View source for Pōmare I

{{For|the New Zealand chief|Pōmare I (Ngāpuhi)}}
{{Short description|Unifier and first king of Tahiti from 1788 to 1791}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name          = Pōmare I
| succession    = [[List of monarchs of Tahiti|King]] of [[Kingdom of Tahiti|Tahiti]]
| image         = John Webber's oil painting of Otoo, 1777 (restored).png
| caption       = Painting of Pōmare I by [[John Webber]]
| reign         = 1788 – 13 February 1791
| coronation    = 
| predecessor   = ''Inaugural''
| regent        = 
| successor     = [[Pōmare II]]
| spouse        = Itia Tetuanuireia ite ra’i atea <br>Vairiti Pateamai Teano<br>Pipiri <small>(junior wife)</small> 
| issue         = Teri’inavahoroa v.<br />[[Pōmare II]]<br />Teri’itapunui Vehiatua VIII<br>Teheimaitua v.<br>Oroho
| birth_name     = Tunuiea’aiteatua Vaira’atoa Taina 
| house         = [[House of Pōmare]]
| father        = Teu Tunuieaite Atua
| mother        = Tetupaia i Hauiri
| birth_date    = c. 1753 
| birth_place   = Pare, [[Tahiti]]
| death_date    = September 3, 1803
| death_place   = [[Matavai, Tahiti|Matavai]], [[Tahiti]]
| burial_place  = Pōmare Royal Cemetery, Papaʻoa, [[Arue, French Polynesia|ʻArue]]
| religion      = [[Tahitian mythology|Tahitian]]
}}
'''Pōmare I''' (c. 1753 &ndash; September 3, 1803) (fully in old orthography: '''Tu-nui-ea-i-te-atua-i-Tarahoi Vaira'atoa Taina Pōmare I'''; also known as '''Tu''' or '''Tinah''' or '''Outu''', or more formally as '''Tu-nui-e-a'a-i-te-atua''') was the unifier and first [[king of Tahiti]] and founder of the [[Pōmare dynasty]] and the [[Kingdom of Tahiti]] between 1788 and 1791.{{cn|date=August 2020}} He abdicated in 1791 but remained in power as the guardian regent during the minority of his successor [[Pōmare II]] from 1791 until 1803.{{sfn|Lovett|1899|page=181}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article625800|title=Ship News.|newspaper=[[The Sydney Gazette And New South Wales Advertiser]]|volume=1|issue=31|location=New South Wales, Australia|date=October 2, 1803|accessdate=March 18, 2025|page=1|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> He is best known in the western world for being the ruler of Tahiti during the [[Mutiny on the Bounty|mutiny on the ''Bounty'']] in 1789.

==Name==

''Outu'' is the phonetic English rendering of ''{{okina}}O Tū'', Tū being the name, {{okina}}o the nominal predicate meaning ''that is''. Older literature writes his family name as Tunuieaiteatua, which leaves incertainties about the proper pronunciation as [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]] usually did (and does) not write [[Macron (diacritic)|macron]]s and [[glottal stop|glottals]]. Barring this incertainty, in the current proper orthography would be Tū-nui-{{okina}}ē{{okina}}a-i-te-atua meaning Great-Tū,-road-to-the-god. Tū (standing straight up) was a major Tahitian god.

Missionary John Jefferson reported on May 28, 1799 that his title was 'Otoo. noo. ey tԑ а̄to'oа̄' (O Tū nui te atua), meaning 'The great Tu, the god.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2712750175| title=LMS. Journal of John Jefferson, Tahiti, 01 January 1799 – 31 December 1799. Entry on May 28, 1799 }}</ref>

Ari{{okina}}itaimai claims that this Tū is a contraction of ''atua'' (god), but that is unlikely. The name Pōmare was adopted later. Pō-mare means "night cougher", a nickname he took, as was common in that time, in honor of his daughter Princess Teri’inavahoroa who died from [[tuberculosis]] in 1792.<ref name="MoonHandbooks">{{cite book |author= David Stanley | title = Moon Handbooks Tahiti: Including the Cook Islands |publisher= David Stanley | year = 2003 | page =[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_zQ_RGjMGmB8C/page/n102 85] | isbn= 1-56691-412-4 | url =https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_zQ_RGjMGmB8C }}</ref><ref>[http://histoire.assemblee.pf/articles.php?id=379 Historie.assemblee.pf]</ref> Because of a Polynesian [[Tahitian language#Taboo names – piʼi|tradition]] of not saying the monarch's name in vain, "pō" and "mare" were replaced by "ru{{okina}}i" and "hota" respectively. Currently "ru{{okina}}i" is only used in the Bible, "pō" having become the standard word again.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=White |first1=Ralph Gardner |title=Borrowing and Taboo in Eastern Polynesia |journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society |date=1968 |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=64–5 |jstor=20704526 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20704526 |issn=0032-4000}}</ref>

==Biography==
Tu was the son of Teu, chief of Pare-'Arue, and his wife, Tetupaia-i-Hauiri (Tetupaia).  Tetupaia was the granddaughter of Tamatoa II of [[Raiatea]].  Tu's great uncle was Tutaha, who acted as his regent.<ref name="Anne">{{cite book|last1=Salmond|first1=Anne|title=Aphrodite's Island|date=2010|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520261143|pages=[https://archive.org/details/aphroditesisland00salm/page/135 135-136,249]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/aphroditesisland00salm/page/135}}</ref> 

Born at Pare, ca. 1753, he initially reigned under the regency of his father and succeeded on the death of his father as Ari{{okina}}i-rahi of [[Porionuu|Porionu{{okina}}u]] on November 23, 1802.  Pōmare further succeeded in uniting the different chiefdoms of [[Tahiti]] into a single kingdom, composed of the islands of Tahiti itself, [[Moorea|Mo{{okina}}orea]], [[Mehetia|Meheti{{okina}}a]], and the [[Tetiaroa|Teti{{okina}}aroa]] group. He thus became the first king of unified Tahiti in 1788. 

One year into his reign as Tahiti's king, Pōmare hosted the crew of [[HMS Bounty|HMS ''Bounty'']] who had visited Tahiti to collect [[breadfruit]] plants for transportation to the [[West Indies]]. The subsequent [[mutiny on the Bounty|mutiny on the ''Bounty'']] caused the mutineers to return briefly to Tahiti, where they were under Pōmare's protection, until leaving the island and eventually relocating to [[Pitcairn]]. A small number of mutineers stayed behind and were later located by [[HMS Pandora (1779)|HMS ''Pandora'']], to which Pōmare accepted British authority and allowed the mutineers to be arrested and taken back to [[England]] for trial.

Pōmare's service as the first king of unified Tahiti ended when he abdicated in 1791. He was succeeded by Tū Tūnuiʻēʻaiteatua [[Pōmare II]], who reigned from 1791 until 1821: however, though no longer monarch, Pomare remained regent of Tahiti during the minority of Pomare II, from 1791 until 1803. In 1792, [[HMS Providence (1791)|HMS ''Providence'']] visited Tahiti and Pōmare was reunited with [[William Bligh]], the victim of mutiny four years earlier. Bligh interviewed Pōmare regarding the mutineers and subsequently wrote an account of where he suspected the mutineers may have escaped to following their departure from Tahiti.<ref>Tobin, George, "Captain Bligh's Second Chance: An Eyewitness Account of His Return to the South Seas", Naval Institute Press (April 2, 2007)</ref>   

Pōmare married 4 times and had three sons and three daughters. He died from [[thrombosis]].

==Portrayals==
Due to Pōmare's role as King of Tahiti during the Mutiny on the Bounty, he has subsequently been portrayed in various dramatic films about the Bounty. In both the [[Mutiny on the Bounty (1935 film)|1935 film]] and [[Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)|the 1962 version]], he is known as "Chief Hitihiti" and played respectively by Bill Bambridge and [[Matahiariʻi Tama]]. In the 1984 film ''[[The Bounty (1984 film)|The Bounty]]'' he is known as "King Tynah" and is portrayed by New Zealand actor [[Wi Kuki Kaa]]. Historically, Tynah may have been a different individual from Pōmare, as he is mentioned in the Bounty log as a "Paramount Chief", a title separate from monarch.

== Ancestry ==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Pōmare I'''
|2= 2. Teu Tu nui e ai te atua
|3= 3. Tetupaia i Hauiri
|4= 4. Tumoehania
|5= 5. Tetuahuria 
|6= 6. [[Tamatoa III]]
|7= 7. Maihe’a
|8= 8. Teuruari’i 
|9= 9. Marurai
|10= 10. Vehiatua i te mata’i  
|11=  
|12= 12. Teri’ivetearai Rofa’i 
|13= 13. Marama
|14= 
|15= 
}}

==References==

=== Citations ===

{{Reflist|20em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}

*{{cite book|last=Adams|first=Henry|author-link=Henry Adams|title=Tahiti: Memoirs of Arii Taimai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jLXAAAAMAAJ|year=1901|publisher=The Gregg Press|location=Ridgewood, NJ|oclc=21482}}

*{{cite book|editor-last=Adams|editor-first=Henry|translator-last1=Lebois|translator-first1=Suzanne|translator-last2=Lebois|translator-first2=André|title=Mémoires d'Arii Taimai|url=https://books.openedition.org/sdo/117|year=1964|publisher= Société des Océanistes|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-85430-090-1|doi=10.4000/books.sdo.117|oclc=929726896|language=fr}}

*{{cite book|last=Baré|first=Jean-François|title=Tahiti, les temps et les pouvoirs: pour une anthropologie historique du Tahiti post-européen|url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_5/pt5/travaux_d/23908.pdf|year=1987|publisher=[[Institut de recherche pour le développement|ORSTOM]], Institut français de recherche scientifique pour le développement en coopération|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7099-0847-4|oclc=16654716|language=fr}}

*{{cite book|last=Bligh|first=William|editor-last1=Lee|editor-first1=Ida|title=Captain Bligh's second voyage to the South Sea|url=https://archive.org/details/captainblighssec00blig/page/n7|year=1920|publisher=Longmans, Green|location=London, New York [etc.]|oclc=1041588401}}

*{{cite book|last=Bougainville|first=Louis Antoine de|title=Voyage autour du monde, par la frégate du roi La Boudeuse, et la flûte L'Étoile; en 1766, 1767, 1768 & 1769|url=https://archive.org/details/voyageautourdumo00boug/page/n5|year=1769|publisher=Saillant & Nyon|location=Paris|oclc=1158273598|language=fr|pages=185–232}}

*{{cite news|last=Cadousteau|first=Geneviève (Mai-Arii)|title=Généalogies des Arii des Iles de la Société|url=https://anaite.upf.pf/items/show/831|journal=Bulletin de la Société des Études Océaniennes|issue=239–240|year=1987|edition=1st|publisher=Société des Études Océaniennes|location=Papeete|language=fr|pages=1–131}}

*{{Cite book|last =Cook|first=James|editor-last1= Wharton|editor-first1=William James Lloyd|title=Captain Cook's Journal During His First Voyage Round the World Made in H.M. Bark "Endeavour" 1768–1771|url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_14800|year=1893|location = London|publisher = Elliot Stock|isbn=978-0-665-14800-2 |oclc=1042058262}}

*{{cite book|last=Cook|first=James|title=A voyage towards the South Pole, and round the world : performed in His Majesty's ships the Resolution and Adventure, in the years 1772, 1773, 1774, and 1775. [...] In two volumes.|
url=https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_a-voyage-towards-the-sou_cook-james-the-circumn_1777_1|volume=I|year=1777a|publisher=W. Strahan and T. Caddel|location=London|oclc=973593160}}

*{{cite book|last=Cook|first=James|title=A voyage towards the South Pole, and round the world : performed in His Majesty's ships the Resolution and Adventure, in the years 1772, 1773, 1774, and 1775. [...] In two volumes.|
url=https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_a-voyage-towards-the-sou_cook-james-the-circumn_1777_2|volume=II|year=1777b|publisher=W. Strahan and T. Caddel|location=London|oclc=973593160}}

*{{cite book|last=Cook|first=James|title= A voyage to the Pacific ocean. Undertaken, by the command of His Majesty, for making discoveries in the Northern hemisphere [...] in His Majesty's ships the Resolution and Discovery, in the years 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, and 1780. In three volumes|url=https://archive.org/details/voyagetopacifico02cook/page/n3|volume=II|year=1784|publisher=G. Nicol and T. Caddel|location=London|oclc=1158281685}}

*{{cite book|last=Corney|first=Bolton Glanville|title=The Quest and Occupation of Tahiti by Emissaries of Spain During the Years 1772-1776...Volume I Second series no. 32|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmNKAAAAYAAJ|year=1913|publisher=[[The Hakluyt Society]]|location=London|oclc=25380033}}

*{{cite book|last=Corney|first=Bolton Glanville|title=The Quest and Occupation of Tahiti by Emissaries of Spain During the Years 1772-1776...Volume II Second series no. 36|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46700/page/n3|year=1914|publisher=[[The Hakluyt Society]]|location=London|oclc=1070912781}}

*{{cite book|last=Corney|first=Bolton Glanville|title=The Quest and Occupation of Tahiti by Emissaries of Spain During the Years 1772-1776...Volume III containing the diary of Maximo Rodrigez. Second series no. 43|pages=1–218|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189346/page/n11|year=1919|publisher=[[The Hakluyt Society]]|location=London|oclc=1239788290}}

*{{cite book|last=Davies|first=John|editor-last=Newbury|editor-first=Colin W.|title=The History of the Tahitian Mission, 1799–1830...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_B_AAAAMAAJ|year=1961|publisher=[[The Hakluyt Society]]|location=London|oclc=252297156}}

*{{cite book|last1=Edwards|first1=Edward|last2=Hamilton|first2=George|title=Voyage of H. M. S. "Pandora" Despatched to Arrest the Mutineers of the "Bounty" in the South Seas, 1790-91|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/22834/pg22834-images.html|year=1915|publisher=Francis Edwards|location=London}}

*{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=William|author-link=William Ellis (British missionary)|title=Polynesian Researches, During a Residence of Nearly Eight Years in the Society and Sandwich Islands|url=https://archive.org/details/polynesianresear21831elli/page/n9|edition=2nd|volume=II|year=1831b|publisher=Fisher, Son, & Jackson|location=London|oclc=1157058552}}

*{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=William|author-link=William Ellis (British missionary)|title=Polynesian Researches, During a Residence of Nearly Eight Years in The Society and Sandwich Islands|url=https://archive.org/details/polynesianresear31831elli/page/n9|edition=2nd|year=1831c|volume=III|publisher=Fisher, Son & Jackson|location=London|oclc=1157060556}}

*{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=William|title=A Vindication of the South Sea Missions from the Misrepresentations of Otto Von Kotzebue, Captain in the Russian Navy: With an Appendix|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j6qyP07FoWAC|year=1831d|publisher=F. Westley and A.H. Davis|location=London|oclc=14184834}}

*{{cite book|last=Emory|first=Kenneth P.|title=Traditional history of maraes in the Society Islands|url=https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/338610-traditional-history-of-maraes-in-the-society-islands|year=1978|publisher=FamilySearch International|oclc=226381225}}

*{{cite book|last=Forster|first=Georg|title=A voyage round the world, in His Britannic Majesty's sloop, Resolution, commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the years 1772, 3, 4, and 5. [...] In two Volumes|
url=https://archive.org/details/b30413849_0001/page/n9|year=1777a|volume=I|publisher=B. white, J.Robson, P. Elsly, T. Caddel|location=London|oclc=1155390797}}

*{{cite book|last=Forster|first=Georg|title=A voyage round the world, in His Britannic Majesty's sloop, Resolution, commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the years 1772, 3, 4, and 5. [...] In two Volumes|
url=https://archive.org/details/b30413849_0002/page/n7|year=1777b|volume=II|publisher=B. white, J.Robson, P. Elsly, T. Caddel|location=London|oclc=1155399624}}

*{{cite book|last=Greatheed|first=Samuel|year=1799|editor-last=Wilson|editor-first=James|title=A missionary voyage to the southern Pacific ocean, performed in the years 1796, 1797, 1798, in the ship Duff, commanded by Captain James Wilson|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/missionaryvoyage00lond/page/n19|publisher=T. Chapman|location=London|pages=i-Ixxxvi|chapter=Preliminary discourse : containing a geographical and historical account of the islands where missionaries have settled, and of others with which they are connected|oclc=1049640919}}

*{{Cite book|last=Hawkesworth|first=John|title=An account of the voyages undertaken by the order of His present Majesty for making discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere [...] In three volumes.|url=http://archive.org/details/accountofvoyages_02hawk|volume=II|year=1773|location=London|publisher=W. Strahan and T. Cadell|oclc=1038779085}}

*{{cite book|last1=Henry|first1=Teuira|author-link1=Teuira Henry|last2=Orsmond|first2=John Muggridge|title=Ancient Tahiti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adorAAAAMAAJ|volume=48|year=1928|publisher=[[Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum]]|location=Honolulu|oclc=3049679}}

*{{cite book|author=London Missionary Society|title=Narrative of the Mission at Otaheite, and other islands in the South Seas; commenced by the London Missionary Society in the year 1797, with a map, etc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzlfAAAAcAAJ|year=1818|publisher=London Missionary Society|location=London|oclc=228695988}}

*{{cite book|author=London Missionary Society|title=Transactions of the Missionary Society, from its institution in the year 1795, to the end of the year 1802|url=https://digital.soas.ac.uk/CW00000077/00001/3x|volume=I (1795-1802)|year=1804a|edition=2nd|publisher=T. Williams|location=London|oclc=416654715}}

*{{cite book|author=London Missionary Society|title=Transactions of the Missionary Society, for the years 1803-4-5-6|url=https://digital.soas.ac.uk/CW00000077/00002/3x|volume=II (1803-1806)|year=1804b|publisher=T. Williams|location=London|oclc=416654715}}

*{{cite book|last=Lovett|first=Richard|title=The history of the London Missionary Society, 1795-1895|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoflondon01love/page/n5|volume=1|year=1899|publisher=H. Frowde|location=London|oclc=690759506}}

*{{cite book|last1=Morisson|first1=James|author-link1=James Morrison (mutineer)|last2=Gibbings|first2=Robert|last3=Rutter|first3=Owen|title=The journal of James Morrison, boatswain's mate of the Bounty : describing the mutiny & subsequent misfortunes of the mutineers : together with an account of the Island of Tahiti...|url=https://whalesite.org/pitcairn/fatefulvoyage/morrison/morrisonHome.html|year=1935|publisher=Golden Cockerel Press|oclc=562418811}}

*{{cite book|last=Newbury|first=Colin W.|title=Tahiti Nui: Change and Survival in French Polynesia, 1767–1945|url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6a00647-248f-40a2-beed-87e632163f33/content|hdl=10125/62908|year=1980|publisher=[[University Press of Hawaii]]|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-8248-8032-3|oclc=1053883377}}

*{{cite book|last=Oliver|first=Douglas L.|title=Ancient Tahitian Society|year=1974|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-8248-8453-6|doi=10.2307/j.ctvp2n5ds|hdl=1885/114907|s2cid=165869849 |oclc=1126284798}}

*{{cite news|last=Pichevin|first=Bernard|title=E parau no te tupuna o te mau arii no Raiatea|url=https://anaite.upf.pf/items/show/1838|journal=Bulletin de la Société des Études Océaniennes|issue=318|year=2010|publisher=Société des Études Océaniennes|location=Papeete|language=fr}}

*{{cite book|last=Pichevin|first=Bernard|title=Généalogies et Histoire de Tahiti et des îles de la Société|year=2013|publisher=Au vent des îles|location=Pirae|isbn=978-2-36734-008-1|oclc=877916677|language=fr}}

*{{cite book|last=Phillip|first=Arthur|title=The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay |url=https://archive.org/details/voyageofgovernor00phil/page/230/mode/2up|year=1789|publisher=John Stockdale|location=London|oclc=758727395|pages=230–243}}

*{{cite book|author=Religious Tract Society (Great Britain)|title=Missionary records. Tahiti and Society Islands.|edition=2nd|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-52793826/view?partId=nla.obj-93470232#page/n324|year=1835|publisher=The Religious Tract Society, instituted 1799|location=London|oclc=428431716|pages=315–316}}

*{{cite book|last=Salmon|first=Marau Taaroa|translator-last1=Pomare|translator-first1=Ariimanihinihi Takau|title= Mémoires de Marau Taaroa, dernière reine de Tahiti|url=https://books.openedition.org/sdo/227|year=1971|publisher=Société des Océanistes|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-85430-098-7|doi= 10.4000/books.sdo.227|oclc=6014637035|language=fr}}

*{{cite book|last1=Saura|first1=Bruno|last2=Millaud|first2=Hiriata|title=La lignée royale des Tama-toa de Ra'iātea (Îles-sous-le-Vent)|year=2003|publisher=Ministère de la Culture de Polynésie française|series=Cahiers du patrimoine |volume=5|location=Papeete|oclc=492882499|language=fr,ty|others=The author of the original manuscript in tahitian written in circa 1878, is unknown}}

*{{cite book|last=Turnbull|first=John|title=A voyage round the world, in the years 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803, and 1804.|url=https://archive.org/details/b22007507|year=1813|orig-date=1805|oclc= 1040204669|edition=Second|publisher=W. McDowall for A. Maxwell|location=London}}

*{{cite book|last=Vancouver|first=George|title=A voyage of discovery to the North Pacific ocean, and round the world [...] performed in the years 1790, 1791, 1792, 1793, 1794, and 1795, in the Discovery sloop of war, and armed tender Chatham, under the command of Captain George Vancouver..|url=https://archive.org/details/voyageofdiscover01vanc/page/n7|year=1798a|volume=1|publisher=Printed for G.G. and J. Robinson [etc.]|location=London|oclc=1102097044}}

*{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=James|title=A missionary voyage to the southern Pacific ocean, performed in the years 1796, 1797, 1798, in the ship Duff, commanded by Captain James Wilson|url=https://archive.org/details/missionaryvoyage00lond/page/n7|year=1799|publisher=T. Chapman|location=London|oclc=1049640919}}


{{refend}}

{{commons category|Pōmare I}}


{{s-start}}
{{S-reg}}
{{s-new|New creation}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of monarchs of Tahiti|King of Tahiti]]|years=1788&ndash;1791}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Pōmare II]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Tahiti Monarchs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pomare 1}}
[[Category:Pōmare dynasty]]
[[Category:Tahitian monarchs]]
[[Category:1750s births]]
[[Category:1803 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century monarchs in Oceania]]
[[Category:Founding monarchs in Oceania]]
[[Category:Monarchs who abdicated]]
[[Category:18th-century regents]]
[[Category:19th-century regents]]