View source for Parables of Jesus

{{Short description|Parables taught by Jesus of Nazareth according to Christian gospels}}
[[File:Guercino_Return_of_the_prodigal_son.jpg|thumb|300px|''The [[Parable of the Prodigal Son]]'' by
 [[Guercino]], 1651]]
{{Gospel Jesus|expanded=Ministry}}
The '''parables of Jesus''' are found in the [[Synoptic Gospel]]s and some of the [[non-canonical gospels]]. They form approximately one third of his recorded teachings. [[Christians]] place great emphasis on these [[parable]]s, which they generally regard as the words of [[Jesus]].{{sfn|Pentecost|1998|p=10}}{{sfn|Osborn|1993|p=98}}

Jesus's parables are seemingly simple and memorable stories, often with imagery, and all teach a lesson in daily life. Scholars have commented that although these parables seem simple, the messages they convey are deep, and central to the teachings of Jesus. Christian authors view them not as mere similitudes that serve the purpose of illustration, but as internal [[analogy|analogies]] in which nature becomes a witness for the [[Spirituality|spiritual]] world.{{sfn|Lisco|1846|pp=9-10}}

Many of Jesus's parables refer to simple everyday things, such as a woman baking bread (the [[parable of the Leaven]]), a man knocking on his neighbor's door at night (the [[parable of the Friend at Night]]), or the aftermath of a roadside [[Footpad|mugging]] (the [[parable of the Good Samaritan]]); yet they deal with major religious themes, such as the growth of the [[Kingdom of God]], the importance of prayer, and the meaning of [[love]].

In Western civilization, these parables formed the [[Prototype (linguistics)|prototype]] for the term ''parable'' and in the modern age, even among those who know little of the [[Bible]], the parables of Jesus remain some of the best-known stories in the world.{{sfn|Barclay|1999|p=9}}

==Roots and sources==
{{Expand section|date=May 2021}}
As a translation of the Hebrew word {{langx|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|מָשָׁל}}|mashal|label=none}}, the word ''parable'' can also refer to a riddle. At all times in their history the Jews were familiar with teaching by means of [[parable]]s and a number of parables also exist in the [[Old Testament]].
The use of parables by Jesus was hence a natural teaching method that fit into the tradition of his time.{{sfn|Perkins|2007|p=105}} [[N. T. Wright|Tom Wright]] observes that his parables are similar to the [[dream#Abrahamic|dreams]] recounted in the Old Testament, which are presented "in search of meanings".<ref>Wright, T. (2001), ''Mark for Everyone'', [[Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge]], page 42</ref> The parables of Jesus have been quoted, taught, and discussed since the very [[Origins of Christianity|beginnings of Christianity]].

==Nature of the parables==
Parables are one of the many literary forms in the Bible, but are especially seen in the gospels of the New Testament. Parables are generally considered to be short stories such as the [[Good Samaritan]], and are differentiated from metaphorical statements such as, "You are the salt of the earth." A true parable may be regarded as an extended simile.{{sfn|Blomberg|2009|p=}} [[Adolf Jülicher]] viewed parables as extended metaphors with a picture part ({{lang|de|Bildhälfte}}), a reality part ({{lang|de|Sachhälfte}}), and a point of comparison ([[tertium comparationis]]) between the picture part and the reality part.{{sfn|Jülicher|1888|p=}} For example, the following parable in Luke 7:31–32 illustrates Jülicher's approach to parables:

{{blockquote|To what then will I compare the people of this generation, and what are they like? They are like children sitting in the marketplace and calling to one another: "We played the flute for you, and you did not dance; we wailed, and you did not weep."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Luke 7:31–32 NKJV - And the Lord said, "To…|url=http://biblia.com/bible/nkjv/luke/7/31-32|access-date=2022-01-20|website=Biblia}}</ref>}}

Although some suggest parables are essentially extended [[Allegory|allegories]], others emphatically argue the opposite.<ref name=Kulikovsky /> Dr. Kenneth Boa states that "Parables are extended figures of comparison that often use short stories to teach a truth or answer a question. While the story in a parable is not historical, it is true to life, not a fairy tale. As a form of oral literature, the parable exploits realistic situations but makes effective use of the imagination... Some of the parables [of Christ] were designed to reveal mysteries to those on the inside and to conceal the truth to those on the outside who would not hear."<ref name=Boa />

===Canonical gospels===
{{main|Canonical gospels}}

The three [[synoptic gospels]] contain the parables of Jesus. There are a growing number of scholars who also find parables in the [[Gospel of John]], such as the little stories of the [[Good Shepherd]] (John 10:1–5) or the childbearing woman (John 16:21).{{efn|name=ChildbearingWoman}} Otherwise, [[Gospel of John|John]] includes [[allegory|allegories]] but no parables. Several authors such as Barbara Reid, Arland Hultgren or Donald Griggs comment that "parables are noticeably absent from the Gospel of John".{{sfn|Reid|2001|p=3}}{{sfn|Hultgren|2000|p= 2}}{{sfn|Griggs| 2003|p=52}}{{efn|name=NoParablesinJohn}}

William Barry states in the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' (1913) "There are no parables in St. John's Gospel. In the Synoptics{{nbsp}}[...] we reckon thirty-three in all; but some have raised the number even to sixty, by including proverbial expressions".{{sfn|Barry|1911}} The [[Gospel of Luke]] contains both the largest total number of parables (24) and eighteen unique parables; the [[Gospel of Matthew]] contains 23 parables of which eleven are unique; and the [[Gospel of Mark]] contains eight parables of which two are unique.

In ''Harmony of the Gospels'', Cox and Easley provide a [[Gospel harmony]] for the parables based on the following counts: only in Matthew: 11; only in Mark: 2; only in Luke: 18; Matthew and Luke: 4; Matthew, Mark and Luke: 6. They list no parables for the Gospel of John.{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2006|p=348}}

===Other documents===
Parables attributed to Jesus are also found in other documents apart from the Bible. Some of these overlap those in the canonical gospels and some are not part of the Bible. The non-canonical [[Gospel of Thomas]] contains up to fifteen parables, eleven of which have parallels in the four [[canonical Gospels]]. The unknown author of the Gospel of Thomas did not have a special word for 'parable', making it difficult to know what they considered a parable.{{sfn|Scott|1989|pp=33–34}}{{efn|name=NumberOfParables}} Those unique to Thomas include the [[Parable of the Assassin]] and the [[Parable of the Empty Jar]].

The noncanonical [[Apocryphon of James]] also contains three unique parables attributed to Jesus.{{sfn|Koester|2013|p=196–200}} They are known as "The Parable of the Ear of Grain", "The Parable of the Grain of Wheat", and "The Parable of the Date-Palm Shoot".{{sfn|Cameron|2004|pp=8–30}}

The hypothetical [[Q document]] is seen as a source for some of the parables in Matthew, Luke, and Thomas.{{sfn|Theissen|Merz|1998|p=339}}

==Purpose and motive==
In the [[Gospel of Matthew]] (13:10–17) Jesus provides an answer when asked about his use of parables:<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|13:10–17}}, {{bibleverse|Mark|4:10–12}}, {{bibleverse|Luke|8:9–10}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Then his disciples asked him what this parable meant. He said, "To you it has been given to know the secrets of the kingdom of God; but to others I speak in parables, so that 'looking they may not perceive, and listening they may not understand.'"|Luke 8:9–10, [[New Revised Standard Version]]<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|8:9–10|NRSV}}</ref>}}

While Mark 4:33–34<ref>{{Bibleverse|Mark|4:33–34}}</ref> and Matthew 13:34–35<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|13:34–35}}</ref> may suggest that Jesus would only speak to the "crowds" in parables, while in private explaining everything to his disciples, some modern scholars do not support the private explanations argument and surmise that Jesus used parables as a teaching method.{{sfn|Harris|2003|p=}} Dwight Pentecost suggests that given that Jesus often preached to a mixed audience of believers and non-believers, he used parables to reveal the truth to some, but hide it from others.{{sfn|Pentecost|1998|p=10}}

The Anglican bishop of Montreal, [[Ashton Oxenden]], suggests that Jesus constructed his parables based on his divine knowledge of how man can be taught:
{{blockquote|
This was a mode of teaching, which our blessed Lord seemed to take special delight in employing. And we may be quite sure, that as "He knew what was in man" better than we know, He would not have taught by Parables, if He had not felt that this was the kind of teaching best suited to our wants.
|source={{harvnb|Oxenden|1864|p=1}} }}

In the 19th century, Lisco and [[Patrick Fairbairn|Fairbairn]] stated that in the parables of Jesus, "the image borrowed from the visible world is accompanied by a truth from the invisible (spiritual) world" and that the parables of Jesus are not "mere similitudes which serve the purpose of illustration, but are internal analogies where nature becomes a witness for the spiritual world".{{sfn|Lisco|1846|pp=9-10}}

Similarly, in the 20th century, calling a parable "an earthly story with a heavenly meaning",{{sfn|Barclay|1999|p=12}} William Barclay states that the parables of Jesus use familiar examples to lead men's minds towards [[Heaven (Christianity)|heavenly]] concepts. He suggests that Jesus did not form his parables merely as analogies but based on an "inward affinity between the natural and the spiritual order."{{sfn|Barclay|1999|p=12}}

==Themes==
A number of parables that are adjacent in one or more gospels have similar themes. The [[parable of the Leaven]] follows the [[parable of the Mustard Seed]] in Matthew and Luke, and shares the theme of the [[Kingdom of God|Kingdom of Heaven]] growing from small beginnings.{{sfn|Witherington|1987|pp=40–41}} The [[parable of the Hidden Treasure]] and [[parable of the Pearl]] form a pair illustrating the great value of the [[Kingdom of God|Kingdom of Heaven]], and the need for action in attaining it.{{sfn|Nolland|2005|pp=565–566}}

The parables of the [[Parable of the Lost Sheep|Lost Sheep]], [[Parable of the Lost Coin|Lost Coin]], and [[Parable of the Prodigal Son|Lost (Prodigal) Son]] form a trio in Luke dealing with loss and redemption.{{sfn|Longenecker|2000|p=201–204}}

The [[parable of the Faithful Servant]] and [[parable of the Ten Virgins]], adjacent in Matthew, involve waiting for a bridegroom, and have an [[Christian eschatology|eschatological]] theme of being prepared for the day of reckoning.{{sfn|France|1985|pp=348–352}} The [[parable of the Tares]]{{sfn|France|1985|p=225}} the [[parable of the Rich Fool]],{{sfn|Purdy|1985|pp=41-43}} the [[parable of the budding fig tree]],{{sfn|Scott|1989|pp=338–340}} and the [[parable of the barren fig tree]]{{sfn|Jones|1999|pp=123–133}} also have eschatological themes.

Other parables stand alone, such as the [[parable of the unforgiving servant]], dealing with forgiveness;{{sfn|Keener|1999|p=456}} the [[parable of the Good Samaritan]], dealing with practical love;{{sfn|Green|1997|p=432}} and the [[parable of the Friend at Night]], dealing with persistence in prayer.{{sfn|Marshall|1978|pp=462–465}}

===Kingdom of Heaven: hearing, seeking, and growing===
{| style="text-align:center; border:1px solid darkgray;"
|- border=0
| [[File:Representation of the Sower's parable.JPEG|center|100x100px|Sower|link=Parable of the Sower]]
| style="padding-left:1em;" | [[File:Brooklyn Museum - The Hidden Treasure (Le trésor enfoui) - James Tissot - overall.jpg|center|100x100px|Hidden Treasure|link=Parable of the Hidden Treasure]]
| style="padding-left:1em;" | [[File:Pearl of great price.jpg|center|100x100px|Pearl (of Great Price)|link=Parable of the Pearl]]
| [[File:Weigel lamp on a stand and the growing seed.jpg|center|100x100px|Growing Seed|link=Parable of the Growing Seed]]
| style="padding-left:1em;" | [[File:Teachings of Jesus 5 of 40. parable of the mustard seed. Jan Luyken etching. Bowyer Bible.gif|center|100x100px|Mustard Seed|link=Parable of the Mustard Seed]]
| style="padding-left:1em;" | [[File:Teachings of Jesus 6 of 40. parable of the leaven. Jan Luyken etching. Bowyer Bible.gif|center|100x100px|Leaven|link=Parable of the Leaven]]
|-
| [[Parable of the Sower|Sower]]
| [[Parable of the Hidden Treasure|Hidden Treasure]]
| [[Parable of the Pearl|Pearl]]
| [[Parable of the Growing Seed|Growing Seed]]
| [[Parable of the Mustard Seed|Mustard Seed]]
| [[Parable of the Leaven|Leaven]]
|}

===Loss and redemption===
{| style="text-align:center; border:1px solid darkgray;"
|- border=0
| [[File:Champaigne shepherd.jpg|center|100x100px|Lost Sheep|link=Parable of the Lost Sheep]]
| style="padding-left:1em;" | [[File:Brooklyn Museum - The Lost Drachma (La drachme perdue) - James Tissot - overall.jpg|center|100x100px|Lost Coin|link=Parable of the Lost Coin]]
| style="padding-left:1em;" | [[File:Guercino_Return_of_the_prodigal_son.jpg|center|100x100px|Prodigal (Lost) Son|link=Parable of the Prodigal Son]]
|-
| [[Parable of the Lost Sheep|Lost Sheep]]
| [[Parable of the Lost Coin|Lost Coin]]
| [[Parable of the Prodigal Son|Prodigal (Lost) Son]]
|}

===Love and forgiveness===
{| style="text-align:center; border:1px solid darkgray;"
|- border=0
| [[File:Good Samaritan (Watts).jpg|center|100x100px|Good Samaritan|link=Parable of the Good Samaritan]]
| [[File:Sainte-marie Madeleine2.jpg|center|100x100px|Two Debtors|link=Parable of the Two Debtors]]
| style="padding-left:1em;" | [[File:Unmerciful.jpg|center|100x100px|Unforgiving (Unmerciful) Servant|link=Parable of the unforgiving servant]]
|-
| [[Parable of the Good Samaritan|Good Samaritan]]
| [[Parable of the Two Debtors|Two Debtors]]
| [[Parable of the Unforgiving Servant|Unforgiving Servant]]
|}

===Prayer===
{| style="text-align:center; border:1px solid darkgray;"
|- border=0
| [[File:Importunate neighbour.jpg|center|100x100px|Friend at Night (Importunate Neighbour)|link=Parable of the Friend at Night]]
| style="padding-left:1em;" | [[File:John Everett Millais - Parable of the Unjust Judge.jpg|center|100x100px|Unjust Judge (Importunate Widow)|link=Parable of the Unjust Judge]]
| [[File:Gouda-Sint-Janskerk-Glas27-unten.jpg|center|100x100px|Pharisee and Publican (Tax Collector)|link=Pharisee and the Publican]]
|-
| [[Parable of the Friend at Night|Friend at Night]]
| [[Parable of the Unjust Judge|Unjust Judge]]
| |[[Pharisee and the Publican|Pharisee & Publican]]
|}

===Eschatology===
{| style="text-align:center; border:1px solid darkgray;"
|- border=0
| [[File:Teachings of Jesus 32 of 40. the faithful and wise steward. Jan Luyken etching. Bowyer Bible.gif|center|100x100px|Faithful Servant (Door Keeper)|link=Parable of the Faithful Servant]]
| style="padding-left:1em;" | [[File:Schadow,FW-Die klugen und törichten Jungfrauen-2.JPG|center|100x100px|Ten (Wise and Foolish) Virgins|link=Parable of the Ten Virgins]]
| style="padding-left:1em;" | [[File:Teachings of Jesus 28 of 40. invitation to the great banquet. Jan Luyken etching. Bowyer Bible.gif|center|100x100px|Great Banquet (Wedding Feast)|link=Parable of the great banquet]]
| [[File:Rembrandt_-_The_Parable_of_the_Rich_Fool.jpg|center|100x100px|Rich Fool|link=Parable of the Rich Fool]]
| style="padding-left:1em;" | [[File:Teachings of Jesus 35 of 40. the wicked husbandmen. Jan Luyken etching. Bowyer Bible.gif|center|100x100px|Wicked Husbandmen (Tenants in the Vineyard)|link=Parable of the Wicked Husbandmen]]
| style="padding-left:1em;" | [[File:AEL Saemann und Teufel - zweite Fassung.jpg|center|100x100px|(Wheat and) Tares|link=Parable of the Tares]]
|-
| [[Parable of the Faithful Servant|Faithful Servant]]
| [[Parable of the Ten Virgins|Ten Virgins]]
| [[Parable of the great banquet|Great Banquet]]
| [[Parable of the Rich Fool|Rich Fool]]
| [[Parable of the Wicked Husbandmen|Wicked Husbandmen]]
| [[Parable of the Tares|Tares]]
|-
| [[File:Teachings of Jesus 4 of 40. parable of the dragnet. Jan Luyken etching. Bowyer Bible.gif|center|100x100px|Drawing in the Net|link=Parable of Drawing in the Net]]
| style="padding-left:1em;" | [[File:Ficus carica 01 by Line1.jpg|center|100x100px|Budding Fig Tree|link=Parable of the budding fig tree]]
| style="padding-left:1em;" | [[File:Teachings of Jesus 36 of 40. parable of the fig tree. Jan Luyken etching. Bowyer Bible.gif|center|100x100px|Barren Fig Tree|link=Parable of the barren fig tree]]
|-
| [[Parable of Drawing in the Net|The Net]]
| [[Parable of the budding fig tree|Budding Fig Tree]]
| [[Parable of the barren fig tree|Barren Fig Tree]]
|}

===Other parables===
{| style="text-align:center; border:1px solid darkgray;"
|- border=0
| [[File:Bell Rock Lighthouse - Google Book Search - Biographical Sketch of the Late Robert Stevenson.jpg|center|100x100px|Wise and Foolish Builders (House on the Rock)|link=Parable of the Wise and the Foolish Builders]]
| [[File:Teachings of Jesus 7 of 40. the candle. Jan Luyken etching. Bowyer Bible.gif|center|100x100px|Lamp under a Bushel (Bowl, Basket)|link=Lamp under a bushel]]
| [[File:Teachings of Jesus 31 of 40. parable of the unjust steward. Jan Luyken etching. Bowyer Bible.gif|center|100x100px|Unjust Steward (Shrewd Manager)|link=Parable of the Unjust Steward]]
| [[File:Fedor Bronnikov 007.jpg|center|100x100px|Rich Man (Dives) and Lazarus|link=Rich man and Lazarus]]
| [[File:Parable of the Talents.jpg|center|100x100px|Talents (Minas)|link=Parable of the talents or minas]]
| [[File:CodexAureusEpternacensisf76fDetail.jpg|center|100x100px|Workers in the Vineyard|link=Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard]]
|-
| [[Parable of the Wise and the Foolish Builders|Wise & Foolish Builders]]
| [[Lamp under a bushel|Lamp under a Bushel]]
| [[Parable of the Unjust Steward|Unjust Steward]]
| [[Rich man and Lazarus|Rich Man and Lazarus]]
| [[Parable of the talents or minas|Talents (Minas)]]
| [[Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard]]
|
|}

==Art==
[[File:Wise and foolish.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A depiction of the [[Parable of the Ten Virgins]] on a [[stained glass window]] in [[Scots' Church, Melbourne]]]]
Of the thirty or so parables in the canonical Gospels, four were shown in medieval art almost to the exclusion of the others, but not mixed in with the narrative scenes of the [[Life of Jesus in the New Testament|Life of Christ]]. These were: the [[Parable of the Ten Virgins|Ten Virgins]], the [[Rich man and Lazarus]], the [[Prodigal Son]] and the [[Good Samaritan]].{{sfn|Mâle|1972|p=195}} Artists famous for depicting parables include [[Martin Schongauer]], [[Pieter Bruegel the Elder]] and [[Albrecht Dürer]]. The [[Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard|Workers in the Vineyard]] also appears in [[Early Medieval]] works. From the Renaissance, the number of parables depicted increased slightly, and the Prodigal Son became a clear favorite, appearing in various scenes, with the Good Samaritan also being popular. Albrecht Dürer made a famous [[engraving]] of the Prodigal Son among the pigs (1496), a popular subject in the [[Northern Renaissance]], and [[Rembrandt]] depicted the story several times, although at least one of his works, [[The Prodigal Son in the Tavern]], a portrait of himself as the Son revelling with his wife, is like many artists' depictions, a way of dignifying a genre tavern scene. His late [[The Return of the Prodigal Son (Rembrandt)|The Return of the Prodigal Son]] ([[Hermitage Museum]], [[St Petersburg]]) is one of his most popular works. In 1857, the [[Brothers Dalziel]] commissioned [[John Everett Millais]] to illustrate the parables, and his work was published in 1864 in London.{{sfn|Millais|1975|p=}}

==Poetry and hymns==
As well as being depicted in art and discussed in prose, a number of parables form the inspiration for religious poetry and [[hymn]]s. For example, the hymn "The Ninety and Nine" by [[Elizabeth C. Clephane]] (1868) is inspired by the [[parable of the Lost Sheep]]:

{{poemquote|
There were ninety and nine that safely lay
In the shelter of the fold.
But one was out on the hills away,
Far off from the gates of gold.
Away on the mountains wild and bare.
Away from the tender Shepherd's care.
Away from the tender Shepherd's care.
|{{harvnb|Clephane|1910}} }}

Similarly, "My Hope Is Built" ([[Edward Mote]], {{Circa|1834}}) is inspired by the [[parable of the Wise and the Foolish Builders]], and "How Kind the Good Samaritan" ([[John Newton]], {{Circa|1779}}) is inspired by the [[parable of the Good Samaritan]].

==Harmony of parables==
A sample [[gospel harmony]] for the parables based on the [[list of key episodes in the Canonical Gospels]] is presented in the table below. For the sake of consistency, this table is automatically sub-selected from the main harmony table in the [[Gospel harmony]] article, based on the [[list of key episodes in the Canonical Gospels]]. Usually, no parables are associated with the [[Gospel of John]], just allegories.{{sfn|Cox|Easley|2006|p=348}}

<!-- Instructions for editing Wikipedia tables: http://meta.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_User%27s_Guide:_Using_tables -->
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!width="40" |Number
!width="200" |Event
!width="100" |Matthew
!width="100" |Mark
!width="100" |Luke
!width="100" |John
|-
||1||[[The Wise and the Foolish Builders]]||Matthew 7:24–27<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|7:24–27}}</ref>||||Luke 6:46–49<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|6:46–49}}</ref>||
|-
||2||[[New Wine into Old Wineskins]]||Matthew 9:16–17<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|9:16–17}}</ref>||Mark 2:21–22<ref>{{Bibleverse|Mark|2:21–22}}</ref>||Luke 5:37–39<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|5:37–39}}</ref>||
|-
||3||[[Parable of the Strong Man|The Strong Man]]||Matthew 12:29<ref name="auto2">{{Bibleverse|Matthew|12:29}}</ref>||Mark 3:27<ref name="auto10">{{Bibleverse|Mark|3:27}}</ref>||Luke 11:21–22<ref name="auto4">{{Bibleverse|Luke|11:21–22}}</ref>||
|-
||4||[[The Two Debtors]]||||||Luke 7:41–43<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|7:41–43}}</ref>||
|-
||5||[[Parable of the Sower|The Sower]]||Matthew 13:3–9<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|13:3–9}}</ref>||Mark 4:3–9<ref>{{Bibleverse|Mark|4:3–9}}</ref>||Luke 8:5–8<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|8:5–8}}</ref>||
|-
||6||[[Lamp under a bushel|The Lamp Under a Bushel]]||Matthew 5:14–15<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|5:14–15}}</ref>||Mark 4:21–25<ref>{{Bibleverse|Mark|4:21–25}}</ref>||Luke 8:16–18<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|8:16–18}}</ref>||
|-
||7||[[The Growing Seed]]||||Mark 4:26–29<ref name="auto3">{{Bibleverse|Mark|4:26–29}}</ref>||||
|-
||8||[[The Tares]]||Matthew 13:24–30<ref name="auto5">{{Bibleverse|Matthew|13:24–30}}</ref>||||||
|-
||9||[[Parable of the Good Samaritan|The Good Samaritan]]||||||Luke 10:25–37<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|10:25–37}}</ref>||
|-
||10||[[The Friend at Night]]||||||Luke 11:5–8<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|11:5–8}}</ref>||
|-
||11||[[The Rich Fool]]||||||Luke 12:16–21<ref name="auto9">{{Bibleverse|Luke|12:16–21}}</ref>||
|-
||12||[[The Barren Fig Tree]]||||||Luke 13:6–9<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|13:6–9}}</ref>||
|-
||13||[[Parable of the Mustard Seed|The Mustard Seed]]||Matthew 13:31–32<ref name="auto">{{Bibleverse|Matthew|13:31–32}}</ref>||Mark 4:30–32<ref name="auto15">{{Bibleverse|Mark|4:30–32}}</ref>||Luke 13:18–19<ref name="auto16">{{Bibleverse|Luke|13:18–19}}</ref>||
|-
||14||[[The Leaven]]||Matthew 13:33<ref name="auto11">{{Bibleverse|Matthew|13:33}}</ref>||||Luke 13:20–21<ref name="auto14">{{Bibleverse|Luke|13:20–21}}</ref>||
|-
||15||[[The Hidden Treasure]]||Matthew 13:44<ref name="auto13">{{Bibleverse|Matthew|13:44}}</ref>||||||
|-
||16||[[Parable of the Pearl|The Pearl]]||Matthew 13:45–46<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|13:45–46}}</ref>||||||
|-
||17||[[Drawing in the Net]]||Matthew 13:47–50<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|13:47–50}}</ref>||||||
|-
||18||[[Parable of the Householder's Treasure]]||Matthew 13:51–52<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|13:51–52}}</ref>||||||
|-
||19||[[Parable of the Wedding Feast|The Wedding Feast]]||||||Luke 14:7–14<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|14:7–14}}</ref>||
|-
||20||[[Counting the Cost]]||||||Luke 14:28–33<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|14:28–33}}</ref>||
|-
||21||[[The Lost Sheep]] ||Matthew 18:10–14<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|18:10–14}}</ref>||||Luke 15:4–6<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|15:4–6}}</ref>||
|-
||22||[[The Unforgiving Servant]]||Matthew 18:23–35<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|18:23–35}}</ref>||||||
|-
||23||[[The Lost Coin]]||||||Luke 15:8–9<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|15:8–9}}</ref>||
|-
||24||[[Parable of the Prodigal Son|The Prodigal Son]]||||||Luke 15:11–32<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|15:11–32}}</ref>||
|-
||25||[[The Unjust Steward]]||||||Luke 16:1–13<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|16:1–13}}</ref>||
|-
||26||[[Rich man and Lazarus|The Rich Man and Lazarus]]||||||Luke 16:19–31<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|16:19–31}}</ref>||
|-
||27||[[The Master and Servant]]||||||Luke 17:7–10<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|17:7–10}}</ref>||
|-
||28||[[The Unjust Judge]]||||||Luke 18:1–8<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|18:1–8}}</ref>||
|-
||29||[[The Pharisee and the Publican]]||||||Luke 18:9–14<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|18:9–14}}</ref>||
|-
||30||[[The Workers in the Vineyard]]||Matthew 20:1–16<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|20:1–16}}</ref>||||||
|-
||31||[[The Two Sons]]||Matthew 21:28–32<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|21:28–32}}</ref>||||||
|-
||32||[[The Wicked Husbandmen]]||Matthew 21:33–41<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|21:33–41}}</ref>||Mark 12:1–9<ref>{{Bibleverse|Mark|12:1–9}}</ref>||Luke 20:9–16<ref>{{Bibleverse||Luke|20:9–16}}</ref>||
|-
||33||[[The Great Banquet]]||Matthew 22:1–14<ref name="auto1">{{Bibleverse|Matthew|22:1–14}}</ref>||||Luke 14:15–24<ref name="auto7">{{Bibleverse|Luke|14:15–24}}</ref>||
|-
||34||[[The Budding Fig Tree]]||Matthew 24:32–35<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|24:32–35}}</ref>||Mark 13:28–31<ref>{{Bibleverse|Mark|13:28–31}}</ref>||Luke 21:29–33<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|21:29–33}}</ref>||
|-
||35||[[The Faithful Servant]]||Matthew 24:42–51<ref name="auto12">{{Bibleverse|Matthew|24:42–51}}</ref>||Mark 13:34–37<ref>{{Bibleverse|Mark|13:34–37}}</ref>||Luke 12:35–48<ref name="auto6">{{Bibleverse|Luke|12:35–48}}</ref>||
|-
||36||[[The Ten Virgins]]||Matthew 25:1–13<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|25:1–13}}</ref>||||||
|-
||37||[[The Talents or Minas]]||Matthew 25:14–30<ref name="auto8">{{Bibleverse|Matthew|25:14–30}}</ref>||||Luke 19:12–27<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|19:12–27}}</ref>||
|-
||38||[[The Sheep and the Goats]]||Matthew 25:31–46<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|25:31–46}}</ref>||||||
|}

===Parallels outside the canonical gospels===
A number of parables have parallels in non-canonical gospels, the [[Didache]], and the letters of [[Apostolic Father]]s. However, given that the non-canonical gospels generally have no time sequence, this table is not a [[gospel harmony]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%"
!width="40" | #
!width="300" | Parable
!width="120" | Matthew
!width="100" | Mark
!width="100" | Luke
!width="90" |Other parallels{{sfn|Funk|Scott|Butts|1988|p=74–75}}{{sfn|Throckmorton|1992|pp=xxx–xxxi}}{{sfn|Hultgren|2000|p= }}
|-
||3||[[Parable of the Strong Man|The Strong Man]]||Matthew 12:29<ref name="auto2"/>||Mark 3:27<ref name="auto10"/>||Luke 11:21–22<ref name="auto4"/>|||[[Gospel of Thomas|Thomas]] 35
|-
||5|||[[Parable of the Sower|The Sower]] ||Matthew 13:1–23<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|13:1–23}}</ref> ||Mark 4:1–25<ref>{{Bibleverse|Mark|4:1–25}}</ref> ||Luke 8:4–18<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|8:4–18}}</ref> |||{{ubl|[[Gospel of Thomas|Thomas]] 9|[[First Epistle of Clement|1 Clement]] 24:5}}
|-
||6|||[[The Growing Seed]] ||||Mark 4:26–29<ref name="auto3"/> |||||[[Gospel of Thomas|Thomas]] 21
|-
||7|||[[The Tares]] ||Matthew 13:24–30<ref name="auto5"/> |||||||[[Gospel of Thomas|Thomas]] 57
|-
||11|||[[The Rich Fool]] ||||||Luke 12:16–21<ref name="auto9"/> |||[[Gospel of Thomas|Thomas]] 63
|-
||13|||[[Parable of the Mustard Seed|The Mustard Seed]] ||Matthew 13:31–32<ref name="auto"/>||Mark 4:30–32<ref name="auto15"/>||Luke 13:18–19<ref name="auto16"/> |||[[Gospel of Thomas|Thomas]] 20
|-
||14|||[[The Leaven]] ||Matthew 13:33<ref name="auto11"/>||||Luke 13:20–21<ref name="auto14"/> |||[[Gospel of Thomas|Thomas]] 96
|-
||15|||[[The Hidden Treasure]] ||Matthew 13:44<ref name="auto13"/> |||||||[[Gospel of Thomas|Thomas]] 109
|-
||16|||[[Parable of the Pearl|The Pearl]] ||Matthew 13:45<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|13:45}}</ref> |||||||[[Gospel of Thomas|Thomas]] 76
|-
||17|||[[Drawing in the Net]] ||Matthew 13:47–53<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|13:47–53}}</ref> |||||||[[Gospel of Thomas|Thomas]] 8
|-
||20|||[[The Lost Sheep]] ||Matthew 18:12–14<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|18:12–14}}</ref> ||||Luke 15:1–7<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|15:01–7}}</ref> |||{{ubl|[[Gospel of Thomas|Thomas]] 107|[[Gospel of Truth]] 31–32}}
|-
||31|||[[The Wicked Husbandmen]] ||Matthew 21:33–46<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|21:33–46}}</ref> ||Mark 12:1–12<ref>{{Bibleverse|Mark|12:1–12}}</ref> ||Luke 20:9–19<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|20:9–19}}</ref> |||[[Gospel of Thomas|Thomas]] 65
|-
||32||[[The Great Banquet]]||Matthew 22:1–14<ref name="auto1"/>||||Luke 14:15–24<ref name="auto7"/>|||[[Gospel of Thomas|Thomas]] 64
|-
||34|||[[The Faithful Servant]] ||Matthew 24:42–51<ref name="auto12"/>||Mark 13:33–37<ref>{{Bibleverse|Mark|13:33–37}}</ref>||Luke 12:35–48<ref name="auto6"/> |||{{ubl|[[Gospel of Thomas|Thomas]] 103|[[Didache]] 16:1a}}
|-
||36|||[[The Talents or Minas]] ||Matthew 25:14–30<ref name="auto8"/>||||Luke 19:13–24<ref>{{Bibleverse|Luke|19:13–24}}</ref>|||[[Gospel of the Nazoraeans|Nazoraeans]] 18
|}

===Parables noted in the Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Parable Title !! Matthew !! Mark !! Luke
|-
| The Sower || Matthew 13:3–8 || Mark 4:3–8 || Luke 8:5–8
|-
| The Tares or Cockle || Matthew 13:24–30 || || 
|-
| The Mustard Seed || Matthew 13:31–32 || Mark 4:31–32 || Luke 13:18–19
|-
| The Leaven || Matthew 13:33 || || Luke 13:20–21
|-
| The Hidden Treasure || Matthew 13:44 || || 
|-
| The Pearl of Price || Matthew 13:45 || || 
|-
| The Draw Net || Matthew 13:47–50 || || 
|-
| The Unmerciful Servant || Matthew 18:21–35 || || 
|-
| The Labourers in the Vineyard || Matthew 20:1–16 || || 
|-
| The Two Sons || Matthew 21:28–32 || || 
|-
| The Wicked Husbandmen || Matthew 21:33–45 || Mark 12:1–12 || Luke 20:9–19
|-
| The Marriage of the King's Son || Matthew 12:1–14 || || 
|-
| The Ten Virgins || Matthew 25:1–13 || || 
|-
| The Talents || Matthew 25:14–30 || || 
|-
| The Pounds or the Minae || || || Luke 19:11–27
|-
| The Two Debtors || || || Luke 7:41–43
|-
| The Good Samaritan || || || Luke 10:37
|-
| The Friend at Midnight || || || Luke 11:5–8
|-
| The Unjust Judge || || || Luke 18:1–8
|-
| The Rich Fool || || || Luke 12:16–21
|-
| Dives and Lazarus || || || Luke 16:19–31
|-
| The Great Supper || || || Luke 14:15–24
|-
| The Prodigal Son || || || Luke 15:11–32
|-
| The Unjust Steward || || || Luke 16:1–9
|-
| The Unprofitable Servants || || || Luke 17:7–10
|-
| The Pharisee and the Publican || || || Luke 18:9–14
|}

==See also==
* [[Chronology of Jesus]]
* [[Gospel harmony]]
* [[Jesus in Christianity]]
* [[Life of Jesus in the New Testament]]
* [[Ministry of Jesus]]
* [[Miracles of Jesus]]
* [[The Tares]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist|refs=

{{efn|name=NoParablesinJohn| {{harvnb|Barry|1911}} states "There are no parables in St. John's Gospel", and {{harvnb|von Hügel|1911}} states  "Here Jesus' teaching contains no parables and but three allegories, the [[Synoptic Gospels|Synoptists]] present it as parabolic through and through".}}

{{efn|name=NumberOfParables|The actual number of parables in Thomas is fluid. [[John Dominic Crossan]] counts 15, Ron Cameron 14, and Bernard Brandon Scott 13. See also {{harvnb|Crossan|1992|p=}} and {{harvnb|Cameron|1986|p=}} }}

{{efn|name=ChildbearingWoman|See, for instance, {{harvnb|Zimmermann|2015|pp=333–360}}; see the German-For-Neutestamentler-[https://germanforneutestamentler.com/2016/04/25/rediscovering-parables-in-john-with-ruben-zimmermann/ BLOG] [http://www.christinyou.net/pages/vinebranch.html The Vine and the Branches by David Tryon], as others have throughout history including {{harvnb|Calvin|1847|p=106}} }}

}}

===Citations===
{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFBacher1905}} 
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=Kulikovsky>{{cite web|last1= Kulikovsky|first1=Andrew S.|title= The Interpretation of Parables, Allegories and Types |url= http://hermeneutics.kulikovskyonline.net/hermeneutics/parab.htm |website=Biblical Hermeneutics|access-date=25 September 2015}}</ref>

<ref name=Boa>{{cite web|last1= Boa |first1=Kenneth|title=Literary Forms in the Bible|url= https://bible.org/seriespage/iv-literary-forms-bible|website=Bible |access-date=25 September 2015}}</ref>

}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}

*{{cite Jewish Encyclopedia |last1=Bacher|first1=William |title=Parable |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11898-parable |volume=9 |pages=512–514}}
*{{cite book|last=Barclay|first=William |author-link=William Barclay (theologian)|title=The Parables of Jesus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s-vdxaBmtTsC|year=1999|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-25828-3}}
*{{cite CE1913|wstitle=Parables|first=William |last=Barry|volume=11}}
*{{cite book|last=Blomberg|first=Craig L. |title=Interpreting the Parables|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTtbVUIDesAC|year=2009|publisher=InterVarsity Press|isbn=978-0-8308-7572-6}}
*{{cite book|last=Calvin|first=Jean |author-link=John Calvin|title=Commentary on a Gospel According to John|url =https://archive.org/details/commentariesonfo30calv/page/106/mode/2up?q=true+vine|year=1847|publisher=Calvin Translation Society|location=Edinburgh|translator=Rev. William Pringle|volume=2}}
*{{cite book|last1=Cox|first1=Steven L. |last2=Easley|first2=Kendell H. |title=Harmony of the Gospels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjmwuFUksOQC|year=2006|publisher=B&H Publishing Group|location=Nashville|isbn=978-0-8054-9444-0}}
*{{citation|last=Cameron|first= Ron |date=1986|title=Parable and Interpretation in the Gospel of Thomas|work= Forum 2/2.}}
*{{cite book|last=Cameron|first=Ron |title=Sayings Traditions in the Apocryphon of James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9vZMPwAACAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01789-4}}
*{{citation|first=Elizabeth Cecilia Douglas|last= Clephane|date=1910|title=There Were Ninety and Nine|url=https://archive.org/details/CSM_00024/page/n1/mode/2up|location=Toronto|publisher=Anglo-Canadian Music Publishers' Association}}
*{{cite book|last=Crossan|first=John Dominic |author-link=John Dominic Crossan|title=In Parables: The Challenge of the Historical Jesus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WnFPAQAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Polebridge Press|isbn=978-0-944344-22-4}}
*{{cite book|last=France|first=R. T. |title=The Gospel According to Matthew: An Introduction and Commentary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttTgacXnLV8C&pg=PA349|year=1985|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-0063-3}}
*{{cite book|last1=Funk|first1=Robert Walter |last2=Scott|first2=Bernard Brandon |last3=Butts|first3=James R. |title=The Parables of Jesus: Red Letter Edition : a Report of the Jesus Seminar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfsQAQAAIAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Polebridge Press|isbn=978-0-944344-07-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Green|first=Joel B. |author-link=Joel B. Green|title=The Gospel of Luke|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wzRVN2S8cVgC&pg=PA430|year=1997|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-2315-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Griggs|first=Donald L. |title=The Bible from Scratch: The New Testament for Beginners|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TUAykz2hS10C&pg=PA52|year=2003|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-22577-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Harris|first=Stephen L. |title=Understanding the Bible|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=13MbAQAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=978-0-7674-2916-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Hultgren|first=Arland J. |title=The Parables of Jesus: A Commentary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2UvmRVLF18C&pg=PA2|year=2000|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-6077-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Peter Rhea |title=Studying the Parables of Jesus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNQdaOREo6sC&pg=PA294|year=1999|publisher=Smyth & Helwys |isbn=978-1-57312-167-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Jülicher|first=Adolf |author-link=Adolf Jülicher|title=Die Gleichnisreden Jesu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hxpWAAAAMAAJ|year=1888|publisher=J.C.B. Mohr (P. Siebeck)}}
*{{cite book|last=Keener|first=Craig S. |title=A Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sWzhEdBZOp4C&pg=PA456|year=1999|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-3821-6}}
*{{cite book|last=Koester|first=Helmut |title=Ancient Christian Gospels: Their History and Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VI0vnAEACAAJ|date=April 2013|publisher=SCM Press|isbn=978-0-334-04961-6}}
*{{cite book|last=Lisco|first=Friedrich Gustav |title=The Parables of Jesus: Explained and Illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lgw3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA9|year=1846|publisher=Massachusetts Sabbath School Society}}
*{{cite book|last=Longenecker|first=Richard N. |title=The Challenge of Jesus' Parables|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JojVvncUgk0C|year=2000|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-4638-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Mâle|first=Emile |author-link=Emile Mâle|title=The Gothic Image: Religious Art In France Of The Thirteenth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/gothicimagerelig0000male/page/194/mode/2up?q=good+samaritan|year=1972|publisher=Harper & Row|location=New York|isbn=9780064300322}}
*{{cite book|last=Marshall|first=I . Howard |author-link=I. Howard Marshall|title=The Gospel of Luke|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u20lAQAAIAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-3512-3}}
*{{cite book|title=The parables of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ|first=John Everett|last=Millais|date=1975|orig-year=1864|publisher=Dover Publications|location=New York |isbn=9780486204949 |url=https://archive.org/details/parablesofourlor0000unse/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book|last=Nolland|first=John |title=The Gospel of Matthew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9cL_kpdUE-oC&pg=PA1006|year=2005|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-2389-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Osborn|first=Eric |title=The Emergence of Christian Theology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hyALXgekvxUC&pg=PA98|year=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43078-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Oxenden|first=Ashton |author-link=Ashton Oxenden|title=The Parables of Our Lord|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bUCAAAAQAAJ|year=1864|publisher=William Macintosh}}
*{{cite book|last=Pentecost|first=J. Dwight |author-link=J. Dwight Pentecost|title=The Parables of Jesus: Lessons in Life from the Master Teacher|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_VVxjLkN2UC&pg=PA10|year=1998|publisher=Kregel |isbn=978-0-8254-9715-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Perkins|first=Pheme |title=Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCWawQEACAAJ|date= 2007|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |isbn=978-0-8028-1770-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Purdy|first=John C. |title=Parables at Work|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hxf4h-HJU9AC&pg=PA41|year=1985|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-24640-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Reid|first=Barbara E. |title=Parables for Preachers: The Gospel of Matthew : Year A|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVV1KiFKmmkC&pg=PA3|date= 2001|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-2550-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Scott|first=Bernard Brandon |title=Hear Then the Parable: A Commentary on the Parables of Jesus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtphytF1ePQC&pg=PA338|year=1989|publisher=Fortress Press|isbn=978-1-4514-0418-0}}
*{{cite book|last1=Theissen|first1=Gerd |last2=Merz|first2=Annette |title=The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MIglAQAAIAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Fortress Press|isbn=978-0-8006-3123-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Throckmorton|first=Burton Hamilton |title=Gospel Parallels: A Comparison of the Synoptic Gospels : with Alternative Readings from the Manuscripts and Noncanonical Parallels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AldMcgAACAAJ|year=1992|publisher=T. Nelson|isbn=978-0-8407-7484-2}}
*{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=John, Gospel of St |volume=15 |pages=452–458 |first=Friedrich |last=von Hügel}}
*{{cite book|last=Witherington|first=Ben |title=Women in the Ministry of Jesus: A Study of Jesus' Attitudes to Women and Their Roles as Reflected in His Earthly Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGePuntVBhgC&pg=PA43|year=1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-34781-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Zimmermann|first=Ruben |title=Puzzling the Parables of Jesus: Methods and Interpretation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cs5mrgEACAAJ|year=2015|publisher=Fortress |isbn=978-0-8006-9975-8}}

{{refend}}

===Further reading===
{{refbegin}}
* C. H. Dodd, ''The Parables of the Kingdom'' {{ISBN|0-02330460-X}}.
* Gowler, David B., 2000. ''What Are They Saying About the Parables?'' Mahweh, NJ: Paulist Press. {{ISBN|978-0809139620}}
* Joachim Jeremias, ''The Parables of Jesus'' {{ISBN|0-33402917-1}}.
* Schottroff, Luise, 2006. ''The parables of Jesus'' {{ISBN|0-8006-3699-6}}
* Sumner, John Bird, 1850. ''The parables of our lord and saviour Jesus Christ'' C. Cox Publishers, London.
* Trinder, William Martin, 1816. ''Sermons on the parables of Jesus Christ'' Baldwin, Cradock and Joy Publishers, London.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Parables of Jesus Christ}}
* [http://www.bcbsr.com/survey/jpbl.html Another list], slightly different and only of the synoptic Gospels
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/jesus/parables.html PBS: ''Frontline'': From Jesus to Christ: The Parables]

{{Jesus footer}}
{{Parables of Jesus|state=expanded}}
{{The Prodigal Son}}
{{Sermon on the Mount}}
{{Christianity footer}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Parables Of Jesus}}
[[Category:Parables of Jesus| ]]
[[Category:Doctrines and teachings of Jesus]]