View source for Paper fortune teller

{{Short description|Origami toy used for various children's games}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=July 2023}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=July 2023}}
[[File:Cootie catcher.jpg|thumb|200px|An elaborately decorated fortune teller]]

A '''fortune teller''' is a form of [[origami]] used in children's games. Parts of the fortune teller are labelled with colors or numbers that serve as options for a player to choose from, and on the inside are eight flaps, each concealing a message. The person operating the fortune teller manipulates the device based on the choices made by the player, and finally one of the hidden messages is revealed. These messages may purport to answer questions (hence the name), or they may be activities that the player must perform.

The same shape may also be used as [[Pincers (tool)|pincers]] or as a [[salt cellar]]. Another common name for it is a '''cootie catcher'''; it has many other names.

==Construction==
A paper fortune teller may be constructed by the steps shown in the illustration below:<ref name="lang">{{citation|title=Origami In Action|first=Robert J.|last=Lang|publisher=Macmillan|year=1997|isbn=978-0-312-15618-3|pages=68–71|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__RvKWjGKokC&pg=PA68|author-link=Robert J. Lang}}.</ref><ref name="temkut">{{citation|title=Origami Toys|first1=Florence|last1=Temko|first2=Dave|last2=Kutchukian|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8048-3478-0|pages=22–23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_kRTVfrhnUC&pg=PA22}}.</ref>
# The corners of a sheet of paper are folded up to meet the opposite sides and (if the paper is not already square) the top is cut off, making a square sheet with diagonal creases.<ref name="lang"/>
# The four corners of the square are folded into the center, forming a shape known in origami terminology as a [[Yoshizawa–Randlett system#Origami bases|blintz base]] or cushion fold.<ref name="temkut"/> The resulting smaller square is turned over, and the four corners are folded in a second time.<ref name="lang"/>
# All four corners are folded up so that the points meet in the middle, and the pockets of paper in each of the four corners are pulled away from the center.<ref name="lang"/>
[[File:Fortuneteller mgx.svg|360px|center]]

==Telling fortunes==
To use the fortune teller, the person telling the fortunes holds four fingers in the four corners of the paper, keeping two pairs of corners together and the other two pairs separated so that only half of the internal sides of the corners are visible. This may be done with index fingers and thumbs of two hands,<ref name="lang"/> or with the thumb and three fingers of one hand.<ref name="kenneway"/>

Manipulations are done by various similar methods. In a common method, the player asks a question of the person holding the fortune teller; this question will be answered by the device. The holder then asks for a number or color. Once the number or color is chosen, the holder uses their fingers to switch between the two groups of colors and numbers inside the fortune teller. The holder switches these positions a number of times, determined by the number of letters in the color selected, the number originally chosen, or the sum of both. Once the holder has finished switching the positions of the fortune teller, the player chooses one of the flaps revealed. These flaps often have colors or numbers on them. The holder then lifts the flap and reveals the fortune underneath. Steps may be repeated to suit the users.<ref>{{citation|title=Hopscotch, hangman, hot potato, and ha, ha, ha: a rulebook of children's games|first=Jack|last=Maguire|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=1990|isbn=978-0-671-76332-9|pages=46–47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=55i2ZwCYtpQC&pg=PA46}}.</ref><ref name="temkut"/>

==Other uses==
Instead of being used to tell fortunes, these shapes may be used as a pincer to play-act catching bugs such as [[lice]], hence the "[[cooties|cootie]] catcher" name.<ref name="lang"/><ref name="kenneway"/><ref>{{citation|title=Girl Culture: Studying girl culture : a readers' guide|first1=Claudia|last1=Mitchell|first2=Jacqueline|last2=Reid-Walsh|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2008|isbn=978-0-313-33909-7|pages=245–246|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=arQy0v_PBx4C&pg=PA245}}.</ref> This usage has also inspired the design of a similarly shaped gripper in [[soft robotics]].<ref>{{citation
 | last1 = Chen | first1 = Rui
 | last2 = Zhang | first2 = Chen
 | last3 = Sun | first3 = Yi
 | last4 = Yu | first4 = Tao
 | last5 = Shen | first5 = Xin-Ming
 | last6 = Yuan | first6 = Ze-An
 | last7 = Guo | first7 = Jiang-Long
 | date = February 2021
 | doi = 10.1088/1361-665x/abe3a9
 | issue = 4
 | journal = Smart Materials and Structures
 | page = 045002
 | title = A paper fortune teller-inspired reconfigurable soft pneumatic gripper
 | volume = 30| bibcode = 2021SMaS...30d5002C
 | s2cid = 233596615
 }}</ref>

As a [[salt cellar]], the same shape stands on a table with the four points downwards; the four open pockets may be used to hold small pieces of food.<ref name="kenneway">{{citation|title=Complete origami|first=Eric|last=Kenneway|publisher=Macmillan|year=1987|isbn=978-0-312-00898-7|pages=153–154|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLp8DwZY8gwC&pg=PA153}}.</ref>

Several fine artists have been inspired by this form:
*"Frog pond plop (Opening 6)", a [[concrete poem]] by [[Sylvester Houédard]] translating the most famous [[haiku]] of [[Matsuo Bashō]], was formatted as a paper fortune teller (with pictorial instructions) by [[Edward Wright (artist)|Edward Wright]], Nazli Zaki, and Matilda Cheung, and published in a numbered edition in 1965 by Houédard's Openings Press. The outside and two inside surfaces of the fortune teller are decorated with the words "frog", "pond", and "plop", each spelled with one letter on each point of the fortune teller.<ref>{{citation|url=https://artviewer.org/ora-et-lege-ii-endlessly-inside-at-broumov-monastery/|title=Ora et lege II: endlessly inside at Broumov Monastery|date=July 25, 2023|work=Art Viewer|access-date=2023-07-25}}</ref><ref>{{citation|hdl=1842/8867|title=Concrete poetry in England and Scotland 1962–75: Ian Hamilton Finlay, Edwin Morgan, Dom Sylvester Houédard and Bob Cobbing|page=246|first=Greg|last=Thomas|year=2013|publisher=University of Edinburgh|type=Doctoral dissertation}}</ref>
*"Fortune Teller (it will all end in stars)", a large photorealistic pencil drawing by Australian artist Cassandra Laing (2007), depicts two hands holding closed a paper fortune teller decorated with an astronomical theme and foretelling Laing's soon-to-come death from [[breast cancer]].<ref>{{citation|title=Baroque Tendencies in Contemporary Art|editor-first=Kelly A.|editor-last=Wacker|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|year=2021|isbn=9781527565661|page=xi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0cdEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR11}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/endless-matter-of-life-and-death-20070328-ge4j36.html|newspaper=[[The Age]]|title=Endless matter of life and death|first=Gabriella|last=Coslovich|date=March 28, 2007}}</ref>
*"Unfolding Lives", a monumental sculpture in the form of a paper fortune teller by Judith Forrest and Terri-ann White (2010), at the [[Perth Cultural Centre]], forms a memorial to the [[Forgotten Australians]], institutionalized Australian children.<ref>{{citation
 | last = Atkinson-Phillips | first = Alison
 | date = April 2018
 | doi = 10.1080/10304312.2018.1450493
 | issue = 3
 | journal = Continuum
 | pages = 381–392
 | title = On being moved: art, affect and activation in public commemorations of trauma
 | volume = 32| s2cid = 150284812
 }}</ref> After protests over its 2016 removal for museum renovations,<ref>{{citation|url=https://perthvoiceinteractive.com/2021/07/15/drama-unfolding/|title=Drama unfolding|date=July 15, 2021|newspaper=The Perth Voice Interactive}}</ref> it was restored and reinstalled near its original location in 2023.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/announcements/restored-memorial-forgotten-australians-takes-pride-of-place|title=Restored memorial to Forgotten Australians takes pride of place|date=May 8, 2023|publisher=Government of Western Australia|access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref>
*In 2018, over 10,000 illuminated red and yellow copies of this shape were used to create an installation resembling lava pouring from a building window, titled "ORIGAMI LAVA" (David Oliva + Anna Juncà), for the Lluèrnia festival in [[Olot]], Spain.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.thisiscolossal.com/2018/11/origami-lava-catalonia/|title=Origami Lava Pours from the Window of an Abandoned Building in Catalonia for LLUÈRNIA|first=Christopher|last=Jobson|date=November 12, 2018|work=[[Colossal (blog)|Colossal]]}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.sp25.es/treballs/origami-lava-2/|title=ORIGAMI LAVA|first=David|last=Oliva|date=November 10, 2018}}</ref>
*British installation artist Leonie Bradley's "Swarm" (2022) envisions masses of fortune tellers, folded from yellow and black paper, as a swarm of bees, and invites participants to fold their own bees as a reminder "to think about chance versus decision and the positive climate futures we can choose to create".<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.artweek.com/art-news/new-climate-art-installation-be-unveiled-londons-woolwich-contemporary-print-fair-eve-un#|work=Artweek|title= New Climate Art Installation to be Unveiled at London's Woolwich Contemporary Print Fair on the Eve of UN Conference|first=Lisa |last=Baker|date=August 23, 2022}}</ref> The same artwork has also been featured in fundraising events for [[Bees for Development]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/hugh-fearnleywhittingstall-prue-leith-daily-telegraph-london-emma-thompson-b2357684.html|title=Camilla stamps 'Queen Bee' on paper art installation at beekeeping charity event|newspaper=The Independent|first=Ellie|last=Ng|date=June 14, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/queen-camilla-talks-to-swarm-installation-artist-leonie-news-photo/1258690420|title=Queen Camilla Attends BFD Bee Garden Party|work=Getty Images|first=Eddie|last=Mulholland|date=June 14, 2023}}</ref>

==History==
Central European baptismal certificates from the 17th and 18th centuries were often folded in the same doubly blintzed pattern as the flat base for the fortune teller, before its points are folded together.<ref name=hatori>{{citation|contribution=History of origami in the East and West before interfusion|first=Koshiro|last=Hatori|title=Origami<sup>5</sup>: Fifth International Meeting of Origami Science, Mathematics, and Education|publisher=CRC Press|year=2018|pages=3–11|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7LMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA3}}</ref>

Koshiro Hatori has suggested that the fortune teller shape is originally European, rather than Japanese,<ref name=hatori/> but its exact origin is unclear. Origami historian David Mitchell has found many 19th-century European sources mentioning a paper "salt cellar" or "pepper pot" (the latter often folded slightly differently). The first of these to unambiguously depict the paper fortune teller is an 1876 German book for children. It appears again, with the salt cellar name, in several other publications in the 1880s and 1890s in New York and Europe. Mitchell also cites a 1907 Spanish publication describing a guessing game similar to the use of paper fortune tellers.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.origamiheaven.com/historyofthesaltcellar.htm|title=The Salt Cellar / The Pepperpot|work=David Mitchell's Origami Heaven: The Public Paperfolding History Project|first=David|last=Mitchell|access-date=2023-07-30}}</ref> The use of this shape as a paper fortune-teller in England has been recorded since the 1950s.<ref>{{citation |author=Iona and Peter Opie |title=The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sdWwHbOf4oAC&pg=PA341 |pages=341–342 |year=1959 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780940322691}}.</ref> [[Martin Gardner]] included this fold, described as both a bug catcher and fortune-teller, in a column in ''[[Hugard's Magic Monthly]]'', titled "Encyclopedia of Impromptu Magic", in the 1950s.<ref>{{citation|title=Martin Gardner and Paperfolding|magazine=British Origami|first=David|last=Lister|date=September 2005|url=https://www.britishorigami.org/cp-lister-list/martin-gardner/}}</ref> Although the phrase "cootie catcher" has been used with other meanings in the U.S. for much longer,<ref>{{citation|title=Alabama's own in France|first=William Henry|last=Amerine|publisher=Eaton & Gettinger|year=1919|page=284|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXhHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA284}}.</ref> the use of the phrase for paper cootie catchers in the U.S. dates back at least to the 1960s.<ref>{{citation|title=Honestly, Katie John!|first=Mary|last=Calhoun|publisher=Scholastic Book Services|year=1963|isbn=978-0-590-08544-1|pages=89, 91}}.</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Hawthorne|first=Ruth|title=The Folklore Repertory of a Third-Grade Class|journal=Pennsylvania Folklife|volume=17|issue=1|date=Autumn 1967|pages=18–25}}.</ref> As well as being called a salt cellar, fortune teller, or cootie catcher, the same origami shape has also been called a
"bugcatcher",<ref name="lewis-oppenheimer">{{citation|title=Folding Paper Toys|first1=Shari|last1=Lewis|author1-link=Shari Lewis|first2=Lillian|last2=Oppenheimer|author2-link=Lillian Oppenheimer|publisher=Stein and Day|year=1963|isbn=9780812810639|pages=9, 54}}</ref>
"chatterbox",<ref name="bronner">{{citation|title=American children's folklore|first=Simon J.|last=Bronner|publisher=August House|year=1988|page=373}}.</ref>
"whirlybird",<ref name="bronner"/>
or "paku-paku" (a Japanese phrase for gobbling that also lent its name to ''[[Pac-Man]]'').<ref>{{citation|title=Origami for Children: 35 step-by-step projects|first1=Mari|last1=Ono|first2=Roshin|last2=Ono|publisher=Ryland Peters & Small|year=2014|isbn=9781908862327|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1aWsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34|pages=34–40|contribution=4. Paku-Paku Pacman the Muncher}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Paper fortune teller}}
* [https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/cootie-catcher-1046/cootie-catcher-pbs-kids-scratchjr/ Cootie Catcher], [[PBS Kids]]
* [http://www.momsminivan.com/article-cootie-catcher.html How to Make a Cootie Catcher]

[[Category:Divination software and games]]
[[Category:Origami|Fortune teller]]
[[Category:Paper toys|Fortune teller, paper]]
[[Category:Fortune-telling]]
[[Category:Children's games]]