australia''', of which approximately 70% (15,750) work for a jurisdictional  service (each of which covers an entire state or territory), and of which 47% of which are female.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=31 December 2021|title=Registrant data|url=https://www.paramedicineboard.gov.au/News/Statistics.aspx|access-date=5 February 2021|website=Statistics - Paramedicine Board of Australia|publisher=Paramedicine Board of Australia}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=1 February 2022|title=Report on Government Services 2022, Part E, Section 11, Table A.8|url=https://www.pc.gov.au/research/ongoing/report-on-government-services/2022/health/ambulance-services#downloads|website=Australian Government Productivity Commission}}</ref> Paramedics in Australia may undergo further training and complete a [[Master's degree|Master's Degree]] to specialise in either [[Intensive care medicine|Intensive Care]] or [[Primary care|Primary Care]] medicine.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Wilkinson-Stokes|first=Matt|date=2021-01-03|title=A taxonomy of Australian and New Zealand paramedic clinical roles|url=https://ajp.paramedics.org/index.php/ajp/article/view/880|journal=Australasian Journal of Paramedicine|volume=18|pages=1–20 |doi=10.33151/ajp.18.880|issn=2202-7270|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Regulation==

From 1 December 2018, Paramedicine in Australia became regulated under the Paramedicine Board of Australia (who are supported in their function by AHPRA, the national body which administers the registration scheme), and the titles "Paramedic" and "Paramedicine" are legally restricted to registered practitioners.<ref name=":0" /> Paramedics may use the post nominal letters RP (Registered Paramedic). Initial registration requires holding an approved qualification and being deemed suitable under the standards of criminal history, English language skills, professional indemnity insurance, and recency of practice.  Annual re-registration additionally requires completion of 30 hours [[Continuing professional development|continual professional development]].  All registered paramedics are publicly visible and able to be searched on the AHPRA registry of practitioners.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Registry of practitioners|url=https://www.ahpra.gov.au/|website=AHPRA}}</ref>

==Education and training==

=== Undergraduates ===
Registration as a paramedic requires completion of an approved qualification recognised by AHPRA.  Currently, 15 universities offer undergraduate Bachelor degrees recognised by AHPRA:

* [[Monash University]]
* [[Griffith University]]
* [[Queensland University of Technology]]
* [[University of the Sunshine Coast]]
* [[University of Tasmania]]
* [[Australian Catholic University]]
* [[Central Queensland University]]
* [[Charles Sturt University]]
* [[Curtin University]]
* [[Edith Cowan University]]
* [[Flinders University]]
* [[La Trobe University]]
* [[University of Southern Queensland]]
* [[Victoria University, Melbourne|Victoria University]]
* [[Western Sydney University]]

Entry to undergraduate degrees remains competitive, with a mean entry [[Australian Tertiary Admission Rank|ATAR]] of 83.2 in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ATAR Requirements|url=https://www.facebook.com/ParamedProf/photos/a.878949382148816/4015411788502544/|access-date=2022-02-05|website=The Paramedic Observer|language=en}}</ref> Some paramedic degrees are dual (that is, combined with another discipline, for example Bachelor of Paramedicine/[[Bachelor of Nursing]]).<ref>http://www.acu.edu.au/courses/640253 {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> In 2021 there were approximately 8,000 Bachelor's Degree paramedicine students in Australia, with a significant surplus of graduates to recruitment within the jurisdictional services, leading to increased recruitment in other health services such as GP clinics and Emergency Departments.<ref name=":1" />

Undergraduate degrees involve three years of full-time study, consisting of three core elements: traditional academic coursework, practical simulations, and placement.  Academic coursework involves [[anatomy]], [[physiology]], [[pathology]], [[pharmacology]], [[resuscitation]], [[traumatology]], [[cardiology]], [[pulmonology]], [[neurology]], [[Pediatrics|paediatrics]], [[obstetrics]], and [[mental health]], with less detailed study of [[gastroenterology]], [[toxicology]], and [[endocrinology]].  Assessment for academic coursework is via essays and closed-book written exams.  Practical simulations (commonly called 'pracs') are aligned to match the current academic topics, and provide a setting to practice skills such as [[laryngoscopy]], [[Breathing|ventilation]], [[resuscitation]], and [[Childbirth|delivery]].  Assessment for practical classes is, as with medicine and nursing, via Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs), usually with the local state [[Medical guideline|clinical practice guidelines]] as the marking criteria.  Placement is not assessed, and requires simply attending rostered shifts accompanying on-road paramedics.  The placement conditions vary by state, but generally involve several hundred hours of unpaid shift work.  Due to the nature of paramedicine, students on placement regularly are required to assist with patient treatment under the supervision of qualified paramedics.

Paramedics are generally not able to practice autonomously following completion of an undergraduate degree, with most services requiring completion of a  12-month graduate program with supervision and additional assessment (colloquially referred to as a 'grad year').

===Postgraduate qualifications===
A [[Master's degree|Master's Degree]] is generally mandatory to progress to specialisation as an [[Intensive care medicine|Intensive Care]] or [[Primary care|Primary Care]] paramedic, and is usually funded by the employer.  [[Doctor of Philosophy|Doctoral studies]] are growing in paramedicine, and are offered at multiple universities.

== Employment ==
As of December 2021, there are over 22,500 registered paramedics in Australia, of which approximately 70% (15,750) work for a state service.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />  With the exception of the [[Northern Territory]] and [[Western Australia]], all services are government agencies, and are commonly collectively referred to as the jurisdictional ambulance services (JASs).  The services had a collective budget of over $4 billion AUD in 2021.<ref name=":2" />  The eight state services are:

# [[Ambulance Tasmania]]
# [[Ambulance Victoria]]
# [[Australian Capital Territory Ambulance Service]]
# [[New South Wales Ambulance]] 
# [[Queensland Ambulance Service]]
# [[SA Ambulance Service]]
# [[St John Ambulance (Northern Territory)|St John Northern Territory]]
# [[St John Ambulance WA|St John Western Australia]]

Employment outside the state services is not subject to routine data collection, and there is limited accurate information available to summarise these roles.

==Clinical scope of practice==

Although paramedics are legally given autonomous authority to practice by their registration, in practice as a public service employee a paramedic's interventions (skills and medications they are allowed to perform) are determined by their employer.  Scope of practice varies by jurisdiction, but broadly involves three levels:<ref name=":3" />

# Generalist paramedics (Bachelor's Degree)
# Intensive and Critical Care Paramedic (Master's Degree)
# Additional scopes of practice including extended scope, low Acute, community paramedicine. 
Generalist paramedics are [[Bachelor's degree|Bachelor's Degree]] trained paramedics who hold AHPRA registration and who have completed a 12-month on-road graduate year.  They make up the majority of practicing paramedics, with a scope of care focused on [[resuscitation]], assessment, [[Pain management|analgesia]], [[cardiology]], and [[pulmonology]]. Generalist paramedics can undertake additional [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate training]] to qualify as an Extended Care or Intensive Care paramedic.

Extended Care paramedics (ECPs), also sometimes known as Community paramedics (CPs) or Local Area Assessment and Referral Unit (LARUs) provide additional primary care skills, with the specific goal of avoiding unnecessary transportation for patients to increase efficiency.

Intensive care paramedics (ICPs) also known as Critical Care Paramedics (CCPs) or Mobile intensive care ambulance paramedics (MICAs) provide additional critical care skills, generally on [[airway management]], [[cardiology]], and [[General anaesthesia|sedation]].  ICPs most commonly operate solo out of an [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]] and do not transport patients themselves, instead assisting generalist crews as required.

Beyond Critical & Intensive Care paramedics, most services additionally have a third-tier clinical level, usually reserved for [[Aviation medicine|Helicopter Emergency Medical Services]] (HEMS) paramedics, commonly called Flight Paramedics.  Additional qualifications for this level vary; in some services a [[Graduate diploma|Graduate Diploma]] is required, while in others a second [[Master's degree|Master's Degree]] is undertaken (for a total of 7 years' university, including previous qualifications). Flight Paramedics undertake high level and critical cases by both road and air, and depending on the service have additional aviation training as down-the-wire winch crew. Paramedics have additional critical care training to facilitate stabilisaiton of the patient prior to helicopter transportation.  This usually includes administration of [[Blood|blood products]], [[Vasopressor|pressors]], [[mechanical ventilation]], [[Thoracostomy|finger thoracostomy]], and [[Ultrasound|ultrasonography]].  In [[Western Australia]], the [[Northern Territory]], [[South Australia]], and [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] Flight Paramedics usually work autonomously, while in [[Australian Capital Territory|ACT]], [[New South Wales|NSW]], [[Queensland]], and [[Tasmania]] they usually work in a team with a [[Intensivist|critical care doctor]].  Flight responses generally fall into two categories: a primary rescue (where the helicopter vehicle is required to access the patient - such as for [[winch]]ing - or transport larger distances) or a primary retrieval (where the additional skills or medications of a Flight Paramedic are required for stabilisation of the patient).

An example of the types of skills and medications often authorised by employers to the different paramedic clinical levels is provided in the table below:

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Clinical level
!Generalist paramedic
!Extended Care paramedic
!Intensive Care paramedic
!Additional scopes of practice (commonly Flight Paramedics)
|-
|Routine medications
|Adrenaline, aspirin, antivenoms, ceftriaxone, clopidogrel, dexamethasone, droperidol, fentanyl, glucagon, glyceryl trinitrate, heparin, hydrocortisone, hydroxocobalamin, ibuprofen, ipratropium bromide, ketamine, magnesium sulphate, methoxyflurane, midazolam, morphine, naloxone, ondansetron, oxytocin, paracetamol, prochlorperazine, tenecteplase, ticagrelor, tranexamic acid
|Frusemide, lignocaine, loperamide, loratadine, Amlodipine, Amoxicillin / Azithromycin / Benzacine penicillin / Ceftriaxone / Erythromycin / Flucloxacillin / Gentamicin / Roxithromycin / Chloramphenicol / Doxycycline / Nitrofurantoin, Metronidazole, Bisacodyl / Sennoside B, Codeine / Oxycodone, Hyoscine butylbromide, Kenacomb, Levomepromazine, Levonorgestrel, Loperamide, Metoprolol, Miconazole, Parecoxib, Prednisolone, Vaccines
|Atracurium, Amiodarone, Atropine, Adenosine, Benztropine, Calcium gluconate, levetiracetam, olazapine, propofol, rocuronium, vercuronium, suxamethonium, sodium bicarbonate
|Blood products, Enoxaparin, Plasma, Fibrinogen, Isoprenaline, lorazepam, metaraminol, metoprolol, noradrenaline, phenytoin, nifedepine, parecoxib
|-
|Routine skills
|Intravenous cannulation, medication administration (IV, PO, IM, SC, SL), ausculatation, vital signs survey, airway management (OPA, NPA, LMA, suction), gastric tube insertion, laryngoscopy, magill's forceps, needle thoracostomy, resuscitation (CPR, defibrillation), IPPV, CPAP, 
|Local anaesthesia (digital ring block, dental block, fascia iliaca block, wound exploration / closure), Enema administration – fleet (phosphate) / microlax, Manual decompaction of faeces, Ophthalmoscopy, Otoscopy, Peak expiratory flow rate measurement, PEG management, Rectal prolapse reduction, Urinary catheterisation, Wound closure – glue, staples, sutures 
|Rapid sequence induction, delayed sequence induction, ketamine-only breathing intubation, cricothyroidotomy, mintracheostomy, infusions, cardioversion, pacing, intraosseous access
|Finger or tube thoracostomy, mechanical ventilation, ultrasonography FAST scans, invasive blood pressure monitoring
|}

===Paramedic Practitioners===

Unlike in the [[United Kingdom]], the role of a Paramedic Practitioner does not yet exist in Australia. The [[Australian Institute of Paramedic Practitioners (ACPP)]], a group that advocates for the creation of a role similar to that found internationally, states that a Paramedic Practitioner would have the capability to "assess and treat a broad range of patients".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.acpp.net.au/what-is-a-paramedic-practitioner- | title=About AIPP }}</ref> While paramedics are legally allowed to work independently (i.e. open their own clinic), in practice this is not realistic as paramedics do not have [[Prescription drug|prescription rights]], medication ordering rights, or access to bill via the [[Medicare (Australia)|national healthcare system]].

In June 2023, Monash University announced it had been promised $20 million in funding by the Victorian Government to develop an Australian 'Paramedic Practitioner' role and begin training in 2024 to have 25 Paramedic Practitioners qualified by 2026.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.monash.edu/medicine/news/latest/2023-articles/monash-university-to-train-australias-first-paramedic-practitioners | title=Monash University to train Australia's first Paramedic Practitioners | date=5 June 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/delivering-australian-first-paramedic-practitioners | title=Delivering Australian-First Paramedic Practitioners }}</ref>

== Clinical practice guidelines ==

All jurisdictional services in Australia utilise [[Medical guideline|clinical practice guidelines]] (CPGs) to determine a paramedic's scope of practice.  Unlike in nursing and medicine, adhering to the CPGs is often regarded as pivotal, and new paramedics may be expected to memorise all their CPGs.  Cases are routinely audited, and variations from CPGs usually result in a paramedic being formally asked to explain their reasoning behind the variation, and in some cases disciplinary action.  Additionally, universities usually use the local CPG as an assessment tool during OSCEs.  All 8 state service CPGs are openly available.[https://esa.act.gov.au/about-esa-emergency-services/ambulance/clinical-management-guidelines][https://doh.health.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/107334/A00_-_Ambulance_Tasmania_Clinical_Practice_Guidelines_for_Paramedics_and....pdf][https://www.ambulance.vic.gov.au/paramedics/clinical-practice-guidelines/][https://www.ambulance.qld.gov.au/clinical.html][https://clinical.stjohnwa.com.au/][https://apps.apple.com/au/app/nsw-ambulance-protocols/id1103576564][https://www.stjohnnt.org.au/img/documents/clinical-manuals/CPG-HV23June2013.pdf][https://apppage.net/preview/au.com.saambulance.cpg]

With the exception of a sharing agreement between Ambulance Victoria and Ambulance Tasmania (where Tasmania pay a nominal annual licensing fee to use Ambulance Victoria's CPGs, which are then modified as appropriate for Tasmanian requirements), CPGs are developed largely in isolation by each individual service.

==Professional organisations==

=== Colleges ===
Australia's primary college for paramedics is the [https://paramedics.org/ Australasian College of Paramedicine] (ACP).  In 2019, a group of paramedics founded a subset college specialising in low acuity medicine,  the [https://www.acpp.net.au/ Australasian College of Paramedic Practitioners] (ACPP).  There is no high acuity medicine college.  Unlike in medicine, membership of a college is not a prerequisite to specialisation, and colleges do not authorise training programs nor assess candidates for clinical skills.  The role of the colleges is a combination of providing [[Continuing professional development|continual professional development]] (of which 30 hours per year is required to maintain registration with AHPRA) opportunities via education and conferences, advocacy, and funding research.

=== Unions ===
Paramedics are encouraged to join unions by employers, and union-employer bargaining is the primary determinant of [[Enterprise bargaining agreement|Enterprise Bargaining Agreements]] that determine pay and work conditions.  Industrial representation varies from state to state. Registered paramedic unions in Australia include Ambulance Employees Australia (AEA) and the [[Health Services Union]]. Unregistered (non-Union employee support organisations) include Australian Paramedics Associations (APA), Victorian Ambulance Union (VAU) & Australian Paramedic Association QLD (APAQ).

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{Commons|Paramedic}}
* [https://www.paramedics.org/ Australasian College of Paramedicine]

{{Australian Ambulance Services}}
{{EMSworld}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paramedics In Australia}}
[[Category:Emergency medical services in Australia]]