View source for PLUNA

{{Short description|Defunct national airline of Uruguay (1936–2012)}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox airline
| airline          = PLUNA Líneas Aéreas Uruguayas S.A.
| image            = New_PLUNA_logo_2007.png
| image_size       = 290
| alt              = 
| IATA             = PU
| ICAO             = PUA
| callsign         = PLUNA
| founded          = {{start date|1936|09||df=y}}
| commenced        = {{start date|1936|11|19|df=y}}
| ceased           = {{end date|2012|07|05|df=y}}
| hubs             = {{nowrap|[[Carrasco International Airport]]}}
| focus_cities     = {{nowrap|[[Capitán de Corbeta Carlos A. Curbelo International Airport]]}}
| frequent_flyer   = Flyclub
| parent           = [[Government of Uruguay]] (100%)<ref name="Uruguay seeks new investor for Pluna after Leadgate's withdrawal"/>
| headquarters     = [[Carrasco, Montevideo|Carrasco]], [[Montevideo]], [[Uruguay]]
| key_people       = Sebastian Hirsch <small>([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])</small><ref name="Uruguay seeks new investor for Pluna after Leadgate's withdrawal"/>
}}

'''PLUNA Líneas Aéreas Uruguayas S.A.'''<ref>{{cite press release|title= Comunicado del Directorio de PLUNA Líneas Aéreas Uruguayas S.A.|publisher= PLUNA S.A.|date= 5 July 2012|url= http://www.flypluna.com/prensa.php|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100428064853/http://flypluna.com/prensa.php|access-date= 6 July 2012|url-status= dead|archive-date= 28 April 2010}}</ref> was the [[flag carrier]] of [[Uruguay]].<ref name="Uruguay's Pluna warns of collapse, but CEO's missive may be more political than financial"/> It was headquartered in [[Carrasco, Montevideo]]<ref>"[http://www.espectador.com/1v4_contenido.php?id=131484&sts=1 Pluna: reunión de conciliación entre el Estado y Leadgate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821024221/http://www.espectador.com/1v4_contenido.php?id=131484&sts=1 |date=21 August 2013 }}." ''[[Espectador.com]]''. 8 September 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2010. "La reunión estaba fijada en la sede de Pluna en Carrasco,"</ref><ref>"[http://flypluna.com/cat/en/offices-and-call-centre-41.html Offices and call centre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722142114/http://flypluna.com/cat/en/offices-and-call-centre-41.html |date=22 July 2012 }}." PLUNA. Retrieved 13 May 2010. "Headquarters Miraflores 1445 (Carrasco)"</ref> and operated scheduled services within [[South America]], as well as scheduled cargo<ref name="FI2000-97" /> and charter services<ref>{{cite news|title= Brasileiros invadem Punta del Este|language= pt|trans-title= Brazilians move into Punta del Este|date= 29 December 2003|agency= [[Agence France-Presse]]|publisher= [[Folha de Sao Paulo]]|url= http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/turismo/noticias/ult338u3655.shtml|access-date= 19 July 2012|quote= A Pluna realiza vôos charters do Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Porto Alegre e Curitiba para o Hotel Conrad (Pluna fly charter services for the Conrad Hotel from Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Porto Alegre and Curitiba.}}</ref> from its hub at [[Carrasco International Airport]].<ref name="Aerolineas Argentinas, BQB, Gol and LAN-TAM poised to benefit from demise of Uruguay's Pluna"/>

On 5 July 2012,<ref name="Uruguay’s flag carrier Pluna indefinitely grounded and most staff redundant"/> only two days after the carrier's employees went on strike amid mounting financial difficulties,<ref>{{cite press release|title= Pluna cancela operativa por 48 hs. por paro de sindicato OFP|language= es|trans-title= Pluna cancels operations for 48 hours due to OFP union strike|date= 3 July 2012|publisher= Pluna SA|url= http://www.flypluna.com/prensa.php|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100428064853/http://flypluna.com/prensa.php|archive-date= 28 April 2010|url-status= dead|access-date= 6 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="Uruguay’s Pluna temporarily suspends operations after strike threat"/> the [[Government of Uruguay|Uruguayan government]] decided to close the airline down and liquidate it.<ref name="Uruguay’s Pluna suspends operations indefinitely"/><ref>{{cite news|title= Gobierno decidió liquidar Pluna y venden aviones a mejor postor|language= es|trans-title= The government decided to liquidate Pluna and sell its planes to the best bidder|date= 6 July 2012|publisher= [[El Observador (Uruguay)|El Observador]] |url= http://www.elobservador.com.uy/noticia/227591/gobierno-decidio-liquidar-pluna-y-venden-aviones-a-mejor-postor/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120709082922/http://elobservador.com.uy/noticia/227591/gobierno-decidio-liquidar-pluna-y-venden-aviones-a-mejor-postor/|archive-date= 9 July 2012|url-status= dead|access-date= 6 July 2012}}</ref> The carrier was wholly owned by the government at the time of its closure.<ref name="Uruguay seeks new investor for Pluna after Leadgate's withdrawal"/>

== History ==

=== Foundation ===
[[File:PLUNA737.jpg|right|thumb|A PLUNA advertisement from the 1970s.]]
The airline was established in September 1936, and started operations the following month, on 19 November 1936.<ref name="FI1966" /> It was set up by Jorge and Alberto Márquez Vaesa, two brothers who had obtained the necessary financial and technical support through the ambassador of the [[United Kingdom]] to [[Uruguay]] at the time, Sir [[Eugen Millington-Drake]]. Millington-Drake wrote in his memoirs that he suggested the airline be named using a memorable acronym, taking [[SABENA]] as an example. It was then decided on "PLUNA", an acronym for ''Primeras Líneas Uruguayas de Navegación Aérea'' ({{langx|en|First Uruguayan Air Navigation Lines}}). Millington-Drake knew De Havilland's representative in Buenos Aires at the time, which helped in the acquisition of the airline's first aircraft. The airline flew two five-seater [[de Havilland Dragonfly]]s from [[Montevideo]] to [[Salto, Uruguay|Salto]] and [[Paysandú]].<ref>[http://www.pluna.aero/english/historia.asp PLUNA's history] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928103418/http://www.pluna.aero/english/historia.asp |date=28 September 2007 }}</ref>{{When|date=August 2011}} The two planes were christened ''Churrinche'' and ''San Alberto'', the latter in honor of the brothers' father. PLUNA flew 2,600 passengers in their first fiscal year, a huge success for that era. It also flew 20,000 pieces of mail and 70,000 newspapers.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

The [[Air carrier|carrier]] saw the incorporation of both the [[Potez 62]] and the [[Douglas DC-2]] into its fleet in the early 1940s, the latter acquired from the [[U.S. government]].<ref name="FI1966"/> Following the outbreak of [[World War II]], PLUNA was forced to suspend operations between 1942 and 1944, due to the lack of [[spare part]]s.<ref name="FI1966"/> The delicate position PLUNA was in at this time led the Uruguayan Government to aid the company by boosting its stake to 85% on 16 October 1944.<ref name="FI1966"/> The first [[Douglas DC-3]] entered PLUNA's fleet in February 1946.<ref name="FI1966"/> The airline launched regular services to [[Porto Alegre]], [[Brazil]], in May 1948.<ref name="FI1966"/> The carrier later added the cities of [[Santa Cruz, Bolivia|Santa Cruz]] in [[Bolivia]] and [[Buenos Aires]], [[Rosario]] and [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]] in [[Argentina]] to its network.{{When|date=August 2011}}

=== Nationalisation ===
[[File:Douglas C-47B CX-BDB PLUNA MVD 07.04.75 edited-3.jpg|thumb|right|Preserved PLUNA [[Douglas DC-3]] at Montevideo in 1975]]
[[File:Vickers Viscount 769 CX-AQO PLUNA MVD 07.04.75 edited-3.jpg|thumb|right|PLUNA [[Vickers Viscount|Vickers Viscount 769D]] at Montevideo when operating the schedule to Buenos Aires in 1975]]
The airline became a wholly [[government-owned]] company on 12 November 1951.<ref name="FI1966"/> After World War II, PLUNA's fleet included two [[Douglas DC-2]]s which were operated on the Montevideo–Paysandú–Salto route until they were retired in 1951. In the same year, a [[Douglas DC-3]] and four [[de Havilland Heron]]s were added to the fleet. The Herons only stayed in PLUNA's fleet for a short time and by 1957, they had been sold. The DC-3s remained in service much longer, and in 1971, the last four of them were sold to the [[Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya]].

[[São Paulo, São Paulo|São Paulo]] was added to the route network in January 1954.<ref name="FI1966"/> On 24 June 1958, the carrier entered the turbine era with the delivery of its first of three [[Vickers Viscount]]s four-engined turboprops purchased new from Vickers; it later acquired two Viscount 700s from [[Alitalia]] and three Viscount 800s from [[VASP]].

PLUNA's growth slowed considerably for the next three decades, but it entered the [[jet age]] soon after jets were introduced to the world, and added [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]] (JFK) in [[New York City|New York]], and [[Miami]] to its destinations, using [[Boeing 707]] and [[Boeing 737]] aircraft.

In the 1980s, PLUNA began flying to [[Madrid]], [[Asunción]], [[Rio de Janeiro]] and [[Santiago]], but services to JFK and Miami were suspended. In the meantime, as the city of [[Punta del Este]] flourished as a major tourist destination, PLUNA benefited from that. During this time, an office was also opened in [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]].

=== Privatisation ===
The 1990s, saw financial trouble loom for PLUNA. In 1995, the company was transformed into a [[public–private partnership]] and the government sold 51% of the shares to a holding formed by an [[Argentina|Argentine]] [[consortium]] named Tevycom and [[Uruguay]]an businessmen; the holding later sold half of its participation in PLUNA to [[Varig]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Varig pode vender Pluna para a Aerolíneas Argentinas|language= pt|trans-title= Varig's Pluna stake may be sold to Aerolineas Argentinas|date= 16 March 2004|publisher= [[Folha de Sao Paulo]]|url= http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u81966.shtml|access-date= 19 July 2012}}</ref>

At {{start date|2000|4}}, the airline had {{cardinal|635}} employees. At this time the fleet consisted of {{cardinal to word|6}} [[Boeing 737-200 Advanced]] and {{cardinal to word|1}} [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30]] to serve a network that included [[Asunción]], [[Buenos Aires]], [[Córdoba, Argentina|Cordoba]], [[Florianópolis]], [[Madrid]], [[Montevideo]], [[Punta del Este]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Rosario]], [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], [[Santiago]] and [[São Paulo]].<ref name="FI2000-97" /> By late {{start date|2005|6}}, the airline's major shareholders were the [[Government of Uruguay]] (49%) and Varig (49%), and private investors held the balance.<ref>{{cite news|title= Varig deixa gerência da companhia aérea uruguaia Pluna|language= pt|trans-title= Varig steps down from management at Pluna|first= Vinicius|last= Albuquerque|date= 27 June 2005|publisher= [[Folha de Sao Paulo]]|url= http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u97671.shtml|access-date= 19 July 2012}}</ref> When Varig entered [[Chapter 11 bankruptcy]] protection on 17 June 2005, it sought a bidder for its 49% stake in PLUNA. For almost a year, it looked as if it might go to Venezuela's state-run [[Conviasa]],<ref>{{cite news|title= Pluna in play|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/08/22/201013/pluna-in-play.html|agency= [[Airline Business]]|work= Flightglobal|date= 22 August 2005|archive-url= https://archive.today/20120731090218/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2005/08/22/201013/pluna-in-play.html|archive-date= 31 July 2012|url-status= live|access-date= 8 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Venezuela quer comprar ação da Varig na Pluna|language= pt|trans-title= Venezuela wants to buy Varig's stake in Pluna|date= 14 July 2005|newspaper= [[Folha de Sao Paulo]]|url= http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u98187.shtml }}</ref> but the deal officially fell through in {{start date|2006|7}}.

[[File:Pluna CRJ-900 NextGen CX-CRB AEP 2009-1-12.png|thumb|left|A PLUNA CRJ900 at [[Aeroparque Jorge Newbery]] in 2009.]]
On 4 January 2007, the Government of Uruguay started negotiations to sell 75% of it shares to a private consortium of investors from [[Germany]], [[United States]], Uruguay and Argentina called Leadgate Investment, a subsidiary of Latin American Regional Aviation Holding Corporation (LARAH),<ref name="PLUNA se capitaliza en 20 millones de dólares y anuncia plan de crecimiento"/>{{Failed verification|date=July 2012}} that committed to inject {{US$|177|link=yes}}&nbsp;million in the company.<ref name="Uphoff">{{cite news|title= Uruguay government close to selling controlling stake in Pluna to investors, replace management team|first= Rainer|last= Uphoff|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/01/08/211408/uruguay-government-close-to-selling-controlling-stake-in-pluna-to-investors-replace-management.html|work= Flightglobal|date= 8 January 2007|archive-url= https://archive.today/20130124171610/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/01/08/211408/uruguay-government-close-to-selling-controlling-stake-in-pluna-to-investors-replace-management.html|archive-date= 24 January 2013|url-status= live|access-date= 20 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Ambitious project to recover Uruguay's flag carrier|url= http://en.mercopress.com/2007/01/06/ambitious-project-to-recover-uruguay-s-flag-carrier|work= MercoPress|date= 6 January 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101224074511/http://en.mercopress.com/2007/01/06/ambitious-project-to-recover-uruguay-s-flag-carrier|archive-date= 24 December 2010|url-status= live|access-date= 20 June 2012}}</ref> In July the same year, the government awarded 75% of PLUNA's stock to LARAH,<ref name="El empresario argentino Campiani abandona Pluna"/> and the acquisition of seven [[Bombardier CRJ-900]]s in a deal worth {{US$|261}}&nbsp;million was announced.<ref>{{cite web|title= Uruguay's flag carrier signs contract for 7 midrange Bombardiers|publisher= MercoPress|date= 10 July 2007|url= http://en.mercopress.com/2007/07/10/uruguay-s-flag-carrier-signs-contract-for-7-midrange-bombardiers|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101226085739/http://en.mercopress.com/2007/07/10/uruguay-s-flag-carrier-signs-contract-for-7-midrange-bombardiers|archive-date= 26 December 2010|url-status= live|access-date= 19 July 2012}}</ref>

In late {{start date|2007|10}}, PLUNA presented its new [[corporate image]], developed by [[Australia]]n design company Cato Partners. This new image is based on the interpretation of the name "Uruguay" as meaning "river of the painted birds" or "river of the colorful birds" ({{langx|es|Río de los pájaros pintados}}).<ref>{{cite news|title= Pluna presenta nueva imagen y planes para la próxima temporada|language= es|trans-title= Pluna presents its new image and plans for the next season|date= 30 October 2007|publisher= Espectador.com|url= http://www.espectador.com/1v4_contenido.php?id=107959|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110721134918/http://www.espectador.com/1v4_contenido.php?id=107959|archive-date= 21 July 2011|url-status= dead|access-date= 6 July 2012}}</ref> The first of seven brand new [[CRJ900]]s that would be incorporated into the fleet during 2008 arrived in March that year; these new aircraft permitted increasing frequencies to existing routes, as well as expanding services to new destinations.<ref>{{cite web|title= Historia de la compañía|trans-title= Company's history|language= es|publisher= Pluna|url= http://www.flypluna.com/cat/es/historia-de-la-compania-28.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120501100232/http://www.flypluna.com/cat/es/historia-de-la-compania-28.html|archive-date= 1 May 2012|url-status= dead|access-date= 6 July 2012}}</ref>

In {{start date|2010|4}}, the Canadian airline holding company [[Chorus Aviation|Jazz Air Income Fund]] invested {{US$|15}}&nbsp;million in LARAH.<ref name="Canadian Fund Invests in Uruguay’s Flagship Carrier PLUNA">{{cite web|url= http://en.mercopress.com/2010/04/27/canadian-fund-invests-in-uruguay-s-flagship-carrier-pluna|title= Canadian Fund Invests in Uruguay's Flagship Carrier PLUNA|work= MercoPress|date= 27 April 2010|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101226154315/http://en.mercopress.com/2010/04/27/canadian-fund-invests-in-uruguay-s-flagship-carrier-pluna|archive-date= 26 December 2010|url-status= live|access-date= 8 June 2012}}</ref> The move gave this holding an indirect control of 25% of the Uruguayan flag carrier, as LARAH had a participation of 75% into PLUNA at that time; the Government of Uruguay held the balance.<!-- Statement is ambiguous. --><ref name="Canadian Fund Invests in Uruguay’s Flagship Carrier PLUNA"/><ref name="Jazz Air to convert to corporate structure by year-end"/><ref>{{cite press release|publisher= [[Jazz Air]]|date= 26 April 2010|title= Jazz Air Income Fund announces equity investment in South American regional airline, Pluna S.A.|url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=194177&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1417600&highlight=|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151018034653/http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=194177&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1417600&highlight=|archive-date= 18 October 2015|url-status= dead|access-date= 8 June 2012}}</ref>{{clarify|date=January 2013}}

In September and October 2010, three additional new CRJ900s aircraft were delivered from the Bombardier factory. In April 2011, three options were taken up for delivery at the end of 2011 and these were delivered between September and November 2011. With these additions, PLUNA's fleet consisted of 13 airplanes, the highest number in its history.

===Collapse===
In early {{start date|2012|6}}, PLUNA's then [[CEO]], [[Matías Campiani]], disclosed that the airline might face collapse amid a financial distress that led to a loss of {{US$|18}}&nbsp;million for the eight months ending in February the same year, partly due to the [[protectionism]] of the [[government of Argentina]] —where the carrier concentrated 21% of its operations— following the renationalisation of [[Aerolíneas Argentinas]] in 2008, and partly due to the slowdown of the [[Economy of Brazil|Brazilian economy]] in the preceding months.<ref name="Uruguay's Pluna warns of collapse, but CEO's missive may be more political than financial"/><ref name="Uruguay's Pluna airline hits 'strong turbulence'"/><ref>{{cite news|title= Uruguay's Pluna Airline CEO warns of 'collapse'|first= Belén|last= Bogado|agency= Associated Press|location= Montevideo|date= 4 June 2012|url= http://m.apnews.com/ap/db_268779/contentdetail.htm?contentguid=KR8ohas9|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190708004121/http://m.apnews.com/ap/db_268779/contentdetail.htm?contentguid=KR8ohas9|archive-date= 8 July 2019|url-status= live|access-date= 21 June 2012}}</ref> Later on, with losses totalling {{US$|300}}&nbsp;million, Leadgate disposed of their 75% stake in the airline, transferring it back to the Uruguayan government.<ref name="Uruguay seeks new investor for Pluna after Leadgate's withdrawal"/><ref>{{cite news|title= Canada and US closely monitoring Uruguay's flag air carrier in the brink of default|date= 5 June 2012|work= MercoPress|url= http://en.mercopress.com/2012/06/05/canada-and-us-closely-monitoring-uruguay-s-flag-air-carrier-in-the-brink-of-default|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120608044736/http://en.mercopress.com/2012/06/05/canada-and-us-closely-monitoring-uruguay-s-flag-air-carrier-in-the-brink-of-default|archive-date= 8 June 2012|url-status= live|access-date= 20 June 2012}}</ref> By that time, that percentage of PLUNA's stock was owned by LARAH, which was in turn 75% owned by Leadgate and 25% by [[Jazz Air]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Acuerdan salida de socio privado de Pluna y esperan ratificación|first= Andrés|last= Oyhenard|language= es|trans-title= Exit agreed for Pluna's private partner and ratification is awaited|work= [[El Observador (Uruguay)|El Observador]]|date= 12 June 2012|url= http://www.elobservador.com.uy/noticia/225855/acuerdan-salida-de-socio-privado-de-pluna-y-esperan-ratificacion/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120616011648/http://www.elobservador.com.uy/noticia/225855/acuerdan-salida-de-socio-privado-de-pluna-y-esperan-ratificacion/|archive-date= 16 June 2012|url-status= dead|access-date= 21 June 2012}}</ref> Despite being initially disclosed that Jazz Air was not interested in taking over the entire 75% stock,<ref name="Jazz no está interesada en adquirir más acciones de Pluna"/><ref>{{cite news|title= Chorus Aviation won't invest more to help Pluna airlines out of financial woes|first= Sylvain|last= Larocque|agency= [[The Canadian Press]]|work= [[Canadian Business]]|date= 15 June 2012|url= http://www.canadianbusiness.com/article/87972--chorus-aviation-won-t-invest-more-to-help-pluna-airlines-out-of-financial-woes|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120620174327/http://www.canadianbusiness.com/article/87972--chorus-aviation-won-t-invest-more-to-help-pluna-airlines-out-of-financial-woes|archive-date= 20 June 2012|url-status= dead|access-date= 21 June 2012}}</ref> and that it was later informed that the Canadian airline was evaluating the acquisition,<ref name="Canadian company still interested in recapitalization of Uruguay’s national airline"/><ref name="Ejecutivos de Jazz llegan al país para negociar compra de Pluna"/> the government suspended PLUNA's operations on {{end date|2012|7|5|df=y}}—following a strike that started two days earlier, after failing to find new investors for the company.<ref name="Uruguay's Pluna halts operations indefinitely"/><ref name="Pluna closes down"/><ref name="Uruguay to shut down bankrupt flagship carrier Pluna -source"/> The government announced that both PLUNA's fleet and routes would be auctioned.<ref name="Liquidated Pluna to auction fleet, route rights within 60 days"/> It seemed there were no plans for the government to have any stake in PLUNA's successor.<ref name="Liquidated Pluna to auction fleet, route rights within 60 days"/>

In {{start date|2012|9}}, the auction of the seven Bombardier aircraft that belonged to the liquidated carrier was delayed until {{start date|2012|10}} as there were no bidders.<ref name="Pluna’s fleet auction postponed to Oct. 1"/><ref name="Auction of Pluna’s Bombardier aircraft collapses: terms “non attractive” and “non viable”"/> Cosmo Airlines, a Spanish charter carrier, eventually purchased the seven aircraft at a price of $137 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://atwonline.com/aircraft-engines-components/news/cosmo-buys-liquidated-pluna-s-seven-crj900s-1004 |title=Cosmo buys liquidated Pluna's seven CRJ900s |author=Edvaldo Pereira Lima | date=4 October 2012}}</ref> Regionally, the void created by PLUNA's collapse benefited foreign airlines on some routes.<ref name="Aerolineas Argentinas, BQB, Gol and LAN-TAM poised to benefit from demise of Uruguay's Pluna"/><!-- The auction was finally held, and [[BQB Líneas Aéreas]] bought these seven aircraft for {{US$|137}} million; there are plans for another six aircraft to be auctioned in the future.<ref>{{cite news|title= Cosmo buys liquidated Pluna’s seven CRJ900s|first= Edvaldo|last= Pereira Lima|publisher= [[Air Transport World]]|date= 4 October 2012|url= http://atwonline.com/aircraft-engines-components/news/cosmo-buys-liquidated-pluna-s-seven-crj900s-1004|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121006091957/http://atwonline.com/aircraft-engines-components/news/cosmo-buys-liquidated-pluna-s-seven-crj900s-1004|archive-date= 6 October 2012|url-status= dead|access-date= 4 October 2012}}</ref> The aircraft will be used mainly on flights to Argentina and Brazil.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ieco.clarin.com/economia/Lopez-Mena-compra-aviones-Pluna_0_790721173.html | title=El dueño de Buquebús se queda con los aviones de la ex Pluna | publisher=El Clarín | date=12 October 2012 | access-date=14 October 2012 | language=es}}</ref> -->

In 2016, a Uruguayan court concluded that no Leadgate executives were responsible for Pluna's collapse. Two years later, in 2018 a Panamanian-based investment consortium named Caballero Verde S. de R.L. took ownership of LARAH, which still owned 75% of Pluna's shares. The consortium plans to seek compensation from the Uruguayan government for Pluna's demise.<ref name="New Pluna owners to challenge Uruguay over airline’s demise" />

== Destinations ==
[[File:Pluna CRJ-900ER CX-CRC AEP 2009-1-12.png|thumb|upright=1.14|A PLUNA CRJ-900 at [[Aeroparque Jorge Newbery]] in 2009.]]{{As of|2011|4}}, PLUNA linked Uruguay with two destinations in Argentina, one in Chile, one in Paraguay, and eight in Brazil.<ref name="Pluna confirma la compra de tres nuevos aviones Bombardier CRJ 900 NextGen"/> The following is a list of destinations that were served by PLUNA as part of its scheduled services throughout its history:

{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Country
!City
!Airport
!Notes
!class="unsortable"|Refs
|-
|Argentina||[[Buenos Aires]]||[[Aeroparque Jorge Newbery]]|| ||align=center|<ref name="Routemap"/>
|-
|Argentina||[[Buenos Aires]]||[[Ministro Pistarini International Airport]]|| ||align=center|<ref name="Routemap"/>
|-
|Argentina||[[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]]||[[Ingeniero Aeronáutico Ambrosio L.V. Taravella International Airport]]|| ||align=center|<ref name="Routemap"/>
|-
|Argentina||[[Rosario]]||[[Islas Malvinas International Airport]]|| ||align=center|<ref name="FI1999"/>
|-
|Brazil||[[Belo Horizonte]]||[[Tancredo Neves International Airport]]|| ||align=center|<ref name="Routemap"/>
|-
|Brazil||[[Brasília]]||[[Brasília International Airport]]|| ||align=center|<ref name="Routemap"/>
|-
|Brazil||[[Campinas]]||[[Viracopos-Campinas International Airport]]|| ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title= Pluna suspende voos para o Uruguai partindo de Viracopos, em Campinas|language= Portuguese|trans-title= Pluna discontinues flights departing Viracopos|work= [[globo.com]]|date= 2012-04-03|url= http://g1.globo.com/sp/campinas-regiao/noticia/2012/04/pluna-suspende-voos-para-o-uruguai-partindo-de-viracopos-em-campinas.html|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120501085421/http://g1.globo.com/sp/campinas-regiao/noticia/2012/04/pluna-suspende-voos-para-o-uruguai-partindo-de-viracopos-em-campinas.html|archivedate= 2012-05-01|accessdate= 2012-06-15|url-status= dead}}</ref>
|-
|Brazil||[[Curitiba]]||[[Afonso Pena International Airport]]|| ||align=center|<ref name="Routemap"/>
|-
|Brazil||[[Florianópolis]]||[[Hercílio Luz International Airport]]|| ||align=center|<ref name="Routemap"/>
|-
|Brazil||[[Foz do Iguaçu]]||[[Foz do Iguaçu International Airport]]|| ||align=center|<ref name="Routemap"/>
|-
|Brazil||[[Porto Alegre]]||[[Salgado Filho International Airport]]|| ||align=center|<ref name="Routemap"/>
|-
|Brazil||[[Rio de Janeiro]]||[[Rio de Janeiro/Galeão International Airport]]|| ||align=center|<ref name="Routemap"/>
|-
|Brazil||[[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]]||[[Deputado Luís Eduardo Magalhães International Airport]]|| ||align=center|<ref name="FI1999"/>
|-
|Brazil||[[São Paulo]]||[[São Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport]]|| ||align=center|<ref name="Routemap"/>
|-
|Chile||[[Santiago]]||[[Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport]]|| ||align=center|<ref name="Routemap"/>
|-
|Paraguay||[[Asunción]]||[[Silvio Pettirossi International Airport]]|| ||align=center|<ref name="Routemap">{{Cite web|title= Where we fly|publisher= PLUNA|url= http://www.flypluna.com/cat/en/where-we-fly-43.html|archive-date= 14 June 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120614063248/http://www.flypluna.com/cat/en/where-we-fly-43.html|url-status= dead}}</ref>
|-
|Spain||[[Madrid]]||[[Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport]]|| ||align=center|<ref name="FI1999">{{cite journal|title=World Airline Directory – Pluna Lineas Aereas Uruguayas|journal=[[Flight International]]|page=93|format=pdf|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1999/1999%20-%200545.html|date= 17–23 March 1999|accessdate=2011-04-26}}</ref>
|-
|United States||[[Miami]]||[[Miami International Airport]]|| ||align=center|<ref name="FI1999"/>
|-
|Uruguay||[[Montevideo]]||[[Carrasco International Airport]]||{{Airline hub}}||align=center|<ref name="Routemap"/>
|-
|Uruguay||[[Punta del Este]]||[[Capitán de Corbeta Carlos A. Curbelo International Airport]]|| ||align=center|<ref name="Routemap"/>
|}

=== Codeshare agreements ===
PLUNA had a [[codeshare agreement]] with [[Iberia (airline)|Iberia]], which operates the Montevideo–Madrid–Montevideo route.<ref name="Codeshare">{{cite web|url=http://www.flypluna.com/cat/en/where-we-fly-43.html|title=Where we fly|publisher=PLUNA|access-date=26 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614063248/http://www.flypluna.com/cat/en/where-we-fly-43.html|archive-date=14 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Under the same codeshare agreement, passengers also connected from Madrid to many destinations within [[Spain]] and also to [[Frankfurt]].<ref name="Codeshare"/> PLUNA also announced a codeshare agreement with [[American Airlines]], which would have placed PLUNA's code on American's Miami-Montevideo route, if it had government approval.<ref name="American Airlines and PLUNA Announce Codeshare Agreement"/>

==Fleet==
===Fleet at bankruptcy===
[[File:CX-BOP.jpg|thumb|A PLUNA Boeing 737-200 Advanced in the pre-Varig paint scheme, taxiing at Aeroparque Jorge Newbery in 1993.]]
Prior to its collapse, PLUNA's fleet consisted of the following aircraft, {{As of|2012|6|lc=y}}.<ref name="ATDB"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; text-align:center"
|+ PLUNA fleet at bankruptcy
|- 
!Aircraft
!Total
!Passengers <br><small>(Economy)</small>
!Notes
|-
|[[Bombardier CRJ700 series|Bombardier CRJ900]]
|13
|90
|
|-
!Total
!13
!colspan=2|
|}

===Historical fleet===
The carrier also operated the following aircraft types throughout its history:<ref name="ATDB"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aerobernie.bplaced.net/Pluna.html|title=Pluna fleet|website=aerobernie.bplaced.net|access-date=February 20, 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; text-align:center"
|+ PLUNA historical fleet
|-
!Aircraft
!Total
!Introduced
!Retired
!Notes
|-
|[[ATR 42-320]]
|1
|2004
|2008
|
|-
|[[Airbus A330-200]]
|1
|2006
|2007
|Leased from [[Middle East Airlines]].
|-
|[[Boeing 707-320B]]
|6
|1985
|1995
|
|-
|[[Boeing 727-100C]]
|3
|1978
|1984
|
|-
|[[Boeing 737-200 Advanced]]
|8
|1969
|2009
|
|-
|[[Boeing 737-300]]
|2
|1995
|2008
|
|-
|[[Boeing 737-800]]
|1
|2006
|2007
|Leased from [[Smartwings|Travel Service]].
|-
|[[Boeing 757-200]]
|1
|2003
|2008
|
|-
|[[Boeing 767-300ER]]
|3
|2002
|2009
|
|-
|[[de Havilland Dragonfly]]
|2
|1936
|1939
|
|-
|[[de Havilland Express|de Havilland D.H.86B Express]]<ref>{{cite journal|title= Pluna Extension|journal= [[Flight (magazine)|Flight]]|date= 15 September 1938|pages= 234|format= PDF|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1938/1938%20-%202592.html|access-date= 12 August 2011|quote= Early last month a Pluna D.H. 86B, flown by the Paraguayan pilot Nudelman, visited Asuncion, partly by way of a survey of the proposed service between Montevideo and Asuncion which may be operated by the company.}}</ref>
|2
|1937
|{{unknown}}
|
|-
|[[de Havilland Heron]]
|4
|1953
|1958
|
|-
|[[Douglas C-47 Skytrain]]
|10
|1946
|1979
|Some aircraft were used for spare parts only.
|-
|[[Douglas DC-2]]
|2
|1942
|1954
|
|-
|[[Douglas DC-8|Douglas DC-8-61]]
|1
|1991
|1992
|
|-
|[[Douglas DC-8|Douglas DC-8-62]]
|1
|1991
|1992
|Leased from [[Nationair]].
|-
|[[Embraer EMB-110 Bandeirante]]
|5
|1975
|{{unknown}}
|
|-
|[[Fairchild Hiller FH-227D]]
|2
|1975
|1990
|
|-
|[[Fokker F27 Friendship|Fokker F27-100 Friendship]]
|2
|1975
|1977
|
|-
|[[Lockheed L-1011 Tristar|Lockheed L-1011-500 Tristar]]
|1
|2002
|2006
|Leased from [[EuroAtlantic Airways]].
|-
|[[McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30]]
|1
|1994
|1997
|Leased from [[Varig]].
|-
|[[Potez 62]]<ref name="FI1966"/>
|1
|1941
|{{unknown}}
|
|-
|[[Vickers Viscount|Vickers Viscount 700D]]
|5
|1958
|1977
|
|-
|[[Vickers Viscount|Vickers Viscount 800]]
|3
|1975
|1986
|
|}

== Accidents and incidents ==
PLUNA had only one fatal accident with the loss of ten crew members, the [[Aviation Safety Network]] records 3 hull-loss accidents/incidents for the airline.<ref>{{cite web|title= Accident record for PLUNA|url= https://asn.flightsafety.org/database/operators/4870|publisher= Aviation Safety Network|date= 28 November 2004|access-date= 12 August 2011}}</ref>

*8 January 1946: A [[Douglas DC-2|Douglas DC-2-124]], [[Aircraft registration|registration]] CX-AEG, was destroyed during a [[thunderstorm]] in Uruguay.<ref>{{ASN accident|id= 19460118-1|title= CX-AEG|type= Incident|accessdate= 12 August 2011}}</ref>
*9 October 1962: A [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain|Douglas C-47A]], registration CX-AGE, crashed during a final test flight. The crash occurred during [[takeoff]] from Carrasco International Airport, when the right wing grazed the runway, bouncing the aircraft and causing the right tire to burst, then bouncing the aircraft again causing the engine to smash into the ground at almost full throttle, and finally rolling over and coming to rest upside down. A fire broke out shortly afterwards. All 10 crew members died.<ref>{{ASN accident|id= 19621009-0|title= CX-AGG|accessdate= 12 August 2011}}</ref>
*11 May 1975: A [[Vickers Viscount|Vickers 769D Viscount]], registration CX-AQO, flying a scheduled Carrasco International Airport–[[Aeroparque Jorge Newbery|Buenos Aires-Aeroparque]] service, ran off the end of the runway at the destination airport on landing. The damage wrote off the aircraft. All 57 passengers and crew survived the incident.<ref>{{ASN accident|id= 19750511-2|title= CX-AQO|accessdate= 12 August 2011}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Transport in Uruguay]]
* [[List of defunct airlines of South America]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<!--  -->
<ref name="Aerolineas Argentinas, BQB, Gol and LAN-TAM poised to benefit from demise of Uruguay's Pluna">{{cite news|title= Aerolineas Argentinas, BQB, Gol and LAN-TAM poised to benefit from demise of Uruguay's Pluna|publisher= Centre for Aviation|date= 13 July 2012|url= http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/aerolineas-argentinas-bqb-gol-and-lan-tam-poised-to-benefit-from-demise-of-uruguays-pluna-78165|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120713200159/http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/aerolineas-argentinas-bqb-gol-and-lan-tam-poised-to-benefit-from-demise-of-uruguays-pluna-78165|archive-date= 13 July 2012|url-status= live|access-date= 13 July 2012}}</ref>
<!--  -->
<ref name="American Airlines and PLUNA Announce Codeshare Agreement">{{cite press release|title= American Airlines and PLUNA Announce Codeshare Agreement|publisher= American Airlines|date= 27 October 2011|url= http://aa.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=3366|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120405185256/http://aa.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=3366|archive-date= 5 April 2012|url-status= dead|access-date= 25 March 2012}}</ref>
<!--  -->
<ref name="ATDB">{{cite web|title= SubFleets for: PLUNA|url= http://www.aerotransport.org/php/go.php?query=operator&qstring=PLUNA&where=4218&luck=|work= AeroTransport Data Bank|date= 8 June 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120314024607/http://www.aerotransport.org/php/go.php?query=operator&qstring=PLUNA&where=4218&luck=|archive-date= 14 March 2012|url-status= live|access-date= 8 June 2012}}</ref>
<!--  -->
<ref name="Auction of Pluna’s Bombardier aircraft collapses: terms “non attractive” and “non viable”">{{cite news|title= Auction of Pluna's Bombardier aircraft collapses: terms "non attractive" and "non viable"|publisher= MercoPress|date= 14 September 2012|url= http://en.mercopress.com/2012/09/14/auction-of-pluna-s-bombardier-aircraft-collapses-terms-non-attractive-and-non-viable|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120916230321/http://en.mercopress.com/2012/09/14/auction-of-pluna-s-bombardier-aircraft-collapses-terms-non-attractive-and-non-viable|access-date= 14 September 2012|url-status= live|archive-date= 16 September 2012}}</ref>
<!--  -->
<ref name="Canadian company still interested in recapitalization of Uruguay’s national airline">{{cite news|title= Canadian company still interested in recapitalization of Uruguay's national airline|date= 22 June 2012|publisher= MercoPress|url= http://en.mercopress.com/2012/06/22/canadian-company-still-interested-in-recapitalization-of-uruguay-s-national-airline|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230142/http://en.mercopress.com/2012/06/22/canadian-company-still-interested-in-recapitalization-of-uruguay-s-national-airline|archive-date= 3 March 2016|url-status= live|access-date= 6 July 2012}}</ref>
<!--  -->
<ref name="El empresario argentino Campiani abandona Pluna">{{cite news|title= El empresario argentino Campiani abandona Pluna|language= es|trans-title=Argentine businessman Campiani abandons Pluna|first= Nélson|last= Fernandez|date= 15 June 2012|newspaper= [[La Nación]]|url= http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1482506-el-empresario-argentino-campiani-abandona-pluna|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120617113722/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1482506-el-empresario-argentino-campiani-abandona-pluna|archive-date= 17 June 2012|url-status= live|access-date= 21 June 2012}}</ref>
<!--  -->
<ref name="Ejecutivos de Jazz llegan al país para negociar compra de Pluna">{{cite news|title= Ejecutivos de Jazz llegan al país para negociar compra de Pluna|language= es|trans-title=Jazz's executives arrives in Uruguay to negotiate the buyout of PLUNA|publisher= El Observador|date= 21 June 2012|url= http://www.elobservador.com.uy/noticia/226475/ejecutivos-de-jazz-llegan-al-pais-para-negociar-compra-de-pluna/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120623083607/http://www.elobservador.com.uy/noticia/226475/ejecutivos-de-jazz-llegan-al-pais-para-negociar-compra-de-pluna/|archive-date= 23 June 2012|url-status= dead|access-date= 21 June 2012}}</ref>
<!-- + -->
<ref name="FI1966">{{cite journal|title= World Airline Survey – Primeras Líneas Uruguayas de Navegacion Aérea (PLUNA)|journal= [[Flight International]]|number= 2979|volume= 89|date= 14 April 1966|page= 628|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1966/1966%20-%201079.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181110132951/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1966/1966%20-%201079.html|archive-date= 10 November 2018|url-status= live}}</ref>
<!-- + -->
<ref name="FI2000-97">{{cite journal|title= World airline directory{{mdash}}Pluna{{ndash}}Primeras Lineas Uruguayas de Navegacion Aerea|journal= [[Flight International]]|date= 21–27 March 2000|page= 97|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2000/2000%20-%200841.html|archive-url= https://archive.today/20140510155801/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2000/2000%20-%200841.html|archive-date= 10 May 2014 }}</ref>
<!--  -->
<ref name="Jazz Air to convert to corporate structure by year-end">{{cite news|title= Jazz Air to convert to corporate structure by year-end|first= Olivier|last= Bonnassies|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/10/08/348293/jazz-air-to-convert-to-corporate-structure-by-year-end.html|work= Flightglobal|date= 14 March 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101028124257/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/10/08/348293/jazz-air-to-convert-to-corporate-structure-by-year-end.html|archive-date= 28 October 2010|url-status= live|access-date= 8 June 2012}}</ref>
<!--  -->
<ref name="Jazz no está interesada en adquirir más acciones de Pluna">{{cite news|title= Jazz no está interesada en adquirir más acciones de Pluna|language= es|trans-title=Jazz is not interested in taking over additional shares in Pluna|work= El Observador|date= 18 June 2012|url= http://elobservador.com.uy/noticia/226261/jazz-no-esta-interesada-en-adquirir-mas-acciones-de-pluna/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120620080425/http://www.elobservador.com.uy/noticia/226261/jazz-no-esta-interesada-en-adquirir-mas-acciones-de-pluna/|archive-date= 20 June 2012|url-status= dead|access-date= 21 June 2012}}</ref>
<!--  -->
<ref name="Liquidated Pluna to auction fleet, route rights within 60 days">{{cite news|title= Liquidated Pluna to auction fleet, route rights within 60 days|first= Edvaldo|last= Pereira Lima|publisher= [[Air Transport World]]|date= 23 July 2012|url= http://atwonline.com/airline-finance-data/news/liquidated-pluna-auction-fleet-route-rights-within-60-days-0723|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120725021839/http://atwonline.com/airline-finance-data/news/liquidated-pluna-auction-fleet-route-rights-within-60-days-0723|archive-date= 25 July 2012|url-status= dead|access-date= 26 July 2012}}</ref>
<!-- + -->
<ref name="New Pluna owners to challenge Uruguay over airline’s demise">{{cite news |last1=Broderick |first1=Sean |title=New Pluna owners to challenge Uruguay over airline's demise |url=http://atwonline.com/airlines/new-pluna-owners-challenge-uruguay-over-airline-s-demise |publisher=[[Air Transport World]] |date=19 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110005204/http://atwonline.com/airlines/new-pluna-owners-challenge-uruguay-over-airline-s-demise |archive-date=10 November 2018}}</ref>
<!--  -->
<ref name="Pluna closes down">{{cite news|title= Pluna closes down|publisher= Centre for Aviation|date= 6 July 2012|url= http://www.centreforaviation.com/news/pluna-closes-down-163226|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110728/http://www.centreforaviation.com/news/pluna-closes-down-163226|archive-date= 4 March 2016|url-status= live|access-date= 6 July 2012}}</ref>
<!--  -->
<ref name="Pluna confirma la compra de tres nuevos aviones Bombardier CRJ 900 NextGen">{{cite press release|publisher= PLUNA|date= 25 April 2011|language= es|title= Pluna confirma la compra de tres nuevos aviones Bombardier CRJ 900 NextGen|trans-title=Pluna confirms the acquisition of three brand new Bombardier CRJ 900 NextGen|url= http://www.flypluna.com/download.php?id=55|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110724201123/http://www.flypluna.com/download.php?id=55|archive-date= 24 July 2011|url-status= dead|access-date= 6 July 2012}}</ref>
<!--  -->
<ref name="PLUNA se capitaliza en 20 millones de dólares y anuncia plan de crecimiento">{{cite news|title= PLUNA se capitaliza en 20 millones de dólares y anuncia plan de crecimiento|language= es|trans-title=PLUNA gets a capitalisation worth {{US$|20}}&nbsp;million and announces a plan to grow|date= 5 May 2010|publisher= Espectador.com|url= http://www.espectador.com/1v4_contenido.php?id=181152&sts=1|archive-url= https://www.webcitation.org/68xCuUH7L?url=http://www.espectador.com/1v4_contenido.php?id=181152&sts=1|archive-date= 6 July 2012|access-date= 6 July 2012}}</ref>
<!-- Unused citation
<ref name="Pluna to buy three more CRJ900s, looks at CRJ200s">{{cite news|title= Pluna to buy three more CRJ900s, looks at CRJ200s|first= Rainer|last= Uphoff|location= Madrid|agency= Air Transport Intelligence news|work= Flightglobal|date=6 April 2010|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pluna-to-buy-three-more-crj900s-looks-at-crj200s-340308/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121102222233/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pluna-to-buy-three-more-crj900s-looks-at-crj200s-340308/|archive-date= 2 November 2012|url-status= live|access-date= 30 October 2012}}</ref> -->
<!--  -->
<ref name="Pluna’s fleet auction postponed to Oct. 1">{{cite news|title= Pluna's fleet auction postponed to Oct. 1|first= Edvaldo|last= Pereira Lima|publisher= Air Transport World|date= 14 September 2012|url= http://atwonline.com/aircraft-engines-components/news/pluna-s-fleet-auction-postponed-oct-1-0914|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120917100040/http://atwonline.com/aircraft-engines-components/news/pluna-s-fleet-auction-postponed-oct-1-0914|access-date= 14 September 2012|url-status= dead|archive-date= 17 September 2012}}</ref>
<!--  -->
<ref name="Uruguay seeks new investor for Pluna after Leadgate's withdrawal">{{cite news|title= Uruguay seeks new investor for Pluna after Leadgate's withdrawal|first= Rainer|last= Uphoff|date= 19 June 2012|location= Madrid|work= [[Flightglobal]]|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/uruguay-seeks-new-investor-for-pluna-after-leadgates-withdrawal-373177/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120623082508/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/uruguay-seeks-new-investor-for-pluna-after-leadgates-withdrawal-373177/|archive-date= 23 June 2012|url-status= live|access-date= 20 June 2012}}</ref>
<!--  -->
<ref name="Uruguay to shut down bankrupt flagship carrier Pluna -source">{{cite news|title= Uruguay to shut down bankrupt flagship carrier Pluna -source|agency= Reuters|first= Malena|last= Castaldi|date= 6 July 2012|url= http://in.reuters.com/article/uruguay-pluna-idINL2E8I5FM620120706|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130104044940/http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/07/06/uruguay-pluna-idINL2E8I5FM620120706|archive-date= 4 January 2013|url-status= dead|access-date= 6 July 2012}}</ref>
<!--  -->
<ref name="Uruguay’s flag carrier Pluna indefinitely grounded and most staff redundant">{{cite news|title= Uruguay's flag carrier Pluna "indefinitely grounded" and most staff redundant|date= 6 July 2012|publisher= MercoPress|url= http://en.mercopress.com/2012/07/06/uruguay-s-flag-carrier-pluna-indefinitely-grounded-and-most-staff-redundant|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120709090300/http://en.mercopress.com/2012/07/06/uruguay-s-flag-carrier-pluna-indefinitely-grounded-and-most-staff-redundant|archive-date= 9 July 2012|url-status= live|access-date= 6 July 2012}}</ref>
<!--  -->
<ref name="Uruguay's Pluna airline hits 'strong turbulence'">{{cite news|title= Uruguay's Pluna airline hits 'strong turbulence'|first= Alex|last= Leff|work= [[GlobalPost]]|date= 5 June 2012|url= http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/chatter/uruguays-pluna-airline-hits-strong-turbulence|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120605213955/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/chatter/uruguays-pluna-airline-hits-strong-turbulence|archive-date= 5 June 2012|url-status= live|access-date= 21 June 2012}}</ref>
<!--  -->
<ref name="Uruguay's Pluna halts operations indefinitely">{{cite news|title= Uruguay's Pluna halts operations indefinitely|first= David|last= Kaminski-Morrow|work= Flightglobal|date= 6 July 2012|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/uruguays-pluna-halts-operations-indefinitely-373828/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160306155652/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/uruguays-pluna-halts-operations-indefinitely-373828/|archive-date= 6 March 2016|url-status= live|access-date= 6 July 2012}}</ref>
<!--  -->
<ref name="Uruguay’s Pluna suspends operations indefinitely">{{cite news|title= Uruguay's Pluna suspends operations indefinitely|first= Edvaldo|last= Pereira Lima|date= 9 July 2012|publisher= Air Transport World|url= http://atwonline.com/airline-finance-data/news/uruguay-s-pluna-suspends-operations-indefinitely-0709|archive-url= https://archive.today/20130117091831/http://atwonline.com/airline-finance-data/news/uruguay-s-pluna-suspends-operations-indefinitely-0709|archive-date= 17 January 2013|url-status= dead|access-date= 9 July 2012}}</ref>
<!--  -->
<ref name="Uruguay’s Pluna temporarily suspends operations after strike threat">{{cite news|title= Uruguay's Pluna temporarily suspends operations after strike threat|first= Edvaldo|last= Pereira Lima|date= 3 July 2012|publisher= [[Air Transport World]]|url= http://atwonline.com/operations-maintenance/news/uruguay-s-pluna-suspends-operations-after-strike-threat-0703|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121108155404/http://atwonline.com/operations-maintenance/news/uruguay-s-pluna-suspends-operations-after-strike-threat-0703|archive-date= 8 November 2012|url-status= dead|access-date= 6 July 2012}}</ref>
<!--  -->
<ref name="Uruguay's Pluna warns of collapse, but CEO's missive may be more political than financial">{{cite news|title= Uruguay's Pluna warns of collapse, but CEO's missive may be more political than financial|publisher= Centre for Aviation|date= 8 June 2012|url= http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/uruguays-pluna-warns-of-collapse-but-ceos-missive-may-be-more-political-than-financial-75498|access-date= 31 July 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150731185917/http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/uruguays-pluna-warns-of-collapse-but-ceos-missive-may-be-more-political-than-financial-75498|archive-date= 31 July 2015|url-status= dead}}&nbsp;</ref>
<!-- 
<ref name="Uruguay’s Pluna to start domestic services in Chile">{{cite news|title= Uruguay’s Pluna to start domestic services in Chile|publisher= Air Transport World|date= 26 October 2011|url= http://atwonline.com/airports-routes/news/uruguay-s-pluna-start-domestic-services-chile-1025|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120616080616/http://atwonline.com/airports-routes/news/uruguay-s-pluna-start-domestic-services-chile-1025|archive-date= 16 June 2012|url-status= dead|access-date= 30 October 2012}}</ref>
-->
|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|PLUNA}}
*{{cite news|title= ROUTES: Guide to airline start-ups and groundings in 2012|first= Graham|last= Dunn|location= London|work= [[Flightglobal]]|date= 1 October 2012|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/routes-guide-to-airline-start-ups-and-groundings-in-2012-376918/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121004043833/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/routes-guide-to-airline-start-ups-and-groundings-in-2012-376918/|url-status= live|archive-date= 4 October 2012}}
*[http://www.pilotoviejo.com ''Memorias del Tiempo de Vuelo''] (In Spanish)

{{Portal bar|Uruguay|Aviation}}
{{Airlines of Uruguay}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pluna}}
[[Category:Defunct airlines of Uruguay]]
[[Category:1936 establishments in Uruguay]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 1936]]
[[Category:Airlines disestablished in 2012]]
[[Category:Latin American and Caribbean Air Transport Association]]
[[Category:Companies based in Montevideo]]
[[Category:Former Star Alliance affiliate members]]