View source for Palestinian Liberation Front

{{Short description|Palestinian political faction}}
{{Distinguish|Palestine Liberation Organization}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox political party
| name             = Palestinian Liberation Front
| native_name      = جبهة التحرير الفلسطينية
| native_name_lang = [[Arabic]]
| logo             = Plf.png
| logo_size        = 150px
| colorcode        = {{party color|Palestinian Liberation Front}}
| leader           = Wasel Abu Yousef
| foundation       = {{start date|1959}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ps%7Dplf.html|title=Palestinian Liberation Front (Palestine)|website=www.crwflags.com}}</ref>
| headquarters     = [[Ramallah]], [[Palestine]]
| ideology         = [[Ba'athism]]<ref name="tg">{{cite web |url=https://en.tgchannels.org/channel/wethefurynews?size=30&lang=all&first=113910&start=113910 |title=Not only Fatah and Hamas: A guide to Palestinian political parties |date=6 August 2024 |website=tgchannels.org}}</ref><br>[[Secularism]]<ref name="sanction"/><br>[[Arab socialism]]<ref name="tg"/><br>[[Palestinian nationalism]]<ref name="sanction">{{cite web |url=https://www.opensanctions.org/entities/NK-9HeRTsMfmmgRGWkabFXdmQ/ |title=PALESTINE LIBERATION FRONT - ABU ABBAS FACTION |website=opensanctions.org|date=3 December 2024 }}</ref>
| national         = [[Palestine Liberation Organization|PLO]]
| position         = [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1134569 |title=From Arafat to Hamas: Plumbing the plurality of Palestinian politics |date=28 October 2023 |website=[[Daijiworld]] |location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref> to [[Far-left politics|far-left]]<ref name="bl">{{cite web |url=http://broadleft.org/ps.htm |title= Leftist Parties of the World |website=broadleft.org| year=2004| access-date=2017-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018010107/http://www.broadleft.org/ps.htm |archive-date=2017-10-18}}</ref>
| website          = 
| footnotes        = 
| country          = Palestine
}}

The '''Palestinian Liberation Front''' ({{langx|ar|جبهة التحرير الفلسطينية}}, '''PLF'''), also known as the '''Palestine Liberation Front - Abu Abbas Faction''' or '''Palestine Liberation Front''',<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1997-10-08/html/97-27030.htm |title=Designation of Foreign Terrorist Organizations; Notice |journal=Federal Register |volume=62 |issue=195 |date=October 8, 1997}}</ref> is a minor left-wing [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] political faction.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://jcpa.org/article/international-funding-salaries-benefits-terrorists/ |title=International Funding for Salaries and Benefits to Terrorists |first=Alan |last=Baker |date=14 July 2016 |journal=Jerusalem Issue Briefs |volume=16 |issue=10 |publisher=Institute for Contemporary Affairs}}</ref> It carried out the [[Achille Lauro hijacking]] in 1985. Since 1997, the PLF has been a [[United States Department of State list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|designated terrorist organization]] by the [[United States]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign Terrorist Organizations|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/123085.htm |publisher=the U.S. State Department |access-date=19 September 2015}}</ref> and by [[Canada]] since 2003.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-en.aspx#48 | title=Currently listed entities | date=21 December 2018 }}</ref> The PLF has also been banned in [[Japan]].<ref name="Japan_ban">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2002/7/0705.html |title= Implementation of the Measures including the Freezing of Assets against Terrorists and the Like (Archived copy) |access-date=2013-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406134416/http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2002/7/0705.html |archive-date=2013-04-06 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1996, the party took part in the [[1996 Palestinian general election]], winning 0.11% of the vote.<ref name="bl"/> The party also ran in the [[2006 Palestinian legislative election]] under the name ‘Martyr Abu Abbas’, and received 0.30% of the vote.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://electionguide.org/elections/id/1433/ |title=ELECTION FOR PALESTINIAN LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL |website=electionguide.org |access-date=2017-09-15}}</ref>

==History==
===Origins===
The PLF was founded by Ahmad Jibril in 1959 and enjoyed strong support from Syria. In 1967, the PLF joined forces with two other groups, the ‘Heroes of the Return’, linked to the Arab nationalist movement (abtal al-awda) and the group ‘’‘The Youth of the Years’‘’ to form the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (PFLP) in November 1967. In this context, the PLF was described as a ‘’Syrian puppet‘’. The PFLP was said to have emerged from an Egyptian-sponsored programme designed to weaken other Arab governments and thereby strengthen the reputation of Egyptian President Nasser.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PRXaAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53|page=53 |first=Peggy |last=Klein |title=Der Konflikt zwischen Juden und Arabern als Etablierten-Außenseiter-Beziehung |date=25 November 1999 |publisher=Diplom.de |isbn=978-3-8324-1918-9 |language=de}}</ref>

The PFLP was led by former Arab-nationalist movement leader [[George Habash]], but in April 1968 Ahmad Jibril split from this group to form the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command]] (PFLP-GC), which returned to the strongly pro-Syrian position of the earlier PLF.

Ultimately, this led to the re-emergence of the PLF after the organisation had broken up when Jibril's PFLP-GC followed Syria into the fight against the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) during the Lebanese Civil War. Open fighting broke out between the rival factions, and relations only stabilised after mediation by Yasser Arafat. On 24 April 1977, the new PLF was formed under the leadership of Muhammad Zaidan, aka [[Muhammad Zaidan|Abu Abbas]], and Tal'at Ya'akub. Sporadic fighting between the PFLP-GC and the PLF continued, and a bomb attack on the PLF headquarters in August 1977 killed about 200 people.

In November 1977, the Greek Catholic Archbishop of Jerusalem, Hilarion Capucci, was released from Israeli custody after three years. He was imprisoned for three years for arms smuggling for the [[Fatah]]. He also made propaganda for the PLF. The Vatican worked for his pardon.<ref>{{cite web |title=Begnadigung: Hilarion Capucci |website=Der Spiegel |issue=47 |date=14 November 1977 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219103817/https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-40764131.html |url=https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-40764131.html |archive-date=19 February 2016}}</ref>

===Split 1982===
In 1982, the [[First Lebanon War|Israeli invasion of Lebanon]] led to the organisation's split into three factions. One of the main points of contention was the relationship with the PLO and [[Fatah]], with some members critically supporting Arafat, while others participated in the rebellion against him. All three factions claimed to represent the original organisation and retained the name PLF.<ref name="CDI">{{cite web |title=In the Spotlight: The Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) |date=14 November 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060413193301/http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/plf-pr.cfm |url=http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/plf-pr.cfm |archive-date=13 April 2006 |first=Grace |last=Chu |website=Center of Defense Information}}</ref>
* The group led by Tal'at Ya'akub, the PLF's secretary-general, remained neutral in the fighting between the various organisations and regrouped in [[Lebanon]]. Ya'akub died of a heart attack in November 1988 and his group disintegrated.
* A smaller group under PLF Central Committee member Abd al-Fatah Ghanim was more aggressively pro-Syrian and took control of the movement in Damascus. It supported Abu Musa's Fatah-backed insurgency and cooperated with it in attacking the PLO. The group later based its administration in Libya and ultimately merged with the Ya'akub faction.
* The pro-Iraq faction under Abu Abbas, who had been deputy secretary-general, had the largest following, estimated at around 400 activists. The group had its headquarters in Tunisia, but after the hijacking of the cruise ship Achille Lauro in 1985, Abu Abbas was expelled by the Tunisian authorities and the group moved to Baghdad.

While each faction retained the original name and claimed to be the parent organisation, Abbas' group was responsible for the most high-profile terrorist attacks and it is only his faction that has been designated as terrorist.

===Developments after the split===
In 1991, security circles suspected that Iraqi President [[Saddam Hussein]] supported both [[Fatah - Revolutionary Council]] and the PLF. Both groups were considered ‘highly dangerous’. Intelligence agencies assumed that their leaders had been in Baghdad since the outbreak of the Iraq war, although they were said to have been at odds with Hussein for years. According to the German domestic intelligence service, both combat units were represented in Germany by about twelve members.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/alte-brueder-a-0036d498-0002-0001-0000-000013488179?context=issue |website=Der Spiegel |date=10 February 1991 |issue=7 |title=Alte Brüder |language=de}}</ref> At the time, Saddam Hussein was considered to have the ability to influence violent Palestinians. In addition to Abu Nidal and the PLF, the 1st of May organisation is also said to have operated from Baghdad; the city was considered ‘the secret PLO headquarters’. In mid-January 1991, Arafat is said to have stayed there, although he had had a feud with Abu Nidal for a long time. This discord among the PLO leadership was seen as a ‘vacuum at the top of the PLO’.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[:de:Fredy Gsteiger|Fredy Gsteiger]] |url=http://www.zeit.de/1991/04/vakuum-an-der-plo-spitze |language=de |title=Vakuum an der PLO-Spitze |website=Die Zeit |date=1991-01-18 |access-date=2016-02-18}}</ref> Iraq had also provided refuge for ten years to one of the perpetrators of the first attack on the World Trade Center in 1993, Sheikh Ahmed Jassin. Baghdad has repeatedly allowed terrorists to go underground.<ref>{{cite web |author=Christopher Hitchens |url=http://www.zeit.de/2007/29/Warum_sagst_du_nicht_Ich/komplettansicht |title="Warum sagst du nicht: Ich habe mich geirrt?" |website=Die Zeit |date=2007-07-12 |access-date=2016-02-18}}</ref>

In 1993, the following people were among Yasser Arafat's most important opponents in the PLO:<ref>{{cite web |language=de |url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/jassir-arafat-und-seine-wichtigsten-gegner-in-der-plo-a-4b887489-0002-0001-0000-000009286665?context=issue |title=Jassir Arafat und seine wichtigsten Gegner in der PLO |date=5 September 1993 |issue=36 |website=Der Spiegel}}</ref>
* Georges Habash, PFLP Palestine Liberation Front, based in Damascus, approx. 2000 fighters;
* Naif Hawatmeh, DFLP Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, based in Damascus, approx. 1500 fighters;
* Ahmed Jibril, PFLP-GC Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command, based in Damascus, approx. 300 fighters;
* Abu Abbas, PLF Palestinian Liberation Front, based in Baghdad, approx. 500 fighters.

Nevertheless, the leaders of the PLF still worked with the PLO, with Abu Abbas sitting on the PLO's Executive Committee as the PLF's representative. After the PLO signed the [[Gaza-Jericho Agreement|Oslo Agreement]] in 1994, which the PLF rejected, Abu Abbas turned away from terrorism and argued for the right of Israel to exist. The movement continued to maintain offices in the Palestinian territories, Lebanon and Iraq, but its activities have since diminished. In the West Bank and Gaza Strip, the PLF enjoys less popular support, with its main following drawn from the Lebanese refugee camps, where it reportedly sides with Fatah against various Syrian-backed groups.

===Developments since 2000===
In November 2001, 15 members of a PLF cell were arrested by Israeli authorities. Some of these prisoners had received terrorist training in Iraq. The cell had planned attacks in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv and Ben Gurion Airport. In addition, it had already been involved in other terrorist activities, including the kidnapping and murder of the Israeli teenager Yuri Gushstein.<ref name="CDI" />

During the US-led [[Iraq War]], Abu Abbas was captured by US special forces in April 2003 after intelligence tips in a suburb of the Iraqi capital Baghdad. He may have tried to escape to Syria. Some of his associates had also been arrested in Baghdad. The US State Department had previously indicated that the Iraqi regime had supported the PLF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/abu-abbas-us-kommando-fasst-terrorchef-im-irak-a-244982.html |title=US-Kommando fasst Terrorchef im Irak |website=Spiegel Online |date=2003-04-16 |access-date=2016-02-18}}</ref> The Palestinian government demanded the release of Abu Abbas. The reason for this demand was that his arrest violated the 1995 Middle East Agreement. This stipulates that acts committed before the 1993 Oslo Peace Agreement may not lead to prosecution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/terrorchef-abbas-gefasst-palaestinenser-fordern-freilassung-a-245028.html |title=Terrorchef Abbas gefasst: Palestinians demand release |website=Spiegel Online |date=2003-04-16 |access-date=2016-02-18}}</ref>

According to reports, Abu Abbas died in US captivity on 9 March 2004. Initial reports indicated a natural cause of death.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://library.nps.navy.mil/home/tgp/plf.htm |title=Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) |website=United States Department of State |date=April 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020817044324/http://library.nps.navy.mil/home/tgp/plf.htm |archive-date=2002-08-17 |access-date=2016-02-17}}</ref> Various Palestinian groups and his widow, however, spoke of murder.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/toter-abu-abbas-palaestinenser-geben-usa-die-schuld-a-289942.html |title=Toter Abu Abbas: Palästinenser geben USA die Schuld |language=de |website=Spiegel Online |date=2004-03-10 |access-date=2016-02-17}}</ref> Abu Abbas was allegedly the mastermind behind the Achille Lauro kidnapping.<ref name="Achille Lau ro">{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/achille-lauro-entfuehrung-drahtzieher-abbas-stirbt-in-gefangenschaft-a-289827.html |title='Achille Lauro"-Entführung: Drahtzieher Abbas stirbt in Gefangenschaft |website=Spiegel Online |date=2004-03-10 |access-date=2016-02-17}}</ref> The Palestinian Liberation Front participated in the Palestinian Authority elections under the name ‘Martyr Abu Abbas’, but did not win a seat.

===Developments since 2010===
Since 2014, the armed conflicts between the Palestinian Liberation Front, Fatah, Hamas, the [[Abu Nidal Organization]], the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]] and the Arab Liberation Front have intensified as rival organisations. They engage in skirmishes for political influence in the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon. This split in the Palestinian representation of interests has worsened the already precarious situation for the civilian population. Their lives are characterised by unemployment and the radicalisation of young people.<ref>{{cite web |author=Andrea Böhm |url=http://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2014-03/libanon-fluechtlingscamp-palestinaenser-ain-al-helweh/komplettansicht |title=Flüchtlinge zweiter Klasse |website=Die Zeit |date=2014-03-12 |access-date=2016-02-18}}</ref>

Since 2016, the Palestinian Liberation Front has not claimed any attacks. It continues to maintain military presence in refugee camps in Syria, Lebanon and Gaza.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2017/ |title=Country Reports on Terrorism 2017 |year=2017}}</ref>

==Terrorist activities==
The Palestinian Liberation Front has carried out several attacks that have included the killing of civilians. The EU and the United States, among others, have designated the PLF as a terrorist organisation.

=== Attack on Nahariya ===
During the night of 22 April 1979, four members of the PLF went ashore from Lebanon in a rubber dinghy and forcibly entered an apartment building. They took hostages there. The 17-year-old PLF fighter [[Samir Kuntar]] is said to have killed two of his hostages on the beach when Israeli security forces approached. Two policemen died, and two of the attackers were also killed. Kuntar was imprisoned in Israel. Hezbollah repeatedly called for his release. In 2004, a prisoner exchange organised by the German Federal Intelligence Service took place. In the process, 430 Palestinians and 16 members of Hezbollah were released. Samir Kuntar was taken off the list of those released at the last moment. In December 2015, he was killed in an air strike.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbjqM0vfcXYC&pg=PA166 |title=Jews, Church & Civilization |volume=7 |first=David |last=Birnbaum|date=2 January 2015 |publisher=David Birnbaum |isbn=978-0-9843619-3-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Werner Sonne |url=http://www.cicero.de/weltbuehne/samir-kuntar-Israel-der-bnd-und-das-ende-eines-blutruenstigen-hisbollah-terroristen/60279 |title=Samir Kuntar – Israel, der BND und das Ende eines blutrünstigen Terroristen |website=Cicero – Magazin für politische Kultur |date=2015-12-21 |access-date=2016-02-18}}</ref>

=== ''Achille Lauro'' hijacking ===
{{Main|Achille Lauro hijacking}}
One notorious incident was the hijacking of the Italian cruise ship [[MS Achille Lauro|MS ''Achille Lauro'']] on 7 October 1985. The hijackers' original aim was to use the ship to slip into [[Israel]]. However, crew members discovered them cleaning weapons, and the group then seized control of the ship, murdering an elderly wheelchair-dependent [[Jew]]ish New Yorker, [[Leon Klinghoffer]].<ref>Rubenberg, C.A. (2010) The Encyclopedia Of The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Lynne Rienner, Publishers.</ref>

US fighter planes later forced down the [[Egypt]]ian aircraft in which [[Abu Abbas]] was escaping following a negotiated end of the hijacking, and forced it to land at a [[USAF]] base on [[Sigonella]], [[Sicily]]. The Italians let Abbas go, but subsequently sentenced him to five life sentences ''in absentia.'' Abbas was expelled from Tunisia and established his headquarters in [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]].

The United States could have brought its own charges against Abbas, although a criminal complaint filed against him in 1986 was dropped a short time later without an indictment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/04/16/sprj.irq.us.abu.abbas/index.html|title= U.S. mulls legal options after Abbas capture |date= April 17, 2003|publisher=CNN.com}}</ref>

=== 1990 beach raid ===
In May 1990, the PLF launched an attack on Israel's Nizanim beach, near [[Tel Aviv]], urged on by Iraq to torpedo the moves towards a negotiated solution between the PLO and Israel. The attackers had intended to kill tourists and Israeli civilians, but this was prevented. However, the action was significant, in that the failure of [[Yasser Arafat]] to condemn this attack led to the United States backing out of the American–Palestinian dialogue that had begun in 1988. Despite Arafat's official silence on the issue, the PLF suffered heavy internal criticism within the PLO, and Abu Abbas had to step down from his seat on the executive committee.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/threat/terror_90/mideast.html|title=Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1990 – Middle East Overview|publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref>

=== Netanya Market bombing ===
{{main|Netanya Market bombing}}
In May 2002, a man got out of a taxi in the market square of Netanya – according to eyewitness reports, he was wearing an Israeli army uniform – and detonated an explosive device filled with nails. The [[Abu Dhabi]] television station reported that the radical Palestinian Liberation Front had claimed responsibility for the attack. According to the Israeli daily newspaper ‘Ha'aretz’, the radical Islamic group [[Hamas]] has also claimed responsibility for the suicide bombing.<ref>{{cite web |language=de |url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/tote-in-israel-mit-der-nagelbombe-auf-den-markt-a-196876.html |title=Tote in Israel: Mit der Nagelbombe auf den Markt |website=Spiegel Online |date=2002-05-19 |access-date=2016-02-18}}</ref>

=== Explosion at the Karni border crossing ===
In January 2005, an explosive device weighing around 130 kilograms was detonated near an Israeli military base in the Gaza Strip, at the Karni crossing on the border with Israel. Grenades were then fired at the border post, and a skirmish broke out. Five people lost their lives. The Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade, Hamas and the Palestinian Liberation Front claimed responsibility for the attack. They said the attack was a ‘continuation of the resistance’. Abu Abbas had renounced terrorism as early as 1994.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/nahost-fuenf-tote-bei-anschlag-im-gaza-streifen-a-336689.html |title=Fünf Tote bei Anschlag im Gaza-Streifen
|language=de |website=Spiegel Online |date=2005-01-14 |access-date=2016-02-18}}</ref>

==Ideology==
The Palestinian Liberation Front is considered a radical left-wing organization.<ref name="bl"/> Its goal is the establishment of an independent Palestinian state.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/plf.htm |title=Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) |website=[[GlobalSecurity.org]] |year=2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511134638/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/plf.htm |archive-date=11 May 2024}}</ref> The PLF is described as nationalist and secular,<ref name="sanction"/> and aligned with Ba'athism and Arab socialism.<ref name="tg"/> It is part of the Political Bureau of United Action of the Revolutionary Palestinian Forces, which groups revolutionary Palestinian groups together, and also includes the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]], [[Fatah]], and the [[Arab Liberation Front]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=What is the PLO? |first=Rashid |last=Hamid |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |volume=4 |issue=4 |year=1975 |publisher=University of California Press on behalf of the Institute for Palestine Studies |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2535603 |page=95|doi=10.2307/2535603 |jstor=2535603 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
=== Legislative Council ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Election
! Votes
! %
! Seats
! +/–
! Position
|-
![[1996 Palestinian general election|1996]]
| 3,919
| 0.11
|{{Composition bar|0|88|{{party color|Palestinian Liberation Front}}}}
| New
| 12th
|- 
![[2006 Palestinian legislative election|2006]]{{efn|name="As Martyr"|As "Martyr Abu Abbas"}}
| 3,011	
| 0.30
|{{Composition bar|0|132|{{party color|Palestinian Liberation Front}}}}
| {{steady}}
| 9th
|}

==See also==
*[[1979 Nahariya attack]]
*[[Palestinian Liberation Front (Abu Nidal Ashqar wing)]]
*[[Palestinian Liberation Front (Abd ul-Fattah Ghanim wing)]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Palestinian political parties}}
{{Israeli-Palestinian conflict |Participants}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Palestinian Liberation Front| ]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in Palestine]]
[[Category:Anti-Israeli sentiment in Palestine]]
[[Category:Arab nationalism in Palestine]]
[[Category:Arab nationalist militant groups]]
[[Category:Arab nationalist political parties]]
[[Category:Factions in the Lebanese Civil War]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1959]]