View source for Pachakutik

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}

{{Infobox political party
| name             = Pachakutik Plurinational Unity Movement – New Country
| native_name      = Movimiento de Unidad Plurinacional Pachakutik – Nuevo País
| abbreviation     = MUPP
| logo             = Pachakutik.svg
| leader1_title    = National coordinator
| leader1_name     = {{nowrap|[[Guillermo Churuchumbi]]<ref>https://www.lahora.com.ec/pais/cne-aprobo-registro-nueva-directiva-pachakutik-guillermo-churuchumbi/ CNE aprobó registro de nueva directiva de Pachakutik liderada por Guillermo Churuchumbi</ref>}}
| leader2_name     = 
| leader3_name     = 
| foundation       = 1 November 1995
| seats1_title     = [[National Assembly of Ecuador|Seats in the National Assembly]]
| seats1           = {{Composition bar|9|151|hex=#FE2EC8}}
| seats3_title     = [[Provinces of Ecuador|Prefects]]
| seats3           = {{Composition bar|6|23|hex={{party color|Pachakutik Plurinational Unity Movement – New Country}}}}
| seats4_title     = [[Cantons of Ecuador|Mayors]]
| seats4           = {{Composition bar|26|221|hex={{party color|Pachakutik Plurinational Unity Movement – New Country}}}}
| membership       = 159,961 (2016) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eltelegrafo.com.ec/noticias/politiko-2017/1/3-5-millones-de-firmas-avalan-a-16-grupos-politicos|title = 3,5 millones de firmas avalan a 16 grupos políticos|date = 6 September 2016}}</ref>
| headquarters     = 
| newspaper        = 
| youth_wing       = 
| ideology         = {{ubl|class=nowrap
 ||[[Indigenismo]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lacapital.com.ar/el-mundo/pachakutik-el-movimiento-indigenista-que-2009-enfrenta-rafael-correa-n2640691.html|title=Pachakutik, el movimiento indigenista que desde 2009 enfrenta a Rafael Correa}}</ref>
 |[[Populism]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ibp, Inc |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2yyDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22pachakutik%22%22far+left%22&pg=PA14 |title=Ecuador Mineral and Mining Sector Investment and Business Guide |date=2016-12-06 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-4330-1370-6 |language=en}}</ref>
 |[[Socialism]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tanasescu |first=Mihnea |date=2015 |title=Nature Advocacy and the Indigenous Symbol |url=https://osf.io/pw9vj/download |journal=Environmental Values |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=105–122 |doi=10.3197/096327115X14183182353863 |jstor=43695211 |bibcode=2015EnvV...24..105T |issn=0963-2719 |quote=His political career has seen him as founding member and candidate of the indigenous socialist party, Pachakutik, as candidate of the indigenous socialist party, Pachakutik [...]}}</ref>
 |[[Environmentalism]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/opinion/latinoamerica21/ecuador-el-enfrentamiento-es-entre-las-izquierdas|title = Ecuador: El enfrentamiento es entre las izquierdas|date = 10 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
| position         = [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]<ref>{{bulleted list|{{Cite book |last=Grant |first=Will |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PqyfEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22left-wing%22%22pachakutik%22&pg=PT313 |title=Populista: The Rise of Latin America's 21st Century Strongman |date=2021-01-07 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-78954-398-8 |language=en |quote=By the time they met, Acosta was already becoming politically active and was one of the founders of a left-wing indigenous party, Pachakutik.}}|{{Cite book |last1=Pedroza |first1=Luicy |url=https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/70068 |title=How Latin American States Protect Their Emigrants in Times of COVID-19 |last2=Palop |first2=Pau |date=2020 |publisher=GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies - Leibniz-Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien, Institut für Lateinamerika-Studien |series=GIGA Focus Lateinamerika |volume=6 |location=Hamburg |language=en |issn=1862-3573 |quote=Yaku Pérez from Pachakutik – the indigenist and environmentalist left – was practically tied for second place, until the final count saw him lose to Lasso by 32,000 votes.}}|{{Cite thesis |last=Montano Endara, María Victoria |title=Investigación sobre el uso de personajes televisivos en la construcción del espectáculo político por parte del Partido Roldosista Ecuatoriano |date=September 2010 |publisher=Universidad Internacional SEK |url=https://repositorio.uisek.edu.ec/handle/123456789/109 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20211201011556/https://repositorio.uisek.edu.ec/handle/123456789/109 |archive-date=2021-12-01}}}}</ref> to [[Far-left politics|far-left]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWFaAAAAYAAJ&q=%22pachakutik%22%22far+left%22 |title=Political Risk Yearbook: South America. Vol. 3 |date=2008 |publisher=Frost & Sullivan |isbn=978-1-933539-53-9 |language=en |quote=On other side, the Party of the Democratic Left (ID), the Ecuadorian Roldosist Party (PRE), and two farleft parties — the Pluri-National Pachakutik United Movement-New Country (MUPP-NP) and the Democratic People's Movement (MPD) — supported Correa's reform effort.}}</ref>
| national         = {{illm|National Agreement for Change|es|Acuerdo Nacional por el Cambio|zh|全国争取变革协议}} {{small|(2016–2017)}}
| international    = [[São Paulo Forum]]
| europarl         = 
| colors           = {{color box|#ffffff}} Rainbow/White {{small|(official)}}<br/>{{color box|{{party color|Pachakutik Plurinational Unity Movement}}}} Pink {{small|(customary)}}
| colorcode        = {{party color|Pachakutik Plurinational Unity Movement}}
| country          = Ecuador
| website = {{URL|http://pachakutik.com.ec/}}
}}
{{Politics of Ecuador}}
The '''Pachakutik Plurinational Unity Movement – New Country''' ({{langx|es|Movimiento de Unidad Plurinacional Pachakutik – Nuevo País}}) is a political party [[list of political parties in Ecuador|in Ecuador]] that's described as [[Indigenismo|Indigenist]] and [[left-wing]].<ref name="NACLA 2021">{{cite web |date=2021-02-13 |title=Two Different Visions of the Left Divide Ecuador in the 2021 Presidential Election |url=https://nacla.org/news/2021/02/13/two-different-visions-left-divide-ecuador-2021-presidential-election |access-date=2021-07-14 |website=[[NACLA]] |quote=The divide between the top-down left of Arauz and the social movement left of Pérez is so extensive that it cannot be assumed that the vote for Pachakutik in the first round would translate into a vote for correísmo in the second round.}}</ref>  It was founded primarily as a way to advance the interests of a wide variety of [[Indigenous peoples in Ecuador|Indigenous peoples]]' organizations throughout Ecuador.

==History==
In the context of Ecuador's Indigenous movement, Pachakutik emerged in 1995 after civil society mobilizations by large Indigenous organizations such as [[CONAIE]] and [[CONFENAIE]]. These movements had previously espoused an abstentionist position in relation to electoral politics, but came together to form Coordinadora de Movimientos Sociales (Social Movement Cooperation, CMS) and then Pachakutik to serve as an alternative to the traditional cluster of political parties that had ruled Ecuadorian politics.<ref name="Wiley pp. 49–74">{{cite journal | title=The Creation of the Pachakutik Political Movement | journal=The Latin Americanist | publisher=Wiley | volume=47 | issue=3–4 | date=2008-06-28 | issn=1557-2021 | doi=10.1111/j.1557-203x.2004.tb00015.x | pages=49–74}}</ref> However, the party is not formally affiliated with CONAIE.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

Pachakutik is a term taken from the [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]] ''pacha'', meaning "time and space" or "the world"; and ''kuti''', meaning "upheaval" or "revolution".<ref name="Transnational Institute 2010">{{cite web | title=Pachakuti: Indigenous perspectives, degrowth and ecosocialism | website=Transnational Institute | date=2010-10-22 | url=https://www.tni.org/my/node/14024 | access-date=2021-02-11}}</ref> Its aim is not just to win elections but to initiate a democratic transformation of Ecuadorian society, centring on the neglected needs of the Indigenous.<ref name="Wiley pp. 49–74"/>

In 1996, its electoral strategy was to concentrate on areas where CONAIE or CMS were strong, but it was able to recruit TV personality [[Freddy Ehlers]] and CONAIE leader [[Luis Macas]] to its list, adding to its national prominence.<ref name="Wiley pp. 49–74"/>

The party has been a topic of controversy among [[Indigenous peoples]] throughout Ecuador because of its nature as a political party.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

According to American-Venezuelan lawyer [[Eva Golinger]], during the [[2010 Ecuador crisis|2010 Ecuador coup d'état attempt]], Pachakutik stated that President [[Rafael Correa]] was authoritarian and issued a press release opposing him and supporting police and army rebels.<ref name="evagolinger_hhodges">{{cite web |last=Golinger |first=Eva |date=1 October 2010 |title=Behind the Coup in Ecuador - The Attack on ALBA |url=http://www.chavezcode.com/2010/10/behind-coup-in-ecuador-rightwing-attack.html |url-status=live |work=Postcards from the Revolution blog |authorlink=Eva Golinger |accessdate=2 October 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003235928/http://www.chavezcode.com/2010/10/behind-coup-in-ecuador-rightwing-attack.html |archivedate=3 October 2010 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{better source needed|SPS|date=February 2021}} Golinger accused Pachakutik of having accepted funding from [[United States Agency for International Development|USAID]] and [[National Endowment for Democracy|NED]], and playing a role as part of a [[United States]] plan to destabilise Latin American democracies in the [[Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas]] (ALBA).<ref name="evagolinger_hhodges" />{{better source needed|primary so may not be due, and may not be reliable|date=February 2021}} Pachakutik denied "having any relationship at all with the organism known as USAID, previously NED, not today nor ever".<ref name="CONAIE_noUSAIDfunding">{{cite news |last=Santi |first=Marlon |date=6 October 2010 |title=The Alleged Coup d'Etat, Democracy, and the Indigenous Organizations |publisher=[[Narco News]] |url=http://narcosphere.narconews.com/thefield/4149/statement-ecuadors-most-important-social-movements |url-status=dead |accessdate=7 October 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011045142/http://narcosphere.narconews.com/thefield/4149/statement-ecuadors-most-important-social-movements |archivedate=11 October 2010 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Golinger responded<ref name="Golinger_PachaNDI">{{cite web |last=Golinger |first=Eva |date=7 October 2010 |title=Evidence of NED funding/aid to groups in Ecuador involved in coup against Correa |url=http://www.chavezcode.com/2010/10/evidence-of-ned-fundingaid-to-groups-in.html |url-status=live |work=Postcards from the Revolution blog |publisher=[[Eva Golinger]] |authorlink=Eva Golinger |accessdate=8 October 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024151109/http://www.chavezcode.com/2010/10/evidence-of-ned-fundingaid-to-groups-in.html |archivedate=24 October 2010 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>{{better source needed|SPS|date=February 2021}} by referring to a [[National Democratic Institute]] (NDI, one of the four institutes funded by NED) report from 2007 describing Pachakutik being trained by the NDI in "Triangle of Party Best Practices and strategic planning methodologies" as part of NDI's Latin American/Caribbean Political Party Network of over 1400 individual members, funded under NED Core Grants 2000-031, 2001-048, 2003-028, and 2004-036.<ref name="NDI2007_Pachakutik">{{cite web |year=2007 |title=Latin America and the Caribbean: Political Party Network - Final Evaluation Report |url=http://centrodealerta.org/documentos_desclasificados/usaidned_funding_political_.pdf |url-status=live |publisher=[[National Democratic Institute]] |authorlink=National Democratic Institute |accessdate=8 October 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008062106/http://centrodealerta.org/documentos_desclasificados/usaidned_funding_political_.pdf |archivedate=8 October 2010 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Political position==
The party's core commitments are to [[environmentalism]], [[social justice]] and [[Indigenous rights]] to recognition and land.<ref name="Lalander Merimaa p.493">{{cite journal | last1=Lalander | first1=Rickard | last2=Merimaa | first2=Maija | title=The Discursive Paradox of Environmental Conflict: Between Ecologism and Economism in Ecuador | journal=Forum for Development Studies | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=45 | issue=3 | date=2018-01-27 | issn=0803-9410 | doi=10.1080/08039410.2018.1427622 | pages=493| doi-access=free | hdl=10138/299734 | hdl-access=free }}</ref>

One of the most determined adversaries of the
Correa government is Marlon Santi (of the Amazonian [[Sarayaku]] people, president of CONAIE (2008-2011) and national coordinator of Pachakutik since 2016) described this eco-socialist position:
<blockquote>The development proposed by the national government is an aggressive development that fails to view Mother Earth as a space of life, or a space that generates life … We promote an alternative and progressive development that respects the rights of the environment, of human beings and of nature. The government, or the economic power, does not understand the model of life that the Indigenous movement has launched regarding our spaces of life where also the majority of natural wealth is to be found, such as water, oil and minerals.<ref name="Lalander Merimaa p.501">{{cite journal | last1=Lalander | first1=Rickard | last2=Merimaa | first2=Maija | title=The Discursive Paradox of Environmental Conflict: Between Ecologism and Economism in Ecuador | journal=Forum for Development Studies | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=45 | issue=3 | date=2018-01-27 | issn=0803-9410 | doi=10.1080/08039410.2018.1427622 | pages=501| doi-access=free | hdl=10138/299734 | hdl-access=free }}</ref></blockquote>
According to left-wing Ecuadorian scholar Pablo Ospina Peralta, it is "a social movement that is diverse, popular, and multicultural. It has been forged in social mobilization, community resistance, and the chaotic and disorganized work of grassroots organizing."<ref name="Dissent Magazine 2021">{{cite web | title=The Divided Left in Ecuador | website=Dissent Magazine | date=2021-04-12 | url=https://www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/the-divided-left-in-ecuador | access-date=2021-07-14}}</ref>

=== The Rights of Nature: Sumak Kawsay ===
{{Main|The Rights of Nature in Ecuador - Sumak Kawsay}}

After lobbying by the four Pachakutik members of the [[Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly]], the [[2008 Ecuadorian constitutional referendum|2008 Ecuadorian Constitution]] enshrined the [[Quechua people|Quechua]] concept of ''Sumac Kawsay'' (''[[buen vivir]]'' in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], meaning "good living", signifying the rights of nature).<ref name="Hidalgo-Capitán Cubillo-Guevara 2017 pp. 23–50">{{cite journal |last1=Hidalgo-Capitán |first1=Antonio Luis |last2=Cubillo-Guevara |first2=Ana Patricia |date=2017-10-10 |title=Deconstruction and Genealogy of Latin American Good Living (Buen Vivir). The (Triune) Good Living and its Diverse Intellectual Wellsprings |journal=International Development Policy &#124; Revue internationale de politique de développement |volume=9 |issue=9 |pages=23–50 |doi=10.4000/poldev.2351 |issn=1663-9375 |doi-access=free|url=https://repository.graduateinstitute.ch/record/297484/files/poldev-2351.pdf }}</ref>

==Electoral history==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}

Pachakutik participated in the [[1996 Ecuadorian general election|presidential elections of 1996]] despite having only been formed a few months beforehand. In order to give a strong media boost to the party in their first presidential election, they recruited a former TV personality named [[Freddy Ehlers]] to represent the party on the highest national stage. Although Ehlers failed to win the election, he placed third with nearly twenty percent of the popular vote despite having less than five months to prepare his campaign. In addition, eight members of Pachakutik won seats as national deputies, including CONAIE president [[Luis Macas]], and although they constituted less than ten percent of the seats in the [[National Congress of Ecuador]], the presence of the party was undeniable. For the first time Indigenous citizens of Ecuador were present in Congress, representing the interests of all groups throughout the country.

Pachakutik, along with a strong [[civil society]] effort by CONAIE and others, was instrumental in pushing for the new Ecuadorian Constitution in 1998 which, among other things, recognized the country as multi-cultural, paving the way for such reforms as bilingual education.  Since the [[1998 Ecuadorian general election|1998 elections]] in which Pachakutik's amount of representation declined, the party has never quite reached its prior levels of support and has been unable to topple the majority of the Congress that does not share their views.  It has been criticized by CONAIE for its ineffectiveness, leading to a [[2000 Ecuadorean coup d'état|''coup d'état'' in 2000]] organized by CONAIE in association with sympathetic members of the military.  Although after only hours of taking the capital and instituting a three-man [[military junta|junta]] including CONAIE president [[Antonio Vargas]] the government dissipated, echoing CONAIE's frustration.  Pachakutik has since distanced itself somewhat from CONAIE while still remaining intensely involved with gaining Indigenous rights.

At the [[2002 Ecuadorian general election|2002 legislative elections]], the party won at least 11 out of 100 seats. Its candidate [[Lucio Gutiérrez]], member of the [[Patriotic Society Party 21 January]] won 20.3% of the vote in the presidential elections of the same day and won the second round with 58.7%. After three months of government Gutierrez broke up its alliance with Pachakutik and he discharged its ministers. The party soon grew to despise him and publicly criticize him.  In 2003 they even began to call for the removal of President Gutiérrez publicly in the media.

However, with Gutierrez out, the return of [[Luis Macas]] to the presidency of CONAIE and the opposition to the signature of an agreement of free trade with United States, they have been able to reunify to the movement.{

At the [[2006 Ecuadorian general election|2006 elections]], the party won at least 6 out of 100 seats. Its candidate [[Luis Macas]], obtained 2.19% of the vote in the presidential elections of the same day.

At the [[2009 Ecuadorian general election|2009 elections]], the party had its worst results since its founding, but still maintains representation, with 4 seats out of 124 in National Assembly.

At the [[2013 Ecuadorian general election|2013 elections]], the party won at least 5 out of 137 seats. Its candidate [[Alberto Acosta]], obtained 3.26% of the vote in the presidential elections of the same day.

The party made significant electoral gains in [[2021 Ecuadorian general election|2021]], winning 27 seats in the National Assembly. The good performance was partly owed due to their prominent role in the [[2019 Ecuadorian protests]]. 2021 represented a breakthrough beyond Indigenous voters, as it "struck a chord with young and disenchanted voters who responded to its call for greater protection of the environment and focus on gender issues."<ref name="Financial Times 2021">{{cite web | title=Ecuador's Yaku Pérez: 'A triumph even if we don't get to the second round' | website=Financial Times | date=2021-03-07 | url=https://www.ft.com/content/5a174859-1595-4cd3-b825-2144054e1143 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/x3FME |archive-date=11 December 2022 |url-access=subscription | access-date=2021-07-14}}</ref>

==Electoral results==
=== Presidential elections ===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! colspan="2" |Candidates
! colspan="2" |First Round
! colspan="2" |Second Round
! rowspan="2" |Results
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
!President
!Vice President
!Votes
!'''%'''
!Votes
!'''%'''
|-
|[[1996 Ecuadorian general election|1996]]
|[[Freddy Ehlers]]
|[[Rosana Vinueza]]
| valign="top" align="right" |785,124
| valign="top" align="right" |{{percentage|20.61||DCDCDC}}
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|3rd
|
|-
|-
|[[2002 Ecuadorian general election|'''2002''']]
|'''[[Lucio Gutiérrez]]'''
|'''[[Alfredo Palacio]]'''
|'''943,123'''
| valign="top" align="right" |{{percentage|20.64||DCDCDC}}
|'''2,803,243'''
| valign="top" align="right" |{{percentage|54.79||DCDCDC}}
|align="center" style="color:white; background:#DCDCDC|'''Elected'''
|'''<small>Coalition with [[Partido Sociedad Patriótica 21 de Enero|PSP]]</small>'''
|-
|[[2006 Ecuadorian general election|2006]]
|[[Luis Macas]] 
|César Sacoto
| valign="top" align="right" |119,577
| valign="top" align="right" |{{percentage|2.19||DCDCDC}}
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|6th
|
|-
|[[2013 Ecuadorian general election|2013]]
|[[Alberto Acosta Espinosa|Alberto Acosta]]
|Marcia Caicedo
| valign="top" align="right" |280,539
| valign="top" align="right" |{{percentage|3.26||DCDCDC}}
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|6th
|<small>Parte de la [[Unidad Plurinacional de las Izquierdas|UPI]]</small>
|-
|[[2017 Ecuadorian general election|2017]]
|[[Paco Moncayo]]
|Monserratt Bustamante 
| valign="top" align="right" |634,030
| valign="top" align="right" |{{percentage|6.71||DCDCDC}} 
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|4th
|<small>Parte del [[Acuerdo Nacional por el Cambio|ANC]]</small>
|-
|[[2021 Ecuadorian general election|2021]]
|[[Yaku Pérez Guartambel|Yaku Pérez]]
|Virna Cedeño
| valign="top" align="right" |1,798,057
| valign="top" align="right" |{{percentage|19.39||DCDCDC}}
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|3rd
|-
|[[2023 Ecuadorian general election|2023]]
|[[Yaku Pérez Guartambel|Yaku Pérez]]
|Nory Pinela Morán
| valign="top" align="right" |391,674
| valign="top" align="right" |{{percentage|3.97||DCDCDC}}
|{{N/A}}
|{{N/A}}
|6th
|}

=== Legislative elections ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!'''Election'''
!Votes
!Votes %
!'''Seats'''
!+/–
|-
|1996
|718,983
|20.4
|{{Composition bar|19|82|#FE2EC8}}
|
|-
|2002
|325,365
|9.2
|{{Composition bar|5|120|#FE2EC8}}
|{{decrease}} 14
|-
|[[2006 Ecuadorian general election|2006]]
|–
|–
|{{Composition bar|11|100|#FE2EC8}}
|{{increase}} 6
|-
|[[2007 Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly election|2007]]
|–
|–
|{{Composition bar|6|100|#FE2EC8}}
|{{decrease}} 5
|-
|[[2009 Ecuadorian general election|2009]]
|948,638
|1.5
|{{Composition bar|4|124|#FE2EC8}}
|{{decrease}} 2
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[2013 Ecuadorian general election|2013]]
|4,149,243
|4.73
|{{Composition bar|5|137|turquoise}}
|{{increase}} 1
|-
| colspan="4" |As a part of the alliance [[Plurinational Unity of the Lefts]]
|-
|[[2017 Ecuadorian general election|2017]]
|2,740,043
|2.67
|{{Composition bar|4|137|#FE2EC8}}
|{{decrease}} 1
|-
|[[2021 Ecuadorian general election|2021]]
|1,348,595
|16.81
|{{Composition bar|27|137|#FE2EC8}}
|{{increase}} 23
|-
|[[2023 Ecuadorian general election|2023]]
|349,450
|4.07
|{{Composition bar|4|137|#FE2EC8}}
|{{decrease}} 23
|}

== See also ==
* [[Pachakuti]]
* [[Pachakuti Indigenous Movement]] (Bolivian indigenist party)

==References==
<references />

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last=Becker | first=Marc | title=Pachakutik : indigenous movements and electoral politics in Ecuador | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | publication-place=Lanham, Md | year=2011 | isbn=978-1-4422-0754-7 | oclc=700438480}}
* {{cite book | author=Raúl Madrid |chapter=The Rise and Decline of Pachakutik in Ecuador|title=The rise of ethnic politics in Latin America | publisher=Cambridge University Press | publication-place=Cambridge New York | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-139-02259-0 | oclc=794412693 | pages=74–107}}
* {{cite web | title=Interview with Yaku Pérez - Turning our eyes to indigenous peoples | website=Interview with Yaku Pérez - Turning our eyes to indigenous peoples | url=https://peoples-sovereignty-lab.org/en/common_library/i17/Interview-with-Yaku-P%C3%A9rez-Turning-our-eyes-to-indigenous-peoples.html | ref={{sfnref | Interview with Yaku Pérez - Turning our eyes to indigenous peoples}} | date=August 27, 2019|access-date=2021-02-05}}
* {{cite web | last1=Valencia | first1=Alexandra | last2=Stargardter | first2=Gabriel | title=Ecuador's indigenous re-assert influence but face obstacles to power | website=U.S. | date=2019-10-17 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ecuador-protests-idUSKBN1WW2AQ | access-date=2021-02-05}}
* {{cite web | title=Yaku Pérez: The New Face of Ecuador's Left? | website=Americas Quarterly | date=2021-02-01 | url=https://americasquarterly.org/article/yaku-perez-the-new-face-of-ecuadors-left/ | ref={{sfnref | Americas Quarterly | 2021}} | access-date=2021-02-05}}

==External links==
*[http://www.conaie.org/ CONAIE]
{{Ecuadorian political parties}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pachakutik Plurinational Unity Movement - New Country}}
[[Category:1996 establishments in Ecuador]]
[[Category:Indigenous political parties in South America]]
[[Category:Indigenous organisations in Ecuador]]
[[Category:Plurinational Unity of the Lefts]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1996]]
[[Category:Political parties in Ecuador]]
[[Category:São Paulo Forum]]
[[Category:Socialist parties in Ecuador]]
[[Category:Political parties of minorities in Ecuador]]