View source for Padmapadacharya

{{Short description|Indian philosopher}}
{{essay-like|date=August 2016}}
[[File:IMG-20171126-WA0003.jpg|thumb|Padmapadacharya Samadhi]]

{{EngvarB|date=May 2015}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion           = [[Hinduism]]
| influences         = [[Adi Shankara]]
| flourished         = 8th Century BCE
| home_town          = 
| resting_place      = 
}}
{{Advaita}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}

'''Padmapadacharya''' was an Indian [[philosopher]], a follower of [[Adi Shankara]].

Padmapāda's dates are unknown, but some modern scholarship places his life around the middle of the 8th century; similarly information about him comes mainly from [[Hagiography|hagiographies]].  What is known for certain is that he was a direct disciple of Shankara, of whom he was a younger contemporary. Padmapada was the first head of Puri [[Govardhana matha]]. He is believed to have founded a math by name Thekke Matham in [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]. Keralites believe that he was a Nambuthiri belonging to Vemannillom, though according to textual sources he was from the Chola region in South India.

Padmapāda, together with [[Sureśvara]], developed ideas that led to the founding of the [[Vivarana]] school of commentators. 
The only surviving work of Padmapāda known to be authentic is the ''Pañcapādikā''.  According to tradition, this was written in response to Shankara's request for a commentary on his own ''[[Brahma Sutras|Brahmasūtrabhāsya]]'', and once written was destroyed by a jealous uncle.  The surviving text is supposed to be what Shankara could recall of the commentary; certainly, all that survives of the work is an extended [[gloss (annotation)|gloss]] on the first four [[aphorism]]s.

Padmapadacharya's life exemplifies the [[Guru–shishya tradition|Guru-Sishya]] relationship. For Padmapadacharya, the Guru is everything and the command of Guru is ultimate. Once when he was on the opposite bank of a river, Sankara who was on the other side called him, and Padmapadacharya, without even thinking that he might be drowned in a swollen river began walking and a lotus appeared on every step that he would take and hold his feet from drowning - and that is why he came to be known as Padma-Pada - Lotus - Feet. His devotion exemplifies the relationship of Guru and Shishya.

==''Pañcapādikā''==
In this work Padmapāda develops a complete [[epistemology|theory of knowledge]] on the basis of Shankara's notion of ''[[adhyāsa]]'' ("superimposition" &mdash; "the apparent presentation to consciousness of something as something else" [Grimes, p.&nbsp;602]).  In developing, expanding, analysing, and criticising this notion, Padmapāda paved the way for the epistemology of [[Advaita Vedanta]].

Also important is Padmapāda's "critique of difference"; he argued that the relationship between the ''[[Jiva|jīva]]'' (the empirical self) and the ''[[Atman (Hinduism)|ātman]]'' (the underlying, spiritual self) was that of reflection to prototype.  According to this theory of reflection (''[[Pratibimbavada|pratibimbavāda]]''), the ''jīva'' is an appearance of absolute reality (''[[brahman]]''/''ātman'') as reflected in ignorance.

This theory has the effect of moving from the view of Padmapāda's predecessors that the self was to be rejected as not ''brahman'' to the view that enlightenment brings an understanding that everything is ''brahman'': "Thus the ''jīva'' or 'face in the mirror' is none other than ''Ātman'' or the original face." (Grimes, p.&nbsp;602)  For  Padmapāda, as for Shankara:
<blockquote>"the ascertainment of the essential Self is not so much a matter of a 'mystical' experience occurring in time, BUT, as a matter of enquiry consisting of the careful and concentrated introspection of and reflection upon one's ordinary experience." (Comans, p. 213)</blockquote>

==Sources and further reading==
===Primary texts===
*''The Pañcapādikā of Padmapāda'', trans. D. Venkatramiah, Gaekwad's Oriental Series 107 (Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1948)
*''The Pañcapādikā of Padmapāda'', edd S. Srirama Sastri & S. R. Krishnamurthi Sastri (Madras: Madras Government Oriental Series 155, 1958)

===Secondary texts===
*Michael Comans, "Later Vedānta" (in Brian Carr & Indira Mahalingam edd. ''Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy''. London: Routledge, 2001. {{ISBN|0-415-24038-7}}
*John Grimes, "Padmapāda" (in Robert L. Arrington [ed.]. ''A Companion to the Philosophers''. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001. {{ISBN|0-631-22967-1}})
*J. N. Mohanty, "Can the Self Become an Object? (Thoughts on ''Śamkara's'' statement: ''nāyam ātmā ekāntena avisaya'')", in his ''Essays on Indian Philosophy'', ed. Puroshottama Bilimoria. New Delhi: Oxford University press, 2002. {{ISBN|0-19-565878-7}}

{{Indian Philosophy}}

[[Category:Advaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Advaita Vedanta]]