View source for PPP1R1B

{{short description|Protein}}
{{Infobox_gene}}
'''Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1B''' (PPP1R1B), also known as '''dopamine- and cAMP-regulated neuronal phosphoprotein''' (DARPP-32), is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''PPP1R1B'' [[gene]].<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: PPP1R1B protein phosphatase 1, regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 1B (dopamine and cAMP regulated phosphoprotein, DARPP-32)| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=84152}}</ref><ref name="pmid8120638">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brené S, Lindefors N, Ehrlich M, Taubes T, Horiuchi A, Kopp J, Hall H, Sedvall G, Greengard P, Persson H | title = Expression of mRNAs encoding ARPP-16/19, ARPP-21, and DARPP-32 in human brain tissue | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 14 | issue = 3 Pt 1 | pages = 985–98 | date = March 1994 | pmid = 8120638 | pmc = 6577526 | doi =  10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-03-00985.1994| url = }}</ref>

== Function ==

Midbrain dopaminergic neurons play a critical role in multiple brain functions, and abnormal signaling through [[dopaminergic pathways]] has been implicated in several major neurologic and psychiatric disorders. One well studied target for the actions of dopamine is DARPP32. In the densely dopamine- and glutamate-innervated rat caudate-putamen, DARPP32 is expressed in [[Medium_spiny_neuron|medium-sized spiny neurons]]<ref name="pmid2191086">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ouimet CC, Greengard P | title = Distribution of DARPP-32 in the basal ganglia: an electron microscopic study | journal = Journal of Neurocytology | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 39–52 | date = February 1990 | pmid = 2191086 | doi = 10.1007/BF01188438 | s2cid = 33812522 }}</ref> that also express [[dopamine receptor D1|dopamine D1 receptors]].<ref name="pmid6319627">{{cite journal | vauthors = Walaas SI, Greengard P | title = DARPP-32, a dopamine- and adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein enriched in dopamine-innervated brain regions. I. Regional and cellular distribution in the rat brain | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 84–98 | date = January 1984 | pmid = 6319627 | pmc = 6564747 | doi =  10.1523/JNEUROSCI.04-01-00084.1984| url = }}</ref> The function of DARPP32 seems to be regulated by receptor stimulation. Both dopaminergic and glutamatergic ([[NMDA receptor|NMDA]]) receptor stimulation regulate the extent of DARPP32 phosphorylation, but in opposite directions.<ref name="pmid2153935">{{cite journal | vauthors = Halpain S, Girault JA, Greengard P | title = Activation of NMDA receptors induces dephosphorylation of DARPP-32 in rat striatal slices | journal = Nature | volume = 343 | issue = 6256 | pages = 369–72 | date = January 1990 | pmid = 2153935 | doi = 10.1038/343369a0 | bibcode = 1990Natur.343..369H | s2cid = 4319592 }}</ref> Dopamine D1 receptor stimulation enhances [[cyclic adenosine monophosphate|cAMP]] formation, resulting in the phosphorylation of DARPP32;<ref name="pmid6319627"/> (this is disputed by more recent research that claims cAMP signaling induces dephosphorylation of DARPP32<ref name="pmid11050161">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nishi A, Bibb JA, Snyder GL, Higashi H, Nairn AC, Greengard P | title = Amplification of dopaminergic signaling by a positive feedback loop | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 97 | issue = 23 | pages = 12840–5 | date = November 2000 | pmid = 11050161 | pmc = 18851 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.220410397 | bibcode = 2000PNAS...9712840N | doi-access = free }}</ref>) phosphorylated DARPP32 is a potent protein phosphatase-1 ([[PPP1CA]]) inhibitor.<ref name="pmid6087160">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hemmings HC, Greengard P, Tung HY, Cohen P | title = DARPP-32, a dopamine-regulated neuronal phosphoprotein, is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1 | journal = Nature | volume = 310 | issue = 5977 | pages = 503–5 | year = 1984 | pmid = 6087160 | doi = 10.1038/310503a0 | bibcode = 1984Natur.310..503H | s2cid = 4307053 }}</ref> NMDA receptor stimulation elevates intracellular calcium, which leads to activation of [[calcineurin]] and dephosphorylation of phospho-DARPP32, thereby reducing the phosphatase-1 inhibitory activity of DARPP32.<ref name="entrez"/><ref name="pmid2153935"/> DARPP-32 is critical for dopamine dependent striatal synaptic plasticity,<ref name="pmid25258080">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yagishita S, Hayashi-Takagi A, Ellis-Davies GC, Urakubo H, Ishii S, Kasai H | title = A critical time window for dopamine actions on the structural plasticity of dendritic spines | journal = Science | volume = 345 | issue = 6204 | pages = 1616–20 | date = September 2014 | pmid = 25258080 | pmc = 4225776 | doi = 10.1126/science.1255514 | bibcode = 2014Sci...345.1616Y }}</ref> possibly by serving as a dopamine-dependent gating mechanism for calcium/CaMKII signaling.<ref name="pmid27584878">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nair AG, Bhalla US, Hellgren Kotaleski J | title = Role of DARPP-32 and ARPP-21 in the Emergence of Temporal Constraints on Striatal Calcium and Dopamine Integration | journal = PLOS Computational Biology | volume = 12 | issue = 9 | pages = e1005080 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 27584878 | pmc = 5008828 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005080 | bibcode = 2016PLSCB..12E5080N | doi-access = free }}</ref> It has been predicted that DARPP-32, in conjunction with [[ARPP-21]], could also be involved in setting-up of eligibility trace-like temporal window for striatal postsynaptic signaling.<ref name="pmid27584878" />

== Clinical significance ==

=== CNS ===

This gene is also known as ''DARPP-32'', highlighting its role as a  dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein. As such PPP1R1B affects [[dopamine]],<ref name="pmid16189209">{{cite journal | vauthors = Scott L, Forssberg H, Aperia A, Diaz-Heijtz R | title = Locomotor effects of a D1R agonist are DARPP-32 dependent in adult but not weanling mice | journal = Pediatric Research | volume = 58 | issue = 4 | pages = 779–83 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16189209 | doi = 10.1203/01.PDR.0000180553.23507.31 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[glutamate]] and [[adenosine]]; and there is some support for a role of the gene in [[schizophrenia]], as well as being involved in the action of  drugs including cocaine, amphetamine, nicotine, LSD, caffeine, PCP, ethanol and morphine,<ref name="pmid16353915">{{cite journal | vauthors = Svenningsson P, Nairn AC, Greengard P | title = DARPP-32 mediates the actions of multiple drugs of abuse | journal = The AAPS Journal | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = E353-60 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16353915 | pmc = 2750972 | doi = 10.1208/aapsj070235 }}</ref> and in [[Parkinson's disease]] or EPS (Extra-pyramidal symptoms).<ref name="pmid16199832">{{cite journal | vauthors = Clinton SM, Ibrahim HM, Frey KA, Davis KL, Haroutunian V, Meador-Woodruff JH | title = Dopaminergic abnormalities in select thalamic nuclei in schizophrenia: involvement of the intracellular signal integrating proteins calcyon and spinophilin | journal = The American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 162 | issue = 10 | pages = 1859–71 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16199832 | doi = 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1859 }}</ref> DARPP-32 levels are decreased in the [[dorsolateral prefrontal cortex]] and [[lymphocytes]] of both [[schizophrenia]] and [[bipolar disorder]] patients.<ref name="pmid12150646">{{cite journal | vauthors = Albert KA, Hemmings HC, Adamo AI, Potkin SG, Akbarian S, Sandman CA, Cotman CW, Bunney WE, Greengard P | title = Evidence for decreased DARPP-32 in the prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia | journal = Archives of General Psychiatry | volume = 59 | issue = 8 | pages = 705–12 | date = August 2002 | pmid = 12150646 | doi = 10.1001/archpsyc.59.8.705 | s2cid = 1672878 | doi-access =  }}</ref><ref name="pmid17521792">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ishikawa M, Mizukami K, Iwakiri M, Asada T | title = Immunohistochemical and immunoblot analysis of Dopamine and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, relative molecular mass 32,000 (DARPP-32) in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder | journal = Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry | volume = 31 | issue = 6 | pages = 1177–81 | date = August 2007 | pmid = 17521792 | doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.04.013 | s2cid = 27481326 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19059449">{{cite journal | vauthors = Torres KC, Souza BR, Miranda DM, Nicolato R, Neves FS, Barros AG, Dutra WO, Gollob KJ, Correa H, Romano-Silva MA | title = The leukocytes expressing DARPP-32 are reduced in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder | journal = Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 214–9 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19059449 | doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.10.020 | s2cid = 8431767 }}</ref> This alteration is suggested to be related to the pathology, since [[antipsychotics]] do not regulate the expression of DARPP-32.<ref name="pmid17763944">{{cite journal | vauthors = Souza BR, Motta BS, Rosa DV, Torres KC, Castro AA, Comim CM, Sampaio AM, Lima FF, Jeromin A, Quevedo J, Romano-Silva MA | title = DARPP-32 and NCS-1 expression is not altered in brains of rats treated with typical or atypical antipsychotics | journal = Neurochemical Research | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 533–8 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 17763944 | doi = 10.1007/s11064-007-9470-2 | s2cid = 27727055 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20565907">{{cite journal | vauthors = Souza BR, Torres KC, Miranda DM, Motta BS, Scotti-Muzzi E, Guimarães MM, Carneiro DS, Rosa DV, Souza RP, Reis HJ, Jeromin A, Romano-Silva MA | title = Lack of effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics in DARPP-32 and NCS-1 levels in PC12 cells overexpressing NCS-1 | journal = Journal of Negative Results in Biomedicine | volume = 9 | pages = 4 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20565907 | pmc = 2912242 | doi = 10.1186/1477-5751-9-4 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

A considerable proportion of the psychomotor effects of cannabinoids can be accounted for by a signaling cascade in striatal projection neurons involving PKA-dependent [[phosphorylation]] of DARPP-32, achieved via modulation of dopamine D2 and adenosine A2A transmission.<ref name="pmid16162925">{{cite journal | vauthors = Andersson M, Usiello A, Borgkvist A, Pozzi L, Dominguez C, Fienberg AA, Svenningsson P, Fredholm BB, Borrelli E, Greengard P, Fisone G | title = Cannabinoid action depends on phosphorylation of dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa at the protein kinase A site in striatal projection neurons | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 25 | issue = 37 | pages = 8432–8 | date = September 2005 | pmid = 16162925 | pmc = 6725667 | doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1289-05.2005 }}</ref>

PPP1R1B has also been associated with improved transfer of information between the [[striatum]] and the [[prefrontal cortex]], suggesting that variants of PPP1R1B can in some circumstances lead to improved and more flexible cognition, while, in the presence of other genetic and environmental factors, it may lead to symptoms of schizophrenia.<ref name="pmid17290303">{{cite journal | vauthors = Meyer-Lindenberg A, Straub RE, Lipska BK, Verchinski BA, Goldberg T, Callicott JH, Egan MF, Huffaker SS, Mattay VS, Kolachana B, Kleinman JE, Weinberger DR | title = Genetic evidence implicating DARPP-32 in human frontostriatal structure, function, and cognition | journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume = 117 | issue = 3 | pages = 672–82 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17290303 | pmc = 1784004 | doi = 10.1172/JCI30413 }}</ref>

=== Cancer ===

There are two protein products encoded by PPP1R1B: DARPP-32 and t-Darpp. t-Darpp is a truncated version of DARPP-32 as it is missing the first 36 amino acids at the N-terminus.<ref name="pmid12124342">{{cite journal | vauthors = El-Rifai W, Smith MF, Li G, Beckler A, Carl VS, Montgomery E, Knuutila S, Moskaluk CA, Frierson HF, Powell SM | title = Gastric cancers overexpress DARPP-32 and a novel isoform, t-DARPP | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 62 | issue = 14 | pages = 4061–4 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 12124342 | url = http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/62/14/4061.short }}</ref> Both isoforms are overexpressed in a number of cancers including those derived from gastric, colon, prostate, esophageal, breast, and lung tissues.<ref name="pmid26872373">{{cite journal | vauthors = Belkhiri A, Zhu S, El-Rifai W | title = DARPP-32: from neurotransmission to cancer | journal = Oncotarget | volume = 7 | issue = 14 | pages = 17631–40 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 26872373 | pmc = 4951238 | doi = 10.18632/oncotarget.7268 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Alam SK, Astone M, Liu P, Hall SR, Coyle AM, Dankert EN, Hoffman DK, Zhang W, Kuang R, Roden AC, Mansfield AS, Hoeppner LH | title = DARPP-32 and t-DARPP promote non-small cell lung cancer growth through regulation of IKKα-dependent cell migration | language = En | journal = Communications Biology | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | date = 2018-05-03 | page = 43 | pmid = 29782621 | pmc = 5959014 | doi = 10.1038/s42003-018-0050-6 }}</ref> In Her-2-positive breast cancer cells, t-Darpp overexpression imparts resistance to [[Trastuzumab]] (Herceptin), the chemotherapy drug that shuts down the Her-2 signaling pathway.<ref name="pmid19593441">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gu L, Waliany S, Kane SE | title = Darpp-32 and its truncated variant t-Darpp have antagonistic effects on breast cancer cell growth and herceptin resistance | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 4 | issue = 7 | pages = e6220 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19593441 | pmc = 2704867 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0006220 | bibcode = 2009PLoSO...4.6220G | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid19301121">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hamel S, Bouchard A, Ferrario C, Hassan S, Aguilar-Mahecha A, Buchanan M, Quenneville L, Miller W, Basik M | title = Both t-Darpp and DARPP-32 can cause resistance to trastuzumab in breast cancer cells and are frequently expressed in primary breast cancers | journal = Breast Cancer Research and Treatment | volume = 120 | issue = 1 | pages = 47–57 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 19301121 | doi = 10.1007/s10549-009-0364-7 | s2cid = 20958252 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18579663">{{cite journal | vauthors = Belkhiri A, Dar AA, Peng DF, Razvi MH, Rinehart C, Arteaga CL, El-Rifai W | title = Expression of t-DARPP mediates trastuzumab resistance in breast cancer cells | journal = Clinical Cancer Research | volume = 14 | issue = 14 | pages = 4564–71 | date = July 2008 | pmid = 18579663 | pmc = 2842884 | doi = 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0121 }}</ref>

== Regulation ==

[[Brain-derived neurotrophic factor]] regulates the expression of DARPP-32.<ref name="pmid11739615">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stroppolo A, Guinea B, Tian C, Sommer J, Ehrlich ME | title = Role of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor-induced DARPP-32 expression in medium size spiny neurons in vitro | journal = Journal of Neurochemistry | volume = 79 | issue = 5 | pages = 1027–32 | date = December 2001 | pmid = 11739615 | doi = 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00651.x | s2cid = 35861963 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The [[Akt]] and CDK5/p35 intracellular pathway is suggested to be involved on this regulation.<ref name="pmid17209049">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bogush A, Pedrini S, Pelta-Heller J, Chan T, Yang Q, Mao Z, Sluzas E, Gieringer T, Ehrlich ME | title = AKT and CDK5/p35 mediate brain-derived neurotrophic factor induction of DARPP-32 in medium size spiny neurons in vitro | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 282 | issue = 10 | pages = 7352–9 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17209049 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M606508200 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Also, [[neuronal calcium sensor-1]] was suggested to modulate the expression of DARPP-32.<ref name="pmid20838877">{{cite journal | vauthors = Souza BR, Torres KC, Miranda DM, Motta BS, Caetano FS, Rosa DV, Souza RP, Giovani A, Carneiro DS, Guimarães MM, Martins-Silva C, Reis HJ, Gomez MV, Jeromin A, Romano-Silva MA | title = Downregulation of the cAMP/PKA pathway in PC12 cells overexpressing NCS-1 | journal = Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 135–43 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 20838877 | doi = 10.1007/s10571-010-9562-4 | s2cid = 25500946 | pmc = 11498493 }}</ref>

== Discovery ==

PPP1R1B was discovered by [[Paul Greengard]] and his co-workers.<ref name="pmid8120638"/>

== Interactive pathway map ==
{{NicotineDopaminergicActivity_WP1602|highlight=PPP1R1B}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin | 2}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hemmings HC, Nairn AC, Greengard P | title = DARPP-32, a dopamine- and adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-regulated neuronal phosphoprotein. II. Comparison of the kinetics of phosphorylation of DARPP-32 and phosphatase inhibitor 1 | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 259 | issue = 23 | pages = 14491–7 | date = December 1984 | doi = 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)42626-3 | pmid = 6501303 | url = http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/259/23/14491 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Zachariou V, Sgambato-Faure V, Sasaki T, Svenningsson P, Berton O, Fienberg AA, Nairn AC, Greengard P, Nestler EJ | title = Phosphorylation of DARPP-32 at Threonine-34 is required for cocaine action | journal = Neuropsychopharmacology | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 555–62 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16123776 | doi = 10.1038/sj.npp.1300832 | doi-access = free }}
* {{Cite journal | last = Rosack | first = J | title = DARPP-32 May Be Culprit in Schizophrenia Symptoms | journal = Psychiatric News | volume = 37 | issue = 18 | pages = 24 | url = http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/37/18/24 | date = 20 September 2002 | access-date = 3 June 2008 | archive-date = 22 February 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070222224806/http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/37/18/24 | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Meister B, Askergren J, Tunevall G, Hemmings HC, Greengard P | title = Identification of a dopamine- and 3'5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kD (DARPP-32) in parathyroid hormone-producing cells of the human parathyroid gland | journal = [[Journal of Endocrinological Investigation]] | volume = 14 | issue = 8 | pages = 655–61 | date = September 1991 | pmid = 1663529 | doi = 10.1007/bf03347888 | s2cid = 36936723 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Meister B, Schultzberg M, Hemmings HC, Greengard P, Goldstein M, Hökfelt T | title = Dopamine- and adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa (DARPP-32) in the adrenal gland: immunohistochemical localization | journal = Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 75–84 | date = October 1991 | pmid = 1721636 | doi = 10.1016/0165-1838(91)90132-M }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Meister B, Arvidsson U, Hemmings HC, Greengard P, Hökfelt T | title = Dopamine- and adenosine-3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-regulated phosphoprotein of Mr 32,000 (DARPP-32) in the retina of cat, monkey and human | journal = Neuroscience Letters | volume = 131 | issue = 1 | pages = 66–70 | date = September 1991 | pmid = 1791981 | doi = 10.1016/0304-3940(91)90338-T | s2cid = 1735579 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Halpain S, Girault JA, Greengard P | title = Activation of NMDA receptors induces dephosphorylation of DARPP-32 in rat striatal slices | journal = Nature | volume = 343 | issue = 6256 | pages = 369–72 | date = January 1990 | pmid = 2153935 | doi = 10.1038/343369a0 | bibcode = 1990Natur.343..369H | s2cid = 4319592 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ouimet CC, Greengard P | title = Distribution of DARPP-32 in the basal ganglia: an electron microscopic study | journal = Journal of Neurocytology | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 39–52 | date = February 1990 | pmid = 2191086 | doi = 10.1007/BF01188438 | s2cid = 33812522 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Girault JA, Hemmings HC, Williams KR, Nairn AC, Greengard P | title = Phosphorylation of DARPP-32, a dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, by casein kinase II | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 264 | issue = 36 | pages = 21748–59 | date = December 1989 | doi = 10.1016/S0021-9258(20)88248-9 | pmid = 2557337 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hemmings HC, Greengard P, Tung HY, Cohen P | title = DARPP-32, a dopamine-regulated neuronal phosphoprotein, is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1 | journal = Nature | volume = 310 | issue = 5977 | pages = 503–5 | year = 1984 | pmid = 6087160 | doi = 10.1038/310503a0 | bibcode = 1984Natur.310..503H | s2cid = 4307053 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Walaas SI, Greengard P | title = DARPP-32, a dopamine- and adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein enriched in dopamine-innervated brain regions. I. Regional and cellular distribution in the rat brain | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 84–98 | date = January 1984 | pmid = 6319627 | doi =  10.1523/JNEUROSCI.04-01-00084.1984| pmc = 6564747 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Brené S, Lindefors N, Ehrlich M, Taubes T, Horiuchi A, Kopp J, Hall H, Sedvall G, Greengard P, Persson H | title = Expression of mRNAs encoding ARPP-16/19, ARPP-21, and DARPP-32 in human brain tissue | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 14 | issue = 3 Pt 1 | pages = 985–98 | date = March 1994 | pmid = 8120638 | doi =  10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-03-00985.1994| pmc = 6577526 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Maruyama K, Sugano S | title = Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides | journal = Gene | volume = 138 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 171–4 | date = January 1994 | pmid = 8125298 | doi = 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kwon YG, Huang HB, Desdouits F, Girault JA, Greengard P, Nairn AC | title = Characterization of the interaction between DARPP-32 and protein phosphatase 1 (PP-1): DARPP-32 peptides antagonize the interaction of PP-1 with binding proteins | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 94 | issue = 8 | pages = 3536–41 | date = April 1997 | pmid = 9108011 | pmc = 20474 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.94.8.3536 | bibcode = 1997PNAS...94.3536K | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S | title = Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library | journal = Gene | volume = 200 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 149–56 | date = October 1997 | pmid = 9373149 | doi = 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Mayerhofer A, Hemmings HC, Snyder GL, Greengard P, Boddien S, Berg U, Brucker C | title = Functional dopamine-1 receptors and DARPP-32 are expressed in human ovary and granulosa luteal cells in vitro | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 84 | issue = 1 | pages = 257–64 | date = January 1999 | doi = 10.1210/jcem.84.1.5378 | pmid = 9920093 | s2cid = 41955399 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bibb JA, Snyder GL, Nishi A, Yan Z, Meijer L, Fienberg AA, Tsai LH, Kwon YT, Girault JA, Czernik AJ, Huganir RL, Hemmings HC, Nairn AC, Greengard P | title = Phosphorylation of DARPP-32 by Cdk5 modulates dopamine signalling in neurons | journal = Nature | volume = 402 | issue = 6762 | pages = 669–71 | date = December 1999 | pmid = 10604473 | doi = 10.1038/45251 | bibcode = 1999Natur.402..669B | s2cid = 4387962 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Mayerhofer A, Fritz S, Grünert R, Sanders SL, Duffy DM, Ojeda SR, Stouffer RL | title = D1-Receptor, DARPP-32, and PP-1 in the primate corpus luteum and luteinized granulosa cells: evidence for phosphorylation of DARPP-32 by dopamine and human chorionic gonadotropin | journal = The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism | volume = 85 | issue = 12 | pages = 4750–7 | date = December 2000 | pmid = 11134138 | doi = 10.1210/jcem.85.12.7084 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = El-Rifai W, Smith MF, Li G, Beckler A, Carl VS, Montgomery E, Knuutila S, Moskaluk CA, Frierson HF, Powell SM | title = Gastric cancers overexpress DARPP-32 and a novel isoform, t-DARPP | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 62 | issue = 14 | pages = 4061–4 | date = July 2002 | pmid = 12124342 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Beckler A, Moskaluk CA, Zaika A, Hampton GM, Powell SM, Frierson HF, El-Rifai W | title = Overexpression of the 32-kilodalton dopamine and cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein in common adenocarcinomas | journal = Cancer | volume = 98 | issue = 7 | pages = 1547–51 | date = October 2003 | pmid = 14508844 | doi = 10.1002/cncr.11654 | s2cid = 21961891 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Varis A, Zaika A, Puolakkainen P, Nagy B, Madrigal I, Kokkola A, Väyrynen A, Kärkkäinen P, Moskaluk C, El-Rifai W, Knuutila S | title = Coamplified and overexpressed genes at ERBB2 locus in gastric cancer | journal = International Journal of Cancer | volume = 109 | issue = 4 | pages = 548–53 | date = April 2004 | pmid = 14991576 | doi = 10.1002/ijc.20001 | s2cid = 29950388 | doi-access =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Stroppolo A, Guinea B, Tian C, Sommer J, Ehrlich ME | title = Role of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor-induced DARPP-32 expression in medium size spiny neurons in vitro | journal = Journal of Neurochemistry | volume = 79 | issue = 5 | pages = 1027–32 | date = December 2001 | pmid = 11739615 | doi = 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00651.x | s2cid = 35861963 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bogush A, Pedrini S, Pelta-Heller J, Chan T, Yang Q, Mao Z, Sluzas E, Gieringer T, Ehrlich ME | title = AKT and CDK5/p35 mediate brain-derived neurotrophic factor induction of DARPP-32 in medium size spiny neurons in vitro | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 282 | issue = 10 | pages = 7352–9 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17209049 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M606508200 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Souza BR, Torres KC, Miranda DM, Motta BS, Caetano FS, Rosa DV, Souza RP, Giovani A, Carneiro DS, Guimarães MM, Martins-Silva C, Reis HJ, Gomez MV, Jeromin A, Romano-Silva MA | title = Downregulation of the cAMP/PKA pathway in PC12 cells overexpressing NCS-1 | journal = Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 135–43 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 20838877 | doi = 10.1007/s10571-010-9562-4 | s2cid = 25500946 | pmc = 11498493 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Albert KA, Hemmings HC, Adamo AI, Potkin SG, Akbarian S, Sandman CA, Cotman CW, Bunney WE, Greengard P | title = Evidence for decreased DARPP-32 in the prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia | journal = Archives of General Psychiatry | volume = 59 | issue = 8 | pages = 705–12 | date = August 2002 | pmid = 12150646 | doi = 10.1001/archpsyc.59.8.705 | s2cid = 1672878 | doi-access =  }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ishikawa M, Mizukami K, Iwakiri M, Asada T | title = Immunohistochemical and immunoblot analysis of Dopamine and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, relative molecular mass 32,000 (DARPP-32) in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder | journal = Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry | volume = 31 | issue = 6 | pages = 1177–81 | date = August 2007 | pmid = 17521792 | doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.04.013 | s2cid = 27481326 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Souza BR, Motta BS, Rosa DV, Torres KC, Castro AA, Comim CM, Sampaio AM, Lima FF, Jeromin A, Quevedo J, Romano-Silva MA | title = DARPP-32 and NCS-1 expression is not altered in brains of rats treated with typical or atypical antipsychotics | journal = Neurochemical Research | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 533–8 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 17763944 | doi = 10.1007/s11064-007-9470-2 | s2cid = 27727055 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Souza BR, Torres KC, Miranda DM, Motta BS, Scotti-Muzzi E, Guimarães MM, Carneiro DS, Rosa DV, Souza RP, Reis HJ, Jeromin A, Romano-Silva MA | title = Lack of effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics in DARPP-32 and NCS-1 levels in PC12 cells overexpressing NCS-1 | journal = Journal of Negative Results in Biomedicine | volume = 9 | pages = 4 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20565907 | pmc = 2912242 | doi = 10.1186/1477-5751-9-4 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Torres KC, Souza BR, Miranda DM, Nicolato R, Neves FS, Barros AG, Dutra WO, Gollob KJ, Correa H, Romano-Silva MA | title = The leukocytes expressing DARPP-32 are reduced in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder | journal = Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 214–9 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19059449 | doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.10.020 | s2cid = 8431767 }}
{{refend}}