View source for Outline of Peru

{{Short description|1=Overview of and topical guide to Peru}}
{{See also|Index of Peru-related articles}}
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{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Flag of Peru.svg
| width1 = 180
| alt1 = 
| caption1 = The [[Flag of Peru]]
| image2 = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
| width2 = 120
| alt2 = 
| caption2 = The [[Coat of arms of Peru]]
| footer = 
}}
[[File:Peru (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]]
[[Image:Un-peru.png|thumb|An enlargeable map of [[Peru]]]]

The following [[Outline (list)|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Peru:

'''[[Peru]]''' &ndash; country located in  western [[South America]], on the [[Pacific Coast]], north of [[Chile]]. [[Pre-Columbian Peru|Peruvian territory]] was home to several [[Ancient Peru|ancient cultures]]. Ranging from the [[Norte Chico civilization]] in the 32nd century BC, the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five [[cradles of civilization]], to the [[Inca Empire]], the largest state in [[Pre-Columbian|pre-Columbian America]], the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE. The [[Spanish Empire]] conquered the region in the 16th century and [[Viceroyalty of Peru|established a Viceroyalty]], which included most of its South American colonies. After [[Independence of Peru|achieving independence]] in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and [[fiscal crisis]] as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.

{{TOC limit|limit=2}}

== General reference ==
[[Image:Peru rel1991.gif|thumb|An enlargeable relief map of [[Peru]]]]
* [[International Phonetic Alphabet|Pronunciation]]: {{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|r|uː
| audio = en-us-Peru.ogg
}}
* Common English country name:  [[Peru]]
* Official English country name:  The [[Republic of Peru]]
* Common [[endonym]](s): [[List of countries and capitals in native languages#P|Perú, Piruw]]
* Official endonym(s): [[List of official endonyms of present-day nations and states#P|República del Perú, Piruw Hapan llaqta, Piruw Suyu]]
* [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names#Countries and nations|Adjectival]](s): [[Peruvian (disambiguation)|Peruvian]]
* [[List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names#Countries and nations|Demonym]](s): [[Peruvian]]s
* [[Etymology]]: [[Name of Peru]]
* [[International rankings of Peru]]
* [[ISO country codes]]:  PE, PER, 604
* [[ISO region codes]]:  See [[ISO 3166-2:PE]]
* [[Internet]] [[country code top-level domain]]:  [[.pe]]

== Geography of Peru ==
[[Image:Peru Topography.png|thumb|An enlargeable topographic map of [[Peru]]]]

[[Geography of Peru]]
* Peru is: a [[Megadiverse countries|megadiverse]] [[Nation state|country]]
* Location:
** [[Southern Hemisphere]]
** [[Western Hemisphere]]
***[[Americas]]
**** [[Latin America]]
***** [[South America]]
** [[Time in Peru]]
*** [[Time zone]]:  [[UTC-05]]
** [[Extreme points of Peru]]
*** High:  [[Huascarán]] {{convert|6768|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}&nbsp;– highest point in the [[Tropics]]
*** Low:  [[South Pacific Ocean]] 0 m
** Land boundaries:  7,461&nbsp;km
::{{Flag|Brazil}} 2,995 km
::{{Flag|Colombia}} 1,800 km
::{{Flag|Ecuador}} 1,420 km
::{{Flag|Bolivia}} 1,075 km
::{{Flag|Chile}} 171 km
:* Coastline:  [[South Pacific Ocean]] 2,414 km
* [[Population of Peru]]: 28,750,770 (June 30, 2007)  - [[List of countries and dependencies by population|43rd most populous country]]
* [[Area of Peru]]:  {{convert|1285220|km2|abbr=on}} - [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|20th largest country]]
* [[:commons:Atlas of Peru|Atlas of Peru]]

=== Environment of Peru ===
[[Image:Peru sat.png|thumb|An enlargeable satellite image of [[Peru]]]]

* [[Climate of Peru]]
* [[Environmental issues in Peru]]
* [[Renewable energy in Peru]]
* [[Geology of Peru]]
** [[List of earthquakes in Peru]]
* [[Natural regions of Peru]]
* [[Protected areas of Peru]]
** [[List of biosphere reserves in Peru|Biosphere reserves in Peru]]
** [[List of national parks of Peru|National parks of Peru]]
* [[Wildlife of Peru]]
** [[Flora of Peru]]
** [[Fauna of Peru]]
*** [[List of birds of Peru|Birds of Peru]]
*** [[List of mammals in Peru|Mammals of Peru]]

==== Natural geographic features of Peru ====

* [[Fjords of Peru]]
* [[Glaciers of Peru]]
* [[List of islands of Peru|Islands of Peru]]
* [[List of lakes in Peru|Lakes of Peru]]
* [[List of mountains in Peru|Mountains of Peru]]
** [[List of volcanoes in Peru|Volcanoes in Peru]]
* [[Peru–Chile Trench]]
* [[List of rivers of Peru|Rivers of Peru]]
** [[List of waterfalls of Peru|Waterfalls of Peru]]
* [[List of valleys of Peru|Valleys of Peru]]
* [[List of World Heritage Sites in Peru|World Heritage Sites in Peru]]

=== Regions of Peru ===

==== Administrative divisions of Peru ====

[[Administrative divisions of Peru]]
* [[Regions of Peru]]
** [[Provinces of Peru]]
*** [[Districts of Peru]]
**** [[Populated centers of Peru]]
** [[Former regions of Peru]]
* [[Municipalities of Peru]]

===== Regions of Peru =====

[[Regions of Peru]]
Peru is divided into [[Regions of Peru|25 regions]] and the [[Lima Province|province of Lima]].

{{Imageframe|width=450|content= {{Peru Labelled Area Map}} |caption=Clickable map of the regions of Peru.|link=Image:Perú Mapa Divisiones Administrativas (Sin etiquetas) ImgID1.png|align=right}}
{|
|-
|
* [[Amazonas (Peruvian department)|Amazonas]]
* [[Ancash Region|Ancash]]
* [[Apurímac Region|Apurímac]]
* [[Arequipa Region|Arequipa]]
* [[Ayacucho Region|Ayacucho]]
* [[Cajamarca Region|Cajamarca]]
* [[Callao Region|Callao]]
* [[Cusco Region|Cusco]]
* [[Huancavelica Region|Huancavelica]]
* [[Huánuco Region|Huánuco]]
* [[Ica Region|Ica]]
* [[Junín Region|Junín]]
* [[La Libertad Region|La Libertad]]
| style="vertical-align:top;" |
* [[Lambayeque Region|Lambayeque]]
* [[Lima Region|Lima]]
* [[Loreto Region|Loreto]]
* [[Madre de Dios Region|Madre de Dios]]
* [[Moquegua Region|Moquegua]]
* [[Pasco Region|Pasco]]
* [[Piura Region|Piura]]
* [[Puno Region|Puno]]
* [[San Martín Region|San Martín]]
* [[Tacna Region|Tacna]]
* [[Tumbes Region|Tumbes]]
* [[Ucayali Region|Ucayali]]
* [[Lima Province]]
|
|}

===== Provinces of Peru =====

[[Provinces of Peru]]

===== Districts of Peru =====

[[Districts of Peru]]

===== Municipalities of Peru =====

[[Municipalities of Peru]]
* [[Capital (political)|Capital]] of Peru: [[Lima]]
* [[List of cities in Peru|Cities of Peru]]

=== Demography of Peru ===

[[Demographics of Peru]]
* [[Census in Peru]]

=== Neighbours of Peru ===
Peru is bordered by:
* [[Bolivia]]
* [[Brazil]]
* [[Chile]]
* [[Colombia]]
* [[Ecuador]]

== Government and politics of Peru ==

*[[Politics of Peru]]
** [[Form of government]]: [[Unitary state|unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[Representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[republic]]
** [[Capital (political)|Capital]] of Peru: [[Lima]]
** [[Census in Peru]]
** [[Communism in Peru]]
** [[Decentralization process in Peru]]
** [[Elections in Peru]]
*** [[Peruvian electoral system]]
**** Voting in Peru is [[Compulsory voting|compulsory]] (until the age of 70)
*** [[Elections in Peru|Peruvian presidential elections]]: &nbsp; [[1895 Peruvian presidential election|1895]] - [[1899 Peruvian presidential election|1899]] - [[2000 Peruvian general election|2000]] - [[2001 Peruvian general election|2001]] - [[2006 Peruvian general election|2006]] - [[2011 Peruvian general election|''2011'']]
*** [[Elections in Peru|Peruvian parliamentary elections]]: &nbsp; [[1978 Peruvian Constituent Assembly election|1978]] - [[Democratic Constitutional Congress|1992]] - [[2000 Peruvian general election|2000]] - [[2001 Peruvian general election|2001]] - [[2006 Peruvian general election|2006]] - [[2011 Peruvian general election|''2011'']]
** [[Liberalism in Peru]]
** [[List of political parties in Peru|Political parties in Peru]]
** [[Taxation in Peru]]

=== Branches of the government of Peru ===

* [[Government of Peru]]

==== Executive branch of the government of Peru ====
* [[Head of state]] and [[head of government]]: [[President of Peru]], [[Dina Boluarte]]
** [[Vice Presidents of Peru]]: ''none''
* [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet]]: [[Council of Ministers of Peru]]
* [[Ministries of Peru]]
** [[Prime Minister of Peru]], [[Alberto Otárola]]
** [[Ministry of Agriculture (Peru)|Ministry of Agriculture]]
** [[Ministry of Culture (Peru)|Ministry of Culture]]
** [[Ministry of Defence (Peru)|Ministry of Defence]]
** [[Ministry of Economy and Finance (Peru)|Ministry of Economy and Finance]]
** [[Ministry of Education (Peru)|Ministry of Education]]
** [[Ministry of Energy and Mines (Peru)|Ministry of Energy and Mines]]
** [[Ministry of Environment (Peru)|Ministry of Environment]]
** [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Peru)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]
** [[Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism (Peru)|Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism]]
** [[Ministry of Health (Peru)|Ministry of Health]]
** [[Ministry of Housing, Construction and Sanitation (Peru)|Ministry of Housing, Construction and Sanitation]]
** [[Ministry of the Interior (Peru)|Ministry of the Interior]]
** [[Ministry of Justice and Human Rights (Peru)|Ministry of Justice]]
** [[Ministry of Labour and Promotion of Employment (Peru)|Ministry of Labour and Promotion of Employment]]
** [[Ministry of Production (Peru)|Ministry of Production]]
** [[Ministry of Transport and Communications (Peru)|Ministry of Transport and Communications]]
** [[Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations]]

==== Legislative branch of the government of Peru ====

* [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Parliament of Peru: Congress of the Republic]] ([[Unicameralism|unicameral]])
** [[List of Congresspeople of Peru|Members of Congress]]

==== Judicial branch of the government of Peru ====

* [[Judicial system of Peru]]
** [[Constitutional Court of Peru]] - interprets the constitution on matters of individual rights
** [[Supreme Court of Peru]] - located in the [[Palace of Justice (Peru)|Palace of Justice]]
*** [[Superior Courts of Justice of Peru]] preside over the [[Judicial Districts of Peru]]
**** [[Courts of First Instance of Peru]] hold jurisdiction over each [[Provinces of Peru|province]]
***** [[Courts of Peace of Peru]] each have jurisdiction over a single [[Districts of Peru|district]]

=== Foreign relations of Peru ===

* [[Foreign relations of Peru]]
** [[List of diplomatic missions in Peru|Diplomatic missions in Peru]]
** [[Diplomatic missions of Peru]]
** [[Chile–Peru relations]]

==== International organization membership ====
The Republic of Peru is a member of:<ref name=CIA_World_Factbook>{{cite web|date=July 13, 2009|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/|title=Peru|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[United States]] [[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=July 23, 2009}}</ref>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
*[[Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean]] (OPANAL)
*[[Andean Community of Nations]] (CAN)
*[[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC)
*[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO)
*[[Group of 15]] (G15)
*[[Group of 24]] (G24)
*[[Group of 77]] (G77)
*[[Inter-American Development Bank]] (IADB)
*[[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA)
*[[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD)
*[[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO)
*[[International Criminal Court]] (ICCt)
*[[International Criminal Police Organization]] (Interpol)
*[[International Development Association]] (IDA)
*[[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies]] (IFRCS)
*[[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC)
*[[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] (IFAD)
*[[International Hydrographic Organization]] (IHO)
*[[International Labour Organization]] (ILO)
*[[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO)
*[[International Mobile Satellite Organization]] (IMSO)
*[[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF)
*[[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC)
*[[International Organization for Migration]] (IOM)
*[[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO)
*[[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]] (ICRM)
*[[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU)
*[[International Telecommunications Satellite Organization]] (ITSO)
*[[International Trade Union Confederation]] (ITUC)
*[[Inter-Parliamentary Union]] (IPU)
{{Col-2}}
*[[Latin American Economic System]] (LAES)
*[[Latin American Integration Association]] (LAIA)
*[[Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency]] (MIGA)
*[[Nonaligned Movement]] (NAM)
*[[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] (OPCW)
*[[Organization of American States]] (OAS)
*[[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] (PCA)
*[[Rio Group]] (RG)
*[[Southern Cone Common Market]] (Mercosur) (associate)
*''[[Unión Latina]]''
*[[Union of South American Nations]] (UNASUR)
*[[United Nations]] (UN)
*[[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD)
*[[United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO)
*[[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] (UNIDO)
*[[United Nations Mission in Liberia]] (UNMIL)
*[[United Nations Mission in the Sudan]] (UNMIS)
*[[United Nations Operation in Cote d'Ivoire]] (UNOCI)
*[[United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (MONUC)
*[[United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti]] (MINUSTAH)
*[[Universal Postal Union]] (UPU)
*[[World Confederation of Labour]] (WCL)
*[[World Customs Organization]] (WCO)
*[[World Federation of Trade Unions]] (WFTU)
*[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)
*[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO)
*[[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO)
*[[World Tourism Organization]] (UNWTO)
*[[World Trade Organization]] (WTO)
{{Col-end}}

=== Law and order in Peru ===

* [[Capital punishment in Peru]]
* [[Constitution of Peru]]
* [[Crime in Peru]]
** [[Domestic violence in Peru]]
* [[Human rights in Peru]]
** [[Abortion in Peru]]
** [[LGBT rights in Peru]]
** [[Freedom of religion in Peru]]
* [[Law enforcement in Peru]]
** [[National Police of Peru]]
* [[Nationality law of Peru]]

=== Military of Peru ===

*[[Military of Peru]]
** Command
*** [[Commander-in-chief]]:
**** [[Ministry of Defence (Peru)|Ministry of Defence]]
***** [[Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru]]
** Forces
*** [[Army of Peru]]
*** [[Navy of Peru]]
*** [[Air Force of Peru]]
*** [[Special forces of Peru]]
** [[Military history of Peru]]
** [[Military ranks of Peru]]

=== Local government in Peru ===
* [[Regional Governments of Peru]]

== History of Peru ==
{{main|History of Peru|Timeline of the history of Peru}}

=== By period ===
* [[Ancient civilizations of Peru]]
** [[Cultural periods of Peru]]
* [[Inca Empire]]
** [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire|Spanish conquest of Peru]]
** [[Neo-Inca State]]
* [[Viceroyalty of Peru]]
* [[Peruvian War of Independence]]
* [[Guano era in Peru]]
* [[War of the Pacific]]
* [[Colombia-Peru War]]
* [[Ecuadorian–Peruvian War]]
* [[Internal conflict in Peru]]
* [[Peruvian political crisis (2017–present)|Peruvian political crisis]]

=== By subject ===

* [[Agricultural history of Peru]]
* [[Demographic history of Peru]]
* [[Economic history of Peru]]
* [[Homosexuality in ancient Peru]]
* [[Military history of Peru]]

=== By type of event ===
* [[List of massacres in Peru|Massacres in Peru]]

== Culture of Peru ==

[[Culture of Peru]]
* [[Architecture of Peru]]
** [[Inca architecture]]
** [[Peruvian colonial architecture]]
** [[Peruvian Viceroyal architecture]]
* [[Cuisine of Peru]]
* [[Festivals in Peru]]
* [[Languages of Peru]]
* [[Media in Peru]]
* [[Metrication in Peru]]
* [[National symbols of Peru]]
** [[Coat of arms of Peru]]
** [[Flag of Peru]]
** [[National anthem of Peru]]
** [[Cockade of Peru]] (unofficial national symbol)
* [[People of Peru]]
** [[Indigenous peoples in Peru]]
* [[Prostitution in Peru]]
* [[Public holidays in Peru]]
* [[List of records of Peru|Records of Peru]]
* [[Scouting and Guiding in Peru]]
* [[Television in Peru]]
* [[List of World Heritage Sites in Peru|World Heritage Sites in Peru]]

=== Art in Peru ===
* [[Art in Peru]]
* [[Cinema of Peru]]
* [[Literature of Peru]]
* [[Music of Peru]]
* [[Television in Peru]]
* [[Theatre in Peru]]

=== Religion in Peru ===

[[Religion in Peru]]
* [[Christianity in Peru]]
** [[Roman Catholicism in Peru]]
*** [[List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Peru|Roman Catholic dioceses in Peru]]
* [[Hinduism in Peru]]
* [[Islam in Peru]]
* [[Judaism in Peru]]
* [[Sikhism in Peru]]

=== Sports in Peru ===

[[Sports in Peru]]
* [[Football in Peru]]
** [[Chile and Peru football rivalry]]
** [[List of football clubs in Peru|Football clubs in Peru]]
** [[List of football stadiums in Peru|Football stadiums in Peru]]
** [[Peru national football team]]
* [[Peru at the Olympics]]
* [[Tennis in Peru]]
** [[Peru Davis Cup team]]
* [[Rugby union in Peru]]
* [[Surfing in Peru]]

== Economy and infrastructure of Peru ==

[[Economy of Peru]]
* [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2007)]]: 54th (fifty-fourth)
* [[Agriculture in Peru]]
* [[Banking in Peru]]
** [[National Bank of Peru]]
** [[Central Reserve Bank of Peru]]
* [[Communications in Peru]]
** [[Internet in Peru]]
** [[Media in Peru]]
*** [[List of newspapers in Peru|Newspapers in Peru]]
** [[List of postal codes in Peru]]
** [[Telephone numbers in Peru]]
* [[List of companies of Peru|Companies of Peru]]
*[[Currency|Currency of Peru]]: [[Peruvian sol|Sol]]
**[[ISO 4217]]: PEN
* [[Economic history of Peru]]
* [[Energy in Peru]]
** [[Electric power in Peru]]
** [[Energy policy of Peru]]
** [[Oil industry in Peru]]
* [[Health care in Peru]]
** [[HIV/AIDS in Peru]]
** [[List of hospitals in Peru|Hospitals in Peru]]
* [[Mining in Peru]]
* [[Peru Stock Exchange]]
* [[Tourism in Peru]]
* [[Transport in Peru]]
** [[List of airports in Peru|Airports in Peru]]
** [[Rail transport in Peru]]
** [[Roads in Peru]]
*** [[Highways in Peru]]
* [[Water resources management in Peru]]
** [[Irrigation in Peru]]
** [[Water supply and sanitation in Peru]]

== Education in Peru ==

[[Education in Peru]]

== See also ==

[[Peru]]
*[[Index of Peru-related articles]]
*[[Iperu, tourist information and assistance]]
*[[List of international rankings]]
*[[List of Peru-related topics]]
*[[Member state of the United Nations]]
*[[Outline of geography]]
*[[Outline of South America]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|1}}

== External links ==

{{Wikiatlas|Peru}}

; Government
* {{in lang|es}} [http://www.peru.gob.pe/ Web portal] of the Peruvian Government
* {{in lang|es}} [http://www.peru.gob.pe/gobierno/list_instituciones_alfabetico.asp Directory] of Peruvian Government websites

; General reference
* [[BBC News|BBC]] country profile of [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1224656.stm Peru]
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/ Peru]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] entry on [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Peru Peru]
* [http://www.perulinks.com/pages/english/ Peru web directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015034906/http://www.perulinks.com/pages/english/ |date=2008-10-15 }}

; Other
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Peru}}

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