View source for Pala Indian Reservation

{{short description|Native Luiseño and Cupeño Indians in Southern California}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Pala Band of Mission Indians at Pala
| flag             = 
| flag_caption     = Flag of the Pala Band of Cupeño Indians
| image            = Pala Reservation. Reinforcement of first joint of caisson - NARA - 298614.jpg
| caption          = Pala Reservation. Reinforcement of first joint of caisson - NARA
| population       = 1,573 reservation population (2000 US Census)
| popplace         = United States ([[California]])
| langs            = [[English language|English]], [[Luiseño language|Luiseño]], [[Cupeño language|Cupeño]]
| rels             = 
| related          = other [[Cupeño people]], [[Luiseño people]]<ref name=p131>Pritzker 131</ref>
}}
The '''Pala Indian Reservation''' is located in the middle of [[San Luis Rey River]] Valley in northern [[San Diego County, California]], east of the community of [[Fallbrook, California|Fallbrook]], and has been assigned feature ID 272502.{{clarify|date=June 2014}}

Historic variant names used to describe the area include '''Mission Indian Reservation''' and '''Mission Indian Reserve'''.

Its members, the federally recognized tribe of the Pala Band of Mission Indians, are descended from both [[Cupeño people|Cupeño]] and [[Luiseño people|Luiseño]] peoples, who have shared territory since 1903. A total of five other federally recognized tribes of Luiseño are located in southern California and is the most populated reservation in San Diego County.

The reservation has a land area of 52.163&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (20.140 sq mi) and reported an official resident population of 1,573 persons in the [[United States Census, 2000|2000 census]], about 44 percent of whom were of solely [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] heritage. Robert H. Smith is the Tribal Chairman.

== Politics ==
The Pala Band of Mission Indians is governed by a six-member Executive Committee. Committee members elected by the General Counsel, who is composed of voters of 18 and up. Every two years in November an election is held. The tribal committee is made up of a tribal chairman, vice chairman, secretary, treasurer, and two council members. The tribe follows a constitution created in 1994, which was approved by the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 2000 retroactive to 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.palatribe.com/about/tribal-council-1|title=Tribal Council — Pala Band of Mission Indians|website=www.palatribe.com|access-date=2017-03-09}}</ref>

The seat of government of the reservation is in [[Pala, California]].

==Reservation==
[[File:2635R Pala Reservation Locator Map.svg|thumb|Location of Pala Indian Reservation]]
The reservation occupies parts of four 7.5 minute topographic maps: Boucher Hill, Pala, Pechanga, and Vail Lake, California. The area consists of an area in and around [[Pala, California]]. The enrolled tribal members descend from two Indian groups: a band of the [[Luiseño people|Luiseño]] tribe, and the [[Cupeño people|Cupeño]] Indians, who were historically one of the smallest tribes in California. Their name for themselves was ''Kuupangaxwichem.'' The reservation also hosts a radio station, Pala Rez Radio [[KPRI]] 91.3 FM.

===2020 census===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Pala Reservation, California – Racial and ethnic composition'''<br><small>{{nobold|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}}</small>
!Race / Ethnicity <small>(''NH = Non-Hispanic'')</small>
!Pop 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>{{Cite web|title=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Pala Reservation, California |url=https://data.census.gov/table?g=2500000US2635&tid=DECENNIALSF12000.P004|website=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date= }}</ref>
!Pop 2010<ref name=2010CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data – Pala Reservation, California |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPLNAT2010.P2?q=p2&g=2500000US2635|website=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date= }}</ref>
!{{partial|Pop 2020}}<ref name=2020CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Pala Reservation, California |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=2500000US2635&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|website=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date= }}</ref>
!% 2000
!% 2010
!{{partial|% 2020}}
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White]] alone (NH)
|121
|123
|style='background: #ffffe6; |85
|7.69%
|9.35%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |5.52%
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (NH)
|4
|11
|style='background: #ffffe6; |3
|0.25%
|0.84%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.19%
|-
|[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[Alaska Native]] alone (NH)
|621
|548
|style='background: #ffffe6; |758
|39.48%
|41.67%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |49.19%
|-
|[[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone (NH)
|7
|0
|style='background: #ffffe6; |4
|0.45%
|0.00%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.26%
|-
|[[Native Hawaiian]] or [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] alone (NH)
|0
|4
|style='background: #ffffe6; |1
|0.00%
|0.30%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.06%
|-
|[[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Other race]] alone (NH)
|2
|1
|style='background: #ffffe6; |3
|0.13%
|0.08%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.19%
|-
|[[Multiracial Americans|Mixed race or Multiracial]] (NH)
|19
|45
|style='background: #ffffe6; |54
|1.21%
|3.42%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |3.50%
|-
|[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (any race)
|799
|583
|style='background: #ffffe6; |633
|50.79%
|44.33%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |41.08%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''1,573'''
|'''1,315'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''1,541'''
|'''100.00%'''
|'''100.00%'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''100.00%'''
|}

==History and culture==
During the mission period of Spanish colonial times, Pala was the site of [[San Antonio de Pala Asistencia]], an ''asistencia'' – an ''arm'' of the Catholic [[Mission San Luis Rey de Francia]], downstream toward the coast. The grounds of the former ''asistencia'' include a historic cemetery.

The tribe is federally recognized. The Cupeño people were evicted in 1901 from their ancestral homeland, called Kupa, on what is now called Warner's Ranch east of Pala. This event is referred to by the tribe as the "Cupeño Trail of Tears." The Cupeño were removed to a tract of land in the Pala Valley adjacent to the Pala Luiseño reservation that already existed there in May 1903. That tract of land was purchased pursuant to the express direction of Congress for "such Mission Indians heretofore residing or belonging to the Rancho San Jose del Valle, or Warners Ranch, in San Diego County, California, and such other Mission Indians as may not be provided with suitable lands elsewhere, as the Secretary of the Interior may see fit to locate thereon."<ref>[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/vol1/Images/v1p0750.jpg 32 Stat. 257] (1902)</ref> The tract of land had no form of infrastructure, so the Cupeño had to sleep in the open fields. In addition, their Chinigchinich religious ties to their previous land holdings were denied to them, which hindered their spirituality. They have not been able to regain their previous homeland, Kupa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.palatribe.com/our-community/cupa-cultural-center/history-and-culture-1|title=History and Culture — Pala Band of Mission Indians|website=www.palatribe.com|access-date=2017-03-16}}</ref>

==Gaming and economic development==
Traditionally a modest and sometimes poor tribe, since the late 20th century, the Pala Band has developed a large, successful casino and resort hotel: [[Pala Casino Resort and Spa]]. The tribe uses proceeds from the gaming and hospitality enterprises to fund social services and education for members, and infrastructure improvements to the reservation. The Pala branch also cultivates a 90-acre avocado grove on the southern part of the reservation. The grove provides jobs to over 40 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.palatribe.com/programs/economy-1|title=Economy — Pala Band of Mission Indians|website=www.palatribe.com|access-date=2017-03-16}}</ref>

Outcomes of the Gaming Profits 
* $1.5 million home loan program
* $300,000 scholarship fund for higher education
* Additional land for the Tribal cemetery
* Firefighter and paramedic service<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alvarado |first=Kitty |date=2023-07-21 |title=Pala Band of Mission Indians makes historic agreement with California |url=https://www.kpbs.org/news/local/2023/07/21/pala-band-of-mission-indians-makes-historic-agreement-with-california |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=KPBS Public Media |language=en}}</ref>
* 24-hour on-site ambulance
* 24/7/365 non commercial FM station [[KPRI]], known as "Rez Radio 91.3"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.palatribe.com/about/tribal-council-1|title=Tribal Council — Pala Band of Mission Indians|website=www.palatribe.com|access-date=2017-03-09}}</ref>

== Environmental department ==
The department monitors the pollution and cleanliness of the air, water, and land specific to the Pala reservation. The U.S. provided the reservation with a grant in 1999 that enabled the tribe to observe the pollution levels of the environment. The grant contributes to technology for the department, personnel training, and other necessities needed to manage the department. Some of the tasks that the department fulfills are computing the [[air quality index]] for the region, which describes the pollutants in the air, along with solutions and methods to combat the issue. Another is to ensure that the water meets the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act standards, in addition to the conservation of water in the reservation. In addition to environment conservation, they also work to preserve and maintain historical and cultural sites.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ped.palatribe.com/culture/|title=Culture – Pala Environmental Department|website=ped.palatribe.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-03-16}}</ref>

==Other Luiseño bands==
Another major federally recognized tribe of related people, the [[Pauma Band of Luiseno Mission Indians]] resides to the southeast in the area traversed by [[California State Route 76|State Route 76]]. A total of five other federally recognized tribes of Luiseño are located in southern California.

==See also==
* [[Pechanga Band of Luiseno Mission Indians]]
* [[Mission San Antonio de Pala]]
* ''[[Rice v. Rehner]]''
* [[Pala, California]]
* [[Roscinda Nolasquez]]

==References==

<references />
* [https://www.census.gov Pala Reservation, California] United States Census Bureau
* Bean, Lowell J. and Shipek, Florence C. (1978) "Luiseño," in 'California,' vol. 8, ed. Robert Heizer, ''Handbook of North American Indians'' (Wash., D. C.: Smithsonian Institution): 550–563.
* Bean, L. J. and Smith, Charles R., "Cupeño,"  ''Ibid,'' pp.&nbsp;588–591. 
* Hyer, Jose R., 2001.'' 'We Are Not Savages': Native Americans in Southern California and the Pala Reservation, 1840–1920'' (E. Lansing: Michigan State University Press).
* Karr, Steven M., 2000. "Water We Believed Could Never Belong to Anyone: the San Luis Rey River and the Pala Indians of Southern California," ''American Indian Quarterly'', 24(3): 381

==External links==
* [http://www.palatribe.com/ Pala Band], Tribal government home page
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071006161456/http://www.palatribe.com/media/news-coverage/06_0506_nytimes.pdf/attachment_download/file Wireless Internet on the Pala Resservation]
* {{cite web|last=Howser|first=Huell|title=California Missions (108)|url=http://blogs.chapman.edu/huell-howser-archives/2000/12/08/california-missions-california-missions-108/|work=California Missions|publisher=[[Chapman University]] Huell Howser Archive|author-link=Huell Howser|date=December 8, 2000}}

{{Mission Tribes of California}}
{{Indian reservations in California}}
{{San Diego County, California}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Luiseño]]
[[Category:Cupeño]]
[[Category:Mission Indians]]
[[Category:American Indian reservations in California]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in San Diego County, California]]
[[Category:Pala Band of Mission Indians]]
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