View source for Ottoman Turkish

{{Short description|Standardized register of Turkish in the Ottoman Empire}}
{{other uses|Ottoman Turkish (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Ottoman Turkish
| nativename       = {{lang|ota|لسان عثمانی}}<br />{{translit|ota|Lisân-ı Osmânî}}
| region           = [[Ottoman Empire]]
| ethnicity        = [[Ottoman Turks]]
| era              = {{circa|15th century}}; displaced as a literary standard by [[Turkish language|modern Turkish]] in 1928<ref>{{cite web|title= Turkey – Language Reform: From Ottoman To Turkish|url= http://countrystudies.us/turkey/25.htm|website= Countrystudies.us|access-date= 24 May 2016|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160409100335/http://countrystudies.us/turkey/25.htm|archive-date= 9 April 2016}}</ref>
| familycolor      = Altaic
| fam1             = [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]
| fam2             = [[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]]
| fam3             = [[Oghuz languages|Oghuz]]
| fam4             = Western Oghuz
| fam5             = 
| ancestor         = [[Old Anatolian Turkish]]
| script           = [[Ottoman Turkish alphabet]]
| nation           = {{ubl|[[Beylik of Tunis]]|[[Cretan State]]|[[Emirate of Jabal Shammar]]|[[Khedivate of Egypt]]|[[Ottoman Empire]]|[[Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus]]|[[Provisional Government of Western Thrace]]|[[Turkish Provisional Government]]|[[Turkey]] ([[Turkish language#Language reform and modern Turkish|until 1928]]){{efn|The national language was called "Turkish" in the 1921 and 1924 constitutions of the Republic of Turkey.<ref>{{Cite web |title=5662 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/5662 |website=DergiPark}}</ref>}}}}
| iso2             = ota
| iso3             = ota
| linglist         = ota
| glotto           = otto1234
| map = OttomanEmpireMain.png
| mapcaption = The Ottoman Empire at its peak, during this time Ottoman Turkish culture including the language also developed in the conquered areas.
| image            = [[File:Ottoman Turkish in Nastaliq.png|200px]]
| imagecaption     = Ottoman Turkish written in [[Nastaliq]] style<br />({{lang|ota|لسان عثمانی}})
}}
{{Contains special characters|Ottoman Turkish}}

'''Ottoman Turkish''' ({{langx|ota|لسان عثمانی|Lisân-ı Osmânî}}, {{IPA|tr|liˈsaːnɯ osˈmaːniː}}; {{langx|tr|Osmanlıca}}) was the standardized [[register (sociolinguistics)|register]] of the [[Turkish language]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]] (14th to 20th centuries CE). It borrowed extensively, in all aspects, from [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]. It was written in the [[Ottoman Turkish alphabet]]. Ottoman Turkish was largely unintelligible to the less-educated lower-class and to rural Turks, who continued to use {{lang|ota-Latn|kaba Türkçe}} ("raw/vulgar Turkish"; compare [[Vulgar Latin]] and [[Demotic Greek]]), which used far fewer foreign [[loanword]]s and is the basis of the modern standard.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Misha Glenny |last=Glenny |first=Misha |title=The Balkans — Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804–1999 |publisher=Penguin |year=2001 |page=99}}</ref> The [[Tanzimat|Tanzimât]] era (1839–1876) saw the application of the term "Ottoman" when referring to the language<ref>{{cite book |last=Kerslake |first=Celia |contribution=Ottoman Turkish |year=1998 |title=Turkic Languages |editor1=Lars Johanson |editor2=Éva Á. Csató |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=0415082005 |page=108}}</ref> ({{lang|ota|لسان عثمانی}} {{translit|ota|lisân-ı Osmânî}} or {{lang|ota|عثمانلیجه}} {{translit|ota|Osmanlıca}}); Modern Turkish uses the same terms when referring to the language of that era ({{lang|tr|Osmanlıca}} and {{lang|tr|Osmanlı Türkçesi}}). More generically, the Turkish language was called {{lang|ota|تركچه}} {{translit|ota|Türkçe}} or {{lang|ota|تركی}} {{translit|ota|Türkî}} "Turkish".

==History==
Historically, Ottoman Turkish was transformed in three eras:

* {{translit|ota|Eski Osmanlı Türkçesi}} {{lang|ota|اسكی عثمانلی توركچه‌سی}} (Old Ottoman Turkish): the version of Ottoman Turkish used until the 16th century. It was almost identical with the Turkish used by [[Seljuks|Seljuk]] empire and [[Anatolian beyliks]] and was often regarded as part of {{translit|ota|Eski Anadolu Türkçesi}} {{lang|ota|اسكی آناطولی توركچه‌سی}} ([[Old Anatolian Turkish]]).
* {{translit|ota|Orta Osmanlı Türkçesi}} {{lang|ota|اورتا عثمانلی توركچه‌سی}} (Middle Ottoman Turkish) or {{translit|ota|Klasik Osmanlıca}} ([[Classic]]al Ottoman Turkish): the language of poetry and administration from the 16th century until [[Tanzimat]].
* {{translit|ota|Yeni Osmanlı Türkçesi}} {{lang|ota|یڭی عثمانلی توركچه‌سی}} (New Ottoman Turkish): the version shaped from the 1850s to the 20th century under the influence of journalism and Western-oriented literature.

===Language reform===
{{Further|Turkish language reform}}

In 1928, following the [[fall of the Ottoman Empire]] after [[World War I]] and the establishment of the [[Republic of Turkey]], widespread language reforms (a part in the greater framework of [[Atatürk's reforms]]) instituted by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] saw the replacement of many Persian and Arabic origin loanwords in the language with their Turkish equivalents. One of the main supporters of the reform was the Turkish nationalist [[Ziya Gökalp]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aytürk |first=İlker |date=July 2008 |title=The First Episode of Language Reform in Republican Turkey: The Language Council from 1926 to 1931 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/first-episode-of-language-reform-in-republican-turkey-the-language-council-from-1926-to-1931/1F1E7DDFF38AA89DC2FAD9EA22AE37FF |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=18 |issue=3 |page=277 |doi=10.1017/S1356186308008511 |hdl=11693/49487 |s2cid=162474551 |issn=1474-0591|hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It also saw the replacement of the [[Perso-Arabic]] script with the [[Turkish alphabet|extended Latin alphabet]]. The changes were meant to encourage the growth of a new variety of written Turkish that more closely reflected the spoken vernacular and to foster a new variety of spoken Turkish that reinforced Turkey's new [[nation|national identity]] as being a post-Ottoman [[sovereign state|state]].{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

See the [[list of replaced loanwords in Turkish]] for more examples of Ottoman Turkish words and their modern Turkish counterparts. Two examples of [[Arabic]] and two of [[Persian language|Persian]] loanwords are found below.

{| class="wikitable"
! [[English language|English]] !! Ottoman !! [[Turkish language|Modern Turkish]]
|-
| obligatory || {{lang|ota|واجب}} {{translit|ota|vâcib}} || {{lang|tr|zorunlu}}
|-
| hardship || {{lang|ota|مشكل}} {{translit|ota|müşkül}} || {{lang|tr|güçlük}}
|-
| city || {{lang|ota|شهر}} {{translit|ota|şehir}} || {{lang|tr|kent}} (also {{lang|tr|şehir}})
|-
| province || {{lang|ota|ولایت}} {{translit|ota|vilâyet}} || {{lang|tr|il}}
|-
|-
| war || {{lang|ota|حرب}} {{translit|ota|harb}} || {{lang|tr|savaş}}
|}

==Legacy==
Historically speaking, Ottoman Turkish is the predecessor of modern Turkish. However, the standard Turkish of today is essentially {{lang|tr|Türkiye Türkçesi}} (Turkish of Turkey) as written in the Latin alphabet and with an abundance of [[neologism]]s added, which means there are now far fewer loan words from other languages, and Ottoman Turkish was not instantly transformed into the Turkish of today. At first, it was only the script that was changed, and while some households continued to use the Arabic system in private, most of the Turkish population was illiterate at the time, making the switch to the Latin alphabet much easier. Then, loan words were taken out, and new words fitting the growing amount of technology were introduced. Until the 1960s, Ottoman Turkish was at least partially intelligible with the Turkish of that day. One major difference between Ottoman Turkish and modern Turkish is the latter's abandonment of [[compound word]] formation according to Arabic and Persian grammar rules. The usage of such phrases still exists in modern Turkish but only to a very limited extent and usually in [[jargon|specialist contexts]]; for example, the Persian-derived [[genitive case|genitive construction]] {{lang|ota|تقدیر الهی}} ({{translit|fa|takdîr-i ilâhî}}) (which reads literally as "the preordaining of the divine" and translates as "divine dispensation" or "destiny") is used, as opposed to the normative modern Turkish construction, {{lang|tr|ilâhî takdîr}} (literally, "divine preordaining").

In 2014, Turkey's Education Council decided that Ottoman Turkish should be taught in Islamic high schools and as an elective in other schools, a decision backed by President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], who said the language should be taught in schools so younger generations do not lose touch with their cultural heritage.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pamuk |first=Humeyra |date=December 9, 2014 |title=Erdogan's Ottoman language drive faces backlash in Turkey |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-education-ottoman/erdogans-ottoman-language-drive-faces-backlash-in-turkey-idUSKBN0JN1X020141209 |work=[[Reuters]] |location=Istanbul |access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref>

==Writing system==
{{main|Ottoman Turkish alphabet}}
[[File:Calendar Thessaloniki 1896.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Calendar in [[Thessaloniki]] 1896, a cosmopolitan city; the first three lines in Ottoman script]]
Most Ottoman Turkish was written in the [[Ottoman Turkish alphabet]] ({{langx|ota|الفبا|elifbâ}}), a variant of the [[Perso-Arabic script]]. The [[Armenian alphabet|Armenian]], [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] and [[Rashi script]] of [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]] were sometimes used by Armenians, Greeks and Jews. (See [[Karamanli Turkish]], a dialect of Ottoman written in the Greek script; [[Armeno-Turkish alphabet]])

==Grammar==
{{main|Turkish grammar}}
The actual grammar of Ottoman Turkish is not different from the [[Turkish grammar|grammar of modern Turkish]].The focus of this section is on the Ottoman orthography; the conventions surrounding how the orthography interacted and dealt with grammatical morphemes related to conjugations, cases, pronouns, etc.

===Cases===
* [[Nominative case|Nominative]] and [[Definiteness|Indefinite]] [[Accusative case|accusative/objective]]: -[[null morpheme|∅]], no suffix. {{lang|ota|گول}} {{lang|ota-Latn|göl}} 'the lake' 'a lake', {{lang|ota|چوربا}} {{translit|ota|çorba}} 'soup', {{lang|ota|گیجه}} {{translit|ota|gece}} 'night'; {{lang|ota|طاوشان گترمش}} {{translit|ota|ṭavşan getirmiş}} 'he/she brought a rabbit'.
* [[Genitive case|Genitive]]: suffix {{lang|ota|ڭ/نڭ}} {{translit|ota|–(n)ıñ, –(n)iñ, –(n)uñ, –(n)üñ}}. {{lang|ota|پاشانڭ}} {{translit|ota|paşanıñ}} 'of the pasha'; {{lang|ota|كتابڭ}} {{translit|ota|kitabıñ}} 'of the book'.
* [[Definiteness|Definite]] [[Accusative case|accusative]]: suffix {{lang|ota|ی}} {{translit|ota|–ı, -i}}: {{lang|ota|طاوشانی گترمش}} {{translit|ota|ṭavşanı getürmiş}} 'he/she brought the rabbit'. The variant suffix {{translit|ota|–u, –ü}} does not occur in Ottoman Turkish orthography (unlike in Modern Turkish), although it's pronounced with the [[vowel harmony]]. Thus, {{lang|ota|گولی}} {{translit|ota|göli}} 'the lake' ''vs.'' Modern Turkish {{lang|tr|gölü}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last= Redhouse|first= William James|title= A Simplified Grammar of the Ottoman-Turkish Language|pages=52}}</ref>
* [[Dative case|Dative]]: suffix {{lang|ota|ه}} {{translit|ota|–e}}: {{lang|ota|اوه}} {{translit|ota|eve}} 'to the house'.
* [[Locative case|Locative]]: suffix {{lang|ota|ده}} {{translit|ota|–de, –da}}: {{lang|ota|مكتبده}} {{translit|ota|mektebde}} 'at school', {{lang|ota|قفسده}} {{translit|ota|ḳafeṣde}} 'in (the/a) cage', {{lang|ota|باشده}} {{translit|ota|başda}} 'at a/the start', {{lang|ota|شهرده}} {{translit|ota|şehirde}} 'in town'. The variant suffix used in Modern Turkish ({{lang|tr|–te}}, {{lang|tr|–ta}}) does not occur.
* [[Ablative case|Ablative]]: suffix {{lang|ota|دن}} {{translit|ota|–den, -dan}}: {{lang|ota|ادمدن}} {{translit|ota|adamdan}} 'from the man'.
* [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]: suffix or postposition {{lang|ota|ایله}} {{translit|ota|ile}}. Generally not counted as a grammatical case in modern grammars.

The table below lists nouns with a variety of phonological features that come into play when taking case suffixes; it includes a typical singular and plural noun, containing back and front vowels, words that end with the letter {{lang|ota|ـه}} ({{translit|ota|-a}} or {{translit|ota|-e}}) (back and front vowels), words that end in a {{lang|ota|ـت}} ({{translit|ota|-t}}) sound, and words that end in either {{lang|ota|ـق}} or {{lang|ota|ـك}} ({{translit|ota|-k}}). These words are to serve as references, to observe orthographic conventions:

* Which vowels are written using the 4 letters: {{lang|ota-Latn|[[Aleph|elif]]}} {{lang|ota|ا}}, {{lang|ota-Latn|[[Waw (letter)|vav]]}} {{lang|ota|و}}, {{lang|ota-Latn|[[He (letter)|he]]}} {{lang|ota|ه}}, and {{lang|ota-Latn|[[Yodh|ye]]}} {{lang|ota|ی}}, and which are not.
* When words or morphemes are connected to each other, and when they are separated with the use of [[Zero-width non-joiner]].
* When a final letter is softened when followed by a vowel sound, and when not; both in Ottoman orthography and in modern Latin orthography.
* When [[Vowel harmony|harmony of vowel roundness]] exists in spoken pronunciation and modern Latin orthography, but not in Ottoman orthography.
* When the letters {{{lang|ota|ڭ}} ({{translit|ota|ñ}}) and {{lang|ota|ن}} ({{translit|ota|n}}) are used.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Declension of nouns for case<ref name="redhouse-grammar">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/simplifiedgramma00redhuoft|title=A simplified grammar of the Ottoman-Turkish language|author=Sir James William Redhouse|year=1884|publisher=Trübner}}</ref>
! rowspan=2 | Case
! rowspan=2 | Morpheme
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اُوق}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اُوقلَر}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اَو}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اَولَر}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota|قورت}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota|چارطاق}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota|ایپك}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پاره}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پیده}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota|كوپری}}
|-
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota-Latn|ok}}<br />{{gloss|arrow}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota-Latn|oklar}}<br />{{gloss|arrows}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota-Latn|ev}}<br />{{gloss|house}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota-Latn|evler}}<br />{{gloss|houses}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota-Latn|kurt}}<br />{{gloss|wolf}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota-Latn|çartak}}<br />{{gloss|gazebo}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota-Latn|ipek}}<br />{{gloss|silk}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota-Latn|para}}<br />{{gloss|money}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota-Latn|pide}}<br />{{gloss|pita}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota-Latn|köprü}}<br />{{gloss|bridge}}
|-
!Nom
| —
| {{lang|ota|اوق}} || ok
| {{lang|ota|اوقلر}} || oklar
| {{lang|ota|او}} || ev
| {{lang|ota|اولر}} || evler
| {{lang|ota|قورت}} || kurt
| {{lang|ota|چارطاق}} || çartak
| {{lang|ota|ایپك}} || ipek
| {{lang|ota|پاره}} || para
| {{lang|ota|پیده}} || pide
| {{lang|ota|كوپری}} || köprü
|-
!rowspan=2| Acc
| {{lang|ota|ـی}}
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اوق'''ی'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ok'''u'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اوقلر'''ی'''}}
| rowspan=2 | oklar'''ı'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|او'''ی'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ev'''i'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اولر'''ی'''}}
| rowspan=2 | evler'''i'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|قور'''دی'''}}
| rowspan=2 | kur'''du'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|چارطا'''غی'''}}
| rowspan=2 | çarta'''ğı'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|ایپ'''گی'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ipe'''ği'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پاره'''‌یی'''}}
| rowspan=2 | para'''yı'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پیده'''‌یی'''}}
| rowspan=2 | pide'''yi'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|كوپری'''ی'''}}
| rowspan=2 | köprü'''yü'''
|-
| -ı -i -u -ü
|-
!rowspan=2| Dat
| {{lang|ota|ـه}}
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اوق'''ه'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ok'''a'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اوقلر'''ه'''}}
| rowspan=2 | oklar'''a'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|او'''ه'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ev'''e'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اولر'''ه'''}}
| rowspan=2 | evler'''e'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|قور'''ده'''}}
| rowspan=2 | kur'''da'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|چارطا'''غه'''}}
| rowspan=2 | çarta'''ğa'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|ایپ'''گه'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ipe'''ğe'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پاره'''‌یه'''}}
| rowspan=2 | para'''ya'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پیده'''‌یه'''}}
| rowspan=2 | pide'''ye'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|كوپری'''ه'''}}
| rowspan=2 | köprü'''ye'''
|-
| -a -e
|-
!rowspan=2| Loc
| {{lang|ota|ـده}}
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اوق'''ده'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ok'''ta'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اوقلر'''ده'''}}
| rowspan=2 | oklar'''da'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|او'''ده'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ev'''de'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اولر'''ده'''}}
| rowspan=2 | evler'''de'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|قور'''تده'''}}
| rowspan=2 | kur'''t'ta'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|چارطا'''قده'''}}
| rowspan=2 | çarta'''kta'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|ایپ'''كده'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ipe'''kde'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پاره'''‌ده'''}}
| rowspan=2 | para'''da'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پیده'''‌ده'''}}
| rowspan=2 | pide'''de'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|كوپری'''ده'''}}
| rowspan=2 | köprü'''de'''
|-
| -da -de -ta -te
|-
!rowspan=2| Abl
| {{lang|ota|ـدن}}
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اوق'''دن'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ok'''tan'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اوقلر'''دن'''}}
| rowspan=2 | oklar'''dan'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|او'''دن'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ev'''den'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اولر'''دن'''}}
| rowspan=2 | evler'''den'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|قور'''تدن'''}}
| rowspan=2 | kur'''ttan'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|چارطا'''قدن'''}}
| rowspan=2 | çarta'''ktan'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|ایپ'''كدن'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ipe'''kden'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پاره'''‌دن'''}}
| rowspan=2 | para'''dan'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پیده'''‌دن'''}}
| rowspan=2 | pide'''den'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|كوپری'''دن'''}}
| rowspan=2 | köprü'''den'''
|-
| -dan -den -tan -ten
|-
!rowspan=2| Gen
| {{lang|ota|ـڭ}}
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اوق'''ڭ'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ok'''un'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اوقلر'''ڭ'''}}
| rowspan=2 | oklar'''ın'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|او'''ڭ'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ev'''in'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اولر'''ڭ'''}}
| rowspan=2 | evler'''in'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|قور'''دڭ'''}}
| rowspan=2 | kur'''dun'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|چارطا'''غڭ'''}}
| rowspan=2 | çarta'''ğın'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|ایپ'''گڭ'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ipe'''ğin'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پاره'''‌‌نڭ'''}}
| rowspan=2 | para'''nın'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پیده'''‌‌نڭ'''}}
| rowspan=2 | pide'''nin'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|كوپری'''نڭ'''}}
| rowspan=2 | köprü'''nün'''
|-
| -ın -in -un -ün
|-
!rowspan=2| Inst
| {{lang|ota|ـله}}
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اوق'''له'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ok'''la'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اوقلر'''له'''}}
| rowspan=2 | oklar'''la'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|او'''له'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ev'''le'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اولر'''له'''}}
| rowspan=2 | evler'''le'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|قور'''تله'''}}
| rowspan=2 | kur'''tla'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|چارطا'''قله'''}}
| rowspan=2 | çarta'''kla'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|ایپ'''كله'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ipe'''kle'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پاره'''‌‌‌یله'''}}
| rowspan=2 | para'''la'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پیده'''‌‌یله'''}}
| rowspan=2 | pide'''le'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|كوپری'''له'''}}
| rowspan=2 | köprü'''lü'''
|-
| -la -le -lu -lü
|}

=== Possessives ===

Table below shows the suffixes for creating possessed nouns. Each of these possessed nouns, in turn, take case suffixes as shown above.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Declension of nouns for possession<ref name="redhouse-grammar"/>
! rowspan=2 | Person
! rowspan=2 | Morpheme
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اُوق}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اُوقلَر}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اَو}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اَولَر}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota|قورت}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota|چارطاق}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota|ایپك}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پاره}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پیده}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota|كوپری}}
|-
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota-Latn|ok}}<br />{{gloss|arrow}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota-Latn|oklar}}<br />{{gloss|arrows}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota-Latn|ev}}<br />{{gloss|house}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota-Latn|evler}}<br />{{gloss|houses}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota-Latn|kurt}}<br />{{gloss|wolf}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota-Latn|çartak}}<br />{{gloss|gazebo}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota-Latn|ipek}}<br />{{gloss|silk}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota-Latn|para}}<br />{{gloss|money}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota-Latn|pide}}<br />{{gloss|pita}}
! colspan=2 | {{lang|ota-Latn|köprü}}<br />{{gloss|bridge}}
|-
! —
| —
| {{lang|ota|اوق}} || ok
| {{lang|ota|اوقلر}} || oklar
| {{lang|ota|او}} || ev
| {{lang|ota|اولر}} || evler
| {{lang|ota|قورت}} || kurt
| {{lang|ota|چارطاق}} || çartak
| {{lang|ota|ایپك}} || ipek
| {{lang|ota|پاره}} || para
| {{lang|ota|پیده}} || pide
| {{lang|ota|كوپری}} || köprü
|-
!rowspan=2| 1st Person Sg.
| {{lang|ota|ـم}}
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اوق'''م'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ok'''um'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اوقلر'''م'''}}
| rowspan=2 | oklar'''ım'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|او'''یم'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ev'''im'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اولر'''م'''}}
| rowspan=2 | evler'''im'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|قور'''دم'''}}
| rowspan=2 | kur'''dum'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|چارطا'''غم'''}}
| rowspan=2 | çarta'''ğım'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|ایپ'''گم'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ipe'''ğim'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پاره'''‌م'''}}
| rowspan=2 | para'''m'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پیده'''‌م'''}}
| rowspan=2 | pide'''m'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|كوپری'''‌م'''}}
| rowspan=2 | köprü'''m'''
|-
| -m -ım -im -um -üm
|-
!rowspan=2| 2nd Person Sg.
| {{lang|ota|ـڭ}}
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اوق'''ڭ'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ok'''un'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اوقلر'''ڭ'''}}
| rowspan=2 | oklar'''ın'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|او'''یڭ'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ev'''in'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اولر'''ڭ'''}}
| rowspan=2 | evler'''in'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|قور'''دڭ'''}}
| rowspan=2 | kur'''dun'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|چارطا'''غڭ'''}}
| rowspan=2 | çarta'''ğın'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|ایپ'''گڭ'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ipe'''ğin'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پاره'''‌ڭ'''}}
| rowspan=2 | para'''n'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پیده'''‌ڭ'''}}
| rowspan=2 | pide'''n'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|كوپری'''‌ڭ'''}}
| rowspan=2 | köprü'''n'''
|-
| -n -ın -in -un -ün
|-
!rowspan=2| 3rd Person Sg.
| {{lang|ota|ـی / ـسی}}
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اوق'''ی'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ok'''u'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اوقلر'''ی'''}}
| rowspan=2 | oklar'''ı'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|او'''ی'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ev'''i'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اولر'''ی'''}}
| rowspan=2 | evler'''i'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|قور'''دی'''}}
| rowspan=2 | kur'''du'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|چارطا'''غی'''}}
| rowspan=2 | çarta'''ğı'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|ایپ'''گی'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ipe'''ği'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پاره'''‌سی'''}}
| rowspan=2 | para'''sı'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پیده'''‌سی'''}}
| rowspan=2 | pide'''si'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|كوپری'''سی'''}}
| rowspan=2 | köprü'''sü'''
|-
| -(s)ı -(s)i -(s)u -(s)ü
|-
!rowspan=2| 1st Person Pl.
| {{lang|ota|ـمز}}
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اوق'''مز'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ok'''umuz'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اوقلر'''مز'''}}
| rowspan=2 | oklar'''ımız'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|او'''مز'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ev'''imiz'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اولر'''مز'''}}
| rowspan=2 | evler'''imiz'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|قور'''دمز'''}}
| rowspan=2 | kur'''dumuz'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|چارطا'''غمز'''}}
| rowspan=2 | çarta'''ğımız'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|ایپ'''گمز'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ipe'''ğimiz'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پاره'''‌مز'''}}
| rowspan=2 | para'''mız'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پیده'''‌مز'''}}
| rowspan=2 | pide'''miz'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|كوپری'''مز'''}}
| rowspan=2 | köprü'''müz'''
|-
| -(ı)mız -(i)miz -(u)muz -(ü)müz
|-
!rowspan=2| 2nd Person Pl.
| {{lang|ota|ـڭز}}
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اوق'''ڭز'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ok'''unuz'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اوقلر'''ڭز'''}}
| rowspan=2 | oklar'''ınız'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|او'''ڭز'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ev'''iniz'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اولر'''ڭز'''}}
| rowspan=2 | evler'''iniz'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|قور'''دڭز'''}}
| rowspan=2 | kur'''dunuz'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|چارطا'''غڭز'''}}
| rowspan=2 | çarta'''ğınız'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|ایپ'''گڭز'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ipe'''ğiniz'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پاره'''‌ڭز'''}}
| rowspan=2 | para'''nız'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پیده'''‌ڭز'''}}
| rowspan=2 | pide'''niz'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|كوپری'''ڭز'''}}
| rowspan=2 | köprü'''nüz'''
|-
| -(ı)nız -(i)niz -(u)nuz -(ü)nüz
|-
!rowspan=2| 3rd Person Pl.
| {{lang|ota|ـلری}}
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اوق'''لری'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ok'''ları '''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اوقلر'''لری'''}}
| rowspan=2 | oklar'''ı'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|او'''لری'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ev'''leri'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اولر'''لری'''}}
| rowspan=2 | evler'''i'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|قور'''تلری'''}}
| rowspan=2 | kur'''tları'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|چارطا'''قلری'''}}
| rowspan=2 | çarta'''kleri'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|ایپ'''كلری'''}}
| rowspan=2 | ipe'''kleri'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پاره'''‌لری'''}}
| rowspan=2 | para'''ları'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|پیده'''‌لری'''}}
| rowspan=2 | pide'''leri'''
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|كوپری'''لری'''}}
| rowspan=2 | köprü'''leri'''
|-
| -ları -leri
|}

For third person (singular and plural) possessed nouns, that end in a vowel, when it comes to taking case suffixes, a letter {{lang|ota|ـنـ}} ({{translit|ota|-n-}}) comes after the possessive suffix. For singular endings, the final vowel {{lang|ota|ـی}} ({{translit|ota|-ı}} or {{translit|ota|-i}}) is removed in all instances. For plural endings, if the letter succeeding the additional {{lang|ota|ـنـ}} ({{translit|ota|-n-}}) is a vowel, the final vowel {{lang|ota|ـی}} ({{translit|ota|-ı}} or {{translit|ota|-i}}) is kept; otherwise it is removed (note the respective examples for {{lang|ota-Latn|kitaplarını}} and {{lang|ota-Latn|kitaplarından}}).

{| class="wikitable"
! !! Nom !! Acc !! Dat !! Loc !! Abl !! Gen
|-
| rowspan=2 | ''his/her book''
| {{lang|ota|كتابی}}
| {{lang|ota|كتاب'''نی'''}}
| {{lang|ota|كتاب'''نه'''}}
| {{lang|ota|كتاب'''نده'''}}
| {{lang|ota|كتاب'''ندن'''}}
| {{lang|ota|كتاب'''نڭ'''}}
|-
| kitabı || kitabını || kitabına || kitabında || kitabından || kitabının
|-
| rowspan=2 | ''his/her books''
| {{lang|ota|كتابلری}}
| {{lang|ota|كتاب'''لرینی'''}}
| {{lang|ota|كتاب'''لرینه'''}}
| {{lang|ota|كتاب'''لرنده'''}}
| {{lang|ota|كتاب'''لرندن'''}}
| {{lang|ota|كتاب'''لرینڭ'''}}
|-
| kitapları || kitaplarını || kitaplarına || kitaplarında || kitaplarından || kitaplarının
|-
| rowspan=2 | ''his/her maternal aunt''
| {{lang|ota|تیزه‌سی}}
| {{lang|ota|تیزه‌'''‌سنی'''}}
| {{lang|ota|تیزه‌'''‌سنه'''}}
| {{lang|ota|تیزه‌'''‌سنده'''}}
| {{lang|ota|تیزه‌'''‌سندن'''}}
| {{lang|ota|تیزه‌'''‌سنڭ'''}}
|-
| teyzesi || teyzesini || teyzesine || teyzesinde || teyzesinden || teyzesinin
|-
| rowspan=2 | ''his/her maternal aunts''
| {{lang|ota|تیزه‌لری}}
| {{lang|ota|تیزه‌'''لرینی'''}}
| {{lang|ota|تیزه‌'''لرینه'''}}
| {{lang|ota|تیزه‌'''لرنده'''}}
| {{lang|ota|تیزه‌'''لرندن'''}}
| {{lang|ota|تیزه‌'''لرینڭ'''}}
|-
| teyzeleri || teyzelerini || teyzelerine || teyzelerinde || teyzelerinden || teyzelerinin
|}

=== Verbs ===

Below table shows the positive conjugation for two sample verbs {{lang|ota|آچمق}} ''açmak'' (to open) and {{lang|ota|سولمك}} ''sevilmek'' (to be loved). The first verb is the active verb, and the other has been modified to form a passive verb. The first contains back vowels, the second front vowels; both containing non-rounded vowels (which also impacts pronunciation and modern Latin orthography).<ref name="wells-grammar">{{cite book |author=Charles Wells |title=A practical grammar of the Turkish language (as spoken and written) |publisher=B. Quaritch |year=1880}} Online copies from [[Google Books]]: [https://books.google.com/books?id=bYqvxt5wQrcC] (PDF can be accessed at: [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.31137|archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31137]])</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
! rowspan=2 {{vert header|Person}}
! colspan=4 | {{lang|ota|آچمق}} ''açmak''<br />'to open'
! colspan=4 | {{lang|ota|سولمك}} ''sevilmek''<br />'to be loved'
|-
! colspan=2 | Singular
! colspan=2 | Plural
! colspan=2 | Singular
! colspan=2 | Plural
|-
! rowspan=15 {{vert header|Indicative}}
! rowspan=3 | Present Imperfect<br />''am/is/are opening''<br />''am/is/are being loved''
! 1
| {{lang|ota|آچیورم}}
| açıyorum
| {{lang|ota|آچیورز}}
| açıyoruz
| {{lang|ota|سولیورم}}
| seviliyorum
| {{lang|ota|سولیورز}}
| seviliyoruz
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|آچیورسڭ}}
| açıyorsun
| {{lang|ota|آچیورسڭز}}
| açıyorsunuz
| {{lang|ota|سولیورسڭ}}
| seviliyorsun
| {{lang|ota|سولیورسڭز}}
| seviliyorsunuz
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|آچیور}}
| açıyor
| {{lang|ota|آچیورلر}}
| açıyorlar
| {{lang|ota|سولیور}}
| seviliyor
| {{lang|ota|سولیورلر}}
| seviliyorlar
|-
! rowspan=3 | Past Imperfect<br />''was/were opening''<br />''was/were being loved''
! 1
| {{lang|ota|آچیوردم}}
| açıyordum
| {{lang|ota|آچیوردق}}
| açıyorduk
| {{lang|ota|سولیوردم}}
| seviliyordum
| {{lang|ota|سولیوردك}}
| seviliyorduk
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|آچیوردڭ}}
| açıyordun
| {{lang|ota|آچیوردڭز}}
| açıyordunuz
| {{lang|ota|سولیوردڭ}}
| seviliyordun
| {{lang|ota|سولیوردڭز}}
| seviliyordunuz
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|آچیوردی}}
| açıyordu
| {{lang|ota|آچیوردیلر}}
| açıyordular
| {{lang|ota|سولیوردی}}
| seviliyordu
| {{lang|ota|سولیوردیلر}}
| seviliyordular
|-
! rowspan=3 | Present Aorist<br />''shall habitually open''<br />''shall habitually be loved''
! 1
| {{lang|ota|آچارم}}
| açarım
| {{lang|ota|آچارز}}
| açarız
| {{lang|ota|سولورم}}
| sevilirim
| {{lang|ota|سولورز}}
| seviliriz
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|آچارسڭ}}
| açarsın
| {{lang|ota|آچارسڭز}}
| açarsınız
| {{lang|ota|سولورسڭ}}
| sevilirsin
| {{lang|ota|سولورسڭز}}
| sevilirsiniz
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|آچار}}
| açar
| {{lang|ota|آچارلر}}
| açarlar
| {{lang|ota|سولور}}
| sevilir
| {{lang|ota|سولورلر}}
| sevilirler
|-
! rowspan=3 | Past Perfect<br />''opened''<br />''was loved''
! 1
| {{lang|ota|آچدم}}
| açtım
| {{lang|ota|آچدق}}
| açtık
| {{lang|ota|سولدم}}
| sevildim
| {{lang|ota|سولدك}}
| sevildik
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|آچدڭ}}
| açtın
| {{lang|ota|آچدڭز}}
| açtınız
| {{lang|ota|سولدڭ}}
| sevildin
| {{lang|ota|سولدڭز}}
| sevildiniz
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|آچدی}}
| açtı
| {{lang|ota|آچدیلر}}
| açtılar
| {{lang|ota|سولدی}}
| sevildi
| {{lang|ota|سولدیلر}}
| sevildiler
|-
! rowspan=3 | Future<br />''will open''<br />''will be loved''
! 1
| {{lang|ota|آچه‌جغم}}
| açacağım
| {{lang|ota|آچه‌جغز}}
| açacağız
| {{lang|ota|سوله‌جگم}}
| sevileceğim
| {{lang|ota|سوله‌جگز}}
| sevileceğiz
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|آچه‌جقسڭ}}
| açacaksın
| {{lang|ota|آچه‌جقسڭز}}
| açacaksınız
| {{lang|ota|سوله‌جكسن}}
| sevileceksin
| {{lang|ota|سوله‌جكسڭز}}
| sevileceksiniz
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|آچه‌جق}}
| açacak
| {{lang|ota|آچه‌جقلر}}
| açacaklar
| {{lang|ota|سوله‌جك}}
| sevilecek
| {{lang|ota|سوله‌جكلر}}
| sevilecekler
|-
! rowspan=4 {{vert header|Inferential}}
! rowspan=4 | Perfect<br />''have/has opened, I believe''<br />''was/were loved, I believe''
! 1
| {{lang|ota|آچمشم}}
| açmışım
| {{lang|ota|آچمشز}}
| açmışız
| {{lang|ota|سولمشم}}
| sevilmişim
| {{lang|ota|سولمشز}}
| sevilmişiz
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|آچمشسڭ}}
| açmışsın
| {{lang|ota|آچمشسڭز}}
| açmışsınız
| {{lang|ota|سولمشسن}}
| sevilmişsin
| {{lang|ota|سولمشسڭز}}
| sevilmişsiniz
|-
! rowspan=2 | 3
| {{lang|ota|آچمش}}
| açmış
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|آچمشلر}}
| rowspan=2 | açmışlar
| {{lang|ota|سولمش}}
| sevilmiş
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|سولمشلر}}
| rowspan=2 | sevilmişler
|-
| {{lang|ota|آچمشدر}}
| açmışdır
| {{lang|ota|سولمشدر}}
| sevilmişdir
|-
! rowspan=6 {{vert header|Necessitative}}
! rowspan=3 | Aorist<br />''must open''<br />''must be loved''
! 1
| {{lang|ota|آچملویم}}
| açmalıyım
| {{lang|ota|آچملویز}}
| açmalıyız
| {{lang|ota|سولملویم}}
| sevilmeliyim
| {{lang|ota|سولملویز}}
| sevilmeliyiz
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|آچملوسڭ}}
| açmalısın
| {{lang|ota|آچملوسڭز}}
| açmalısınız
| {{lang|ota|سولملوسڭ}}
| sevilmelisin
| {{lang|ota|سولملوسڭز}}
| sevilmelisiniz
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|آچملو}}
| açmalı
| {{lang|ota|آچملولر}}
| açmalılar
| {{lang|ota|سولملو}}
| sevilmeli
| {{lang|ota|سولملولر}}
| sevilmeliler
|-
! rowspan=3 | Past<br />''must've open''<br />''must've been loved''
! 1
| {{lang|ota|آچملویدم}}
| açmalıydım
| {{lang|ota|آچملویدق}}
| açmalıydık
| {{lang|ota|سولملویدم}}
| sevilmeliydim
| {{lang|ota|سولملویدق}}
| sevilmeliydik
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|آچملویدڭ}}
| açmalıydın
| {{lang|ota|آچملویدڭز}}
| açmalıydınız
| {{lang|ota|سولملویدڭ}}
| sevilmeliydin
| {{lang|ota|سولملویدڭز}}
| sevilmeliydiniz
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|آچملویدی}}
| açmalıydı
| {{lang|ota|آچملویدیلر}}
| açmalıydılar
| {{lang|ota|سولملویدی}}
| sevilmeliydi
| {{lang|ota|سولملویدیلر}}
| sevilmeliydiler
|-
! rowspan=4 {{vert header|Optative}}
! rowspan=4 | Present<br />''that may open''<br />''that may be loved''
! rowspan=2 | 1
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|آچه‌یم}}
| rowspan=2 | açayım
| {{lang|ota|آچه‌یز}}
| açayız
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|سوله‌یم}}
| rowspan=2 | sevileyim
| {{lang|ota|سوله‌یز}}
| sevileyiz
|-
| {{lang|ota|آچه‌لم}}
| açalım
| {{lang|ota|سوله‌لم}}
| sevilelim
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|آچه‌سن}}
| açasın
| {{lang|ota|آچه‌سڭز}}
| açasınız
| {{lang|ota|سوله‌سن}}
| sevilesin
| {{lang|ota|سوله‌سڭز}}
| sevilesiniz
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|آچه}}
| aça
| {{lang|ota|آچه‌لر}}
| açalar
| {{lang|ota|سوله}}
| sevile
| {{lang|ota|سوله‌لر}}
| sevileler
|-
! rowspan=6 {{vert header|Conditional}}
! rowspan=3 | Aorist<br />''if open''<br />''if be loved''
! 1
| {{lang|ota|آچسم}}
| açsam
| {{lang|ota|آچسق}}
| açsak
| {{lang|ota|سولسم}}
| sevilsem
| {{lang|ota|سولسك}}
| sevilsek
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|آچسڭ}}
| açsan
| {{lang|ota|آچسڭز}}
| açsanız
| {{lang|ota|سولسڭ}}
| sevilsen
| {{lang|ota|سولسڭز}}
| sevilseniz
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|آچسه}}
| açsa
| {{lang|ota|آچسه‌لر}}
| açsalar
| {{lang|ota|سولسه}}
| sevilse
| {{lang|ota|سولسه‌لر}}
| sevilseler
|-
! rowspan=3 | Past<br />''if opened''<br />''if were loved''
! 1
| {{lang|ota|آچسیدم}}
| açsaydım
| {{lang|ota|آچسیدق}}
| açsaydık
| {{lang|ota|سولسیدم}}
| sevilseydim
| {{lang|ota|سولسیدك}}
| sevilseydik
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|آچسیدڭ}}
| açsaydın
| {{lang|ota|آچسیدڭز}}
| açsaydınız
| {{lang|ota|سولسدیڭ}}
| sevilseydin
| {{lang|ota|سولسیدڭز}}
| sevilseydiniz
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|آچسیدی}}
| açsaydı
| {{lang|ota|آچسیدیلر}}
| açsaydılar
| {{lang|ota|سولسیدی}}
| sevilseydi
| {{lang|ota|سولسیدیلر}}
| sevilseydiler
|-
! rowspan=4 colspan=2 | Imperative
! 1
| colspan=2 align=center | —
| {{lang|ota|آچالم}}
| açalım
| colspan=2 align=center | —
| {{lang|ota|سوله‌لم}}
| sevilelim
|-
! rowspan=2 | 2
| {{lang|ota|آچ}}
| aç
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|آچڭز}}
| rowspan=2 | açınız
| {{lang|ota|سول}}
| sevil
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|سولڭز}}
| rowspan=2 | seviliniz
|-
| {{lang|ota|آچڭ}}
| açın
| {{lang|ota|سولڭ}}
| sevilin
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|آچسون}}
| açsın
| {{lang|ota|آچسونلر}}
| açsınlar
| {{lang|ota|سولسون}}
| sevilsin
| {{lang|ota|سولسونلر}}
| sevilsinler
|}

====Negation and complex verbs====

Below table shows the conjugation of a negative verb, and a positive complex verb expressing ability. In Turkish, complex verbs can be constructed by adding a variety of suffixes to the base root of a verb. The two verbs are {{lang|ota|یازممق}} ''yazmamaq'' (not to write) and {{lang|ota|سوه‌بلمك}} ''sevebilmek'' (to be able to love).<ref name="wells-grammar"/>

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
! rowspan=2 {{vert header|Person}}
! colspan=4 | {{lang|ota|یازممق}} ''yazmamaq''<br />'not to write'
! colspan=4 | {{lang|ota|سوه‌بلمك}} ''sevebilmek''<br />'to be able to love'
|-
! colspan=2 | Singular
! colspan=2 | Plural
! colspan=2 | Singular
! colspan=2 | Plural
|-
! rowspan=15 {{vert header|Indicative}}
! rowspan=3 | Present Imperfect<br />''am/is/are not writing''<br />''can love''
! 1
| {{lang|ota|یازمیورم}}
| yazmayorum
| {{lang|ota|یازمیورز}}
| yazmayoruz
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بیلیورم}}
| sevebiliyorum
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بیلیورز}}
| sevebiliyoruz
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|یازمیورسن}}
| yazmayorsun
| {{lang|ota|یازمیورسڭز}}
| yazmayorsunuz
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بیلیورسن}}
| sevebiliyorsun
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بیلیورسڭز}}
| sevebiliyorsunuz
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|یازمیور}}
| yazmayor
| {{lang|ota|یازمیورلر}}
| yazmayorlar
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بیلیور}}
| sevebiliyor
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بیلیورلر}}
| sevebiliyorlar
|-
! rowspan=3 | Past Imperfect<br />''was/were not writing''<br />''was/were able to love''
! 1
| {{lang|ota|یازمیوردم}}
| yazmıyordum
| {{lang|ota|یازمیوردق}}
| yazmıyorduk
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بیلیوردم}}
| sevebiliyordum
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بیلیوردك}}
| sevebiliyorduk
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|یازمیوردڭ}}
| yazmıyordun
| {{lang|ota|یازمیوردڭز}}
| yazmıyordunuz
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بیلیوردڭ}}
| sevebiliyordun
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بیلیوردڭز}}
| sevebiliyordunuz
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|یازمیوردی}}
| yazmıyordu
| {{lang|ota|یازمیوردیلر}}
| yazmıyordular
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بیلیوردی}}
| sevebiliyordu
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بیلیوردیلر}}
| sevebiliyordular
|-
! rowspan=3 | Present Aorist<br />''do not write''<br />''shall be able to love''
! 1
| {{lang|ota|یازمم}}
| yazmam
| {{lang|ota|یازمیز}}
| yazmayız
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بلورم}}
| sevebilirim
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بلورز}}
| sevebiliriz
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|یازمازسن}}
| yazmazsın
| {{lang|ota|یازمازسڭز}}
| yazmazsınız
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بلورسن}}
| sevebilirsin
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بلورسڭز}}
| sevebilirsiniz
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|یازماز}}
| yazmaz
| {{lang|ota|یازمازلر}}
| yazmazlar
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بلور}}
| sevebilir
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بلورلر}}
| sevebilirler
|-
! rowspan=3 | Past Perfect<br />''used not to write''<br />''could love''
! 1
| {{lang|ota|یازمادم}}
| yazmadım
| {{lang|ota|یازمادق}}
| yazmadık
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بلدم}}
| sevebildim
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بلدك}}
| sevebildik
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|یازمادڭ}}
| yazmadın
| {{lang|ota|یازمادڭز}}
| yazmadınız
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بلدڭ}}
| sevebildin
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بلدڭز}}
| sevebildiniz
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|یازمادی}}
| yazmadı
| {{lang|ota|یازمادیلر}}
| yazmadılar
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بلدی}}
| sevebildi
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بلدیلر}}
| sevebildiler
|-
! rowspan=3 | Future<br />''shall not write''<br />''will be able to love''
! 1
| {{lang|ota|یازمیه‌جغم}}
| yazmayacağım
| {{lang|ota|یازمیه‌جغز}}
| yazmayacağız
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بله‌جگم}}
| sevibileceğim
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بله‌جگز}}
| sevibileceğiz
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|یازمیه‌جقسن}}
| yazmayacaksın
| {{lang|ota|یازمیه‌جقسڭز}}
| yazmayacaksınız
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بله‌جكسن}}
| sevibileceksin
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بله‌جكسڭز}}
| sevibileceksiniz
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|یازمیه‌جق}}
| yazmayacak
| {{lang|ota|یازمیه‌جقلر}}
| yazmayacaklar
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بله‌جك}}
| sevibilecek
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بله‌جكلر}}
| sevibilecekler
|-
! rowspan=3 {{vert header|Necessitative}}
! rowspan=3 | Aorist<br />''must open''<br />''must be loved''
! 1
| {{lang|ota|یازمه‌ملییم}}
| yazmamalıyım
| {{lang|ota|یازمه‌ملییز}}
| yazmamalıyız
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بلملییم}}
| sevibilmeliyim
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بلملییز}}
| sevibilmeliyiz
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|یازمه‌ملیسن}}
| yazmamalısın
| {{lang|ota|یازمه‌ملیسڭز}}
| yazmamalısınız
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بلملیسن}}
| sevibilmelisin
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بلملیسڭز}}
| sevibilmelisiniz
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|یازمه‌ملی}}
| yazmamalı
| {{lang|ota|یازمه‌ملیلر}}
| yazmamalılar
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بلملی}}
| sevibilmeli
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بلملیلر}}
| sevibilmeliler
|-
! rowspan=4 {{vert header|Optative}}
! rowspan=4 | Present<br />''that may not open''<br />''that may not be able to love''
! rowspan=2 | 1
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|یازمیه‌یم}}
| rowspan=2 | yazmayayım
| {{lang|ota|یازمیه‌یز}}
| yazmayayız
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|سوه‌بله‌یم}}
| rowspan=2 | sevibileyim
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بله‌یز}}
| sevibileyiz
|-
| {{lang|ota|یازمیه‌لم}}
| yazmayalım
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بله‌لم}}
| sevibilelim
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|یازمیه‌سن}}
| yazmayasın
| {{lang|ota|یازمیه‌سڭز}}
| yazmayasınız
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بله‌سن}}
| sevibilesin
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بله‌سڭز}}
| sevibilesiniz
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|یازمیه}}
| yazmaya
| {{lang|ota|یازمیه‌لر}}
| yazmayalar
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بله}}
| sevibile
| {{lang|ota|سوه‌بله‌لر}}
| sevibileler
|-
! rowspan=4 colspan=2 | Imperative
! 1
| colspan=2 align=center | —
| {{lang|ota|یازمیه‌لم}}
| yazmayalım
| colspan=2 align=center | —
| {{lang|ota|سوبله‌لم}}
| sevibilelim
|-
! rowspan=2 | 2
| {{lang|ota|یازمه}}
| yazma
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|یازمیڭز}}
| rowspan=2 | yazmayınız
| {{lang|ota|سوبل}}
| sevibil
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|سوبلڭز}}
| rowspan=2 | sevibiliniz
|-
| {{lang|ota|یازمیڭ}}
| yazmayın
| {{lang|ota|سوبلڭ}}
| sevibilin
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|یازمسون}}
| yazmasın
| {{lang|ota|یازمسونلر}}
| yazmasınlar
| {{lang|ota|سوبلسون}}
| sevibilsin
| {{lang|ota|سوبلسونلر}}
| sevibilsinler
|}

====Compound verbs====

Another common category of verbs in Turkish (more common in Ottoman Turkish than in modern Turkish), is compound verbs. This consists of adding a Persian or Arabic active or passive participle to a neuter verb, ''to do'' ({{lang|ota|ایتمك}} ''etmek'') or ''to become'' ({{lang|ota|اولمق}} ''olmaq''). For example, note the following two verbs:

* {{lang|ota|راضی اولمق}} ''razı olmaq'' (to consent);
* {{lang|ota|قتل ایتمك}} ''katletmek'' (to slaughter); {{lang|ota|تشكر ایتمك}} ''teşekkür etmek'' (to thank);
* {{lang|ota|ایو اولنمق}} ''iyi olunmak'' (to get better).

Below table shows some sample conjugations of these two verbs. The conjugation of the verb "etmek" isn't straightforward, because the root of the verb ends in a [t]. This sound transforms into a [d] when followed by a vowel sound. This is reflected in conventions of Ottoman orthography as well.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
! rowspan=2 {{vert header|Person}}
! colspan=4 | {{lang|ota|اولمق}} ''olmaq''<br />'to become'
! colspan=4 | {{lang|ota|ایتمك}} ''etmek''<br />'to do'
|-
! colspan=2 | Singular
! colspan=2 | Plural
! colspan=2 | Singular
! colspan=2 | Plural
|-
! rowspan=15 {{vert header|Indicative}}
! rowspan=3 | Present Imperfect
! 1
| {{lang|ota|اولیورم}}
| oluyorum
| {{lang|ota|اولیورز}}
| oluyoruz
| {{lang|ota|ایدیورم}}
| ediyorum
| {{lang|ota|ایدیورز}}
| ediyoruz
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|اولیورسن}}
| oluyorsun
| {{lang|ota|اولیورسڭز}}
| oluyorsunuz
| {{lang|ota|ایدیورسن}}
| ediyorsun
| {{lang|ota|ایدیورسڭز}}
| ediyorsunuz
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|اولیور}}
| oluyor
| {{lang|ota|اولیورلر}}
| oluyorlar
| {{lang|ota|ایدیور}}
| ediyor
| {{lang|ota|ایدیورلر}}
| ediyorlar
|-
! rowspan=3 | Past Imperfect
! 1
| {{lang|ota|اولیوردم}}
| oluyordum
| {{lang|ota|اولیوردق}}
| oluyorduk
| {{lang|ota|ایدیوردم}}
| ediyordum
| {{lang|ota|ایدیوردق}}
| ediyorduk
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|اولیوردڭ}}
| oluyordun
| {{lang|ota|اولیوردڭز}}
| oluyordunuz
| {{lang|ota|ایدیوردڭ}}
| ediyordun
| {{lang|ota|ایدیوردڭز}}
| ediyordunuz
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|اولیوردی}}
| oluyordu
| {{lang|ota|اولیوردیلر}}
| oluyordular
| {{lang|ota|ایدیوردی}}
| ediyordu
| {{lang|ota|ایدیوردیلر}}
| ediyordular
|-
! rowspan=3 | Present Aorist
! 1
| {{lang|ota|اولورم}}
| olurum
| {{lang|ota|اولورز}}
| oluruz
| {{lang|ota|ایدرم}}
| ederim
| {{lang|ota|ایدرز}}
| ederiz
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|اولورسن}}
| olursun
| {{lang|ota|اولورسڭز}}
| olursunuz
| {{lang|ota|ایدرسن}}
| edersin
| {{lang|ota|ایدرسڭز}}
| edersiniz
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|اولور}}
| olur
| {{lang|ota|اولورلر}}
| olurlar
| {{lang|ota|ایدر}}
| eder
| {{lang|ota|ایدرلر}}
| ederler
|-
! rowspan=3 | Past Perfect
! 1
| {{lang|ota|اولدم}}
| oldum
| {{lang|ota|اولدق}}
| olduk
| {{lang|ota|ایتدم}}
| ettim
| {{lang|ota|ایتدك}}
| ettik
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|اولدڭ}}
| oldun
| {{lang|ota|اولدڭز}}
| oldunuz
| {{lang|ota|ایتدڭ}}
| ettin
| {{lang|ota|ایتدڭز}}
| ettiniz
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|اولدی}}
| oldu
| {{lang|ota|اولدیلر}}
| oldular
| {{lang|ota|ایتدی}}
| etti
| {{lang|ota|ایتدیلر}}
| ettiler
|-
! rowspan=3 | Future
! 1
| {{lang|ota|اوله‌جغم}}
| olacağım
| {{lang|ota|اوله‌جغز}}
| olacağız
| {{lang|ota|ایده‌جگم}}
| edeceğim
| {{lang|ota|ایده‌جگز}}
| edeceğiz
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|اوله‌جقسن}}
| olacaksın
| {{lang|ota|اوله‌جقسڭز}}
| olacaksınız
| {{lang|ota|ایده‌جكسن}}
| edeceksin
| {{lang|ota|ایده‌جكسڭز}}
| edeceksiniz
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|اوله‌جق}}
| olacak
| {{lang|ota|اوله‌جقلر}}
| olacaklar
| {{lang|ota|ایده‌جك}}
| edecek
| {{lang|ota|ایده‌جكلر}}
| edecekler
|-
! rowspan=6 {{vert header|Necessitative}}
! rowspan=3 | Aorist
! 1
| {{lang|ota|اولملویم}}
| olmalıyım
| {{lang|ota|اولملویز}}
| olmalıyız
| {{lang|ota|ایتملییم}}
| etmeliyim
| {{lang|ota|ایتملییز}}
| etmeliyiz
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|اولملوسن}}
| olmalısın
| {{lang|ota|اولملوسڭز}}
| olmalısınız
| {{lang|ota|ایتملیسن}}
| etmelisin
| {{lang|ota|ایتملیسڭز}}
| etmelisiniz
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|اولملو}}
| olmalı
| {{lang|ota|اولملولر}}
| olmalılar
| {{lang|ota|ایتملی}}
| etmeli
| {{lang|ota|ایتملیلر}}
| etmeliler
|-
! rowspan=3 | Past
! 1
| {{lang|ota|اولملویدم}}
| olmalıydım
| {{lang|ota|اولملویدق}}
| olmalıydık
| {{lang|ota|ایتملییدم}}
| etmeliydim
| {{lang|ota|ایتملییدق}}
| etmeliydik
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|اوللویدڭ}}
| olmalıydın
| {{lang|ota|اولملویدڭز}}
| olmalıydınız
| {{lang|ota|ایتملییدڭ}}
| etmeliydin
| {{lang|ota|ایتكلییدڭز}}
| etmeliydiniz
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|اولملویدی}}
| olmalıydı
| {{lang|ota|اولملویدیلر}}
| olmalıydılar
| {{lang|ota|ایتملییدی}}
| etmeliydi
| {{lang|ota|ایتملییدیلر}}
| etmeliydiler
|-
! rowspan=4 {{vert header|Optative}}
! rowspan=4 | Present
! rowspan=2 | 1
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اوله‌یم}}
| rowspan=2 | olayım
| {{lang|ota|اوله‌یز}}
| olayız
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|ایده‌یم}}
| rowspan=2 | edeyim
| {{lang|ota|ایده‌یز}}
| edeeyiz
|-
| {{lang|ota|اوله‌لم}}
| olalım
| {{lang|ota|ایده‌لم}}
| edelim
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|اوله‌سن}}
| olasın
| {{lang|ota|اوله‌سڭز}}
| olasınız
| {{lang|ota|ایده‌سن}}
| edesin
| {{lang|ota|ایده‌سڭز}}
| edesiniz
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|اوله}}
| ola
| {{lang|ota|اوله‌لر}}
| olalar
| {{lang|ota|ایده}}
| ede
| {{lang|ota|ایده‌لر}}
| edeler
|-
! rowspan=4 colspan=2 | Imperative
! 1
| colspan=2 align=center | —
| {{lang|ota|اوله‌لم}}
| olalım
| colspan=2 align=center | —
| {{lang|ota|ایده‌لم}}
| edelim
|-
! rowspan=2 | 2
| {{lang|ota|اول}}
| ol
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|اولڭز}}
| rowspan=2 | olunuz
| {{lang|ota|ایت}}
| et
| rowspan=2 | {{lang|ota|ایدڭز}}
| rowspan=2 | ediniz
|-
| {{lang|ota|اولڭ}}
| olun
| {{lang|ota|ایدڭ}}
| edin
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|اولسون}}
| olsun
| {{lang|ota|اولسونلر}}
| olsunlar
| {{lang|ota|ایتسون}}
| etsin
| {{lang|ota|ایتسونلر}}
| etsinler
|}

===='to be' and 'not to be' Verbs====

In Turkish, there is a verb representing ''to be'', but it is a defective verb. It does not have an infinitive or several other tenses. It is usually a suffix.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
! rowspan=2 {{vert header|Person}}
! colspan=4 | 'to be'
|-
! colspan=2 | Singular
! colspan=2 | Plural
|-
! rowspan=10 {{vert header|Indicative}}
! rowspan=4 | Present
! rowspan=2 | 1
| {{lang|ota|ـم}}
| -ım, -im, -um, -üm
| {{lang|ota|ـز}}
| -ız, -iz, -uz, -üz
|-
| {{lang|ota|ـیم}}
| -yım, -yim, -yum, -yüm
| {{lang|ota|ـیز}}
| -yız, -yiz, -yuz, -yüz
|-
! 2
| {{lang|ota|ـسن}}
| -sın, -sin, -sun, -sün
| {{lang|ota|ـسڭز}}
| -sınız, -siniz, -sunuz, -sünüz
|-
! 3
| {{lang|ota|ـدر}}
| -dır, -dir, -dur, -dür<br />-tır, -tir, -tur, -tür
| {{lang|ota|ـدرلر}}
| -dırlar, -dirler, -durlar, -dürler<br />-tırlar, -tirler, -turlar, -türler
|-
! rowspan=6 | Past
! rowspan=2 | 1
| {{lang|ota|ـدیم}}
| -dım, -dim, -dum, -düm<br />-tım, -tim, -tum, -tüm
| {{lang|ota|ـدك}}
| -dık, -dik, -duk, -dük<br />-tık, -tik, -tuk, -tük
|-
| {{lang|ota|ـیدیم}}
| -ydım, -ydim, -ydum, -ydüm
| {{lang|ota|ـیدك}}
| -ydık, -ydik, -yduk, -ydük
|-
! rowspan=2 | 2
| {{lang|ota|ـدڭ}}
| -dın, -din, -dun, -dün<br />-tın, -tin, -tun, -tün
| {{lang|ota|ـدڭز}}
| -dınız, -diniz, -dunuz, -dünüz<br />-tınız, -tiniz, -tunuz, -tünüz
|-
| {{lang|ota|ـیدڭ}}
| -ydın, -ydin, -ydun, -ydün
| {{lang|ota|ـیدڭز}}
| -ydınız, -ydiniz, -ydunuz, -ydünüz
|-
! rowspan=2 | 3
| {{lang|ota|ـدی}}
| -dı, -di, -du, -dü<br />-tı, -ti, -tu, -tü
| {{lang|ota|ـدیلر}}
| -dılar, -diler, -dular, -düler<br />-tılar, -tiler, -tular, -tüler
|-
| {{lang|ota|ـیدی}}
| -ydı, -ydi, -ydu, -ydü
| {{lang|ota|ـیدیلر}}
| -ydılar, -ydiler, -ydular, -ydüler
|-
! rowspan=12 {{vert header|Conditional}}
! rowspan=6 | Aorist
! rowspan=2 | 1
| {{lang|ota|ـسم}}
| -sam, -sem
| {{lang|ota|ـسك}}
| -sak, -sek
|-
| {{lang|ota|ـیسم}}
| -ysam, -ysem
| {{lang|ota|ـیسك}}
| -ysak, -ysek
|-
! rowspan=2 | 2
| {{lang|ota|ـسڭ}}
| -san, -sen
| {{lang|ota|ـسڭز}}
| -sanız, -seniz, -sanuz, -senüz
|-
| {{lang|ota|ـیسڭ}}
| -ysan, -ysen
| {{lang|ota|ـیسڭز}}
| -ysanız, -yseniz, -ysanuz, -ysenüz
|-
! rowspan=2 | 3
| {{lang|ota|ـسه}}
| -sa, -se
| {{lang|ota|ـسه‌لر}}
| -salar, -seler
|-
| {{lang|ota|ـیسه}}
| -ysa, -yse
| {{lang|ota|ـیسه‌لر}}
| -ysalar, -yseler
|-
! rowspan=6 | Past
! rowspan=2 | 1
| {{lang|ota|ـسیدم}}
| -saydım, -seydim, -saydum, -seydüm
| {{lang|ota|ـسیدك}}
| -saydık, -seydik, -sayduk, -seydük
|-
| {{lang|ota|ـیسیدم}}
| -ysaydım, -yseydim, -ysaydum, -yseydüm
| {{lang|ota|ـیسیدك}}
| -ysaydık, -yseydik, -ysayduk, -yseydük
|-
! rowspan=2 | 2
| {{lang|ota|ـسیدڭ}}
| -saydın, -seydin, -saydun, -seydün
| {{lang|ota|ـسیدڭز}}
| -saydınız, -seydiniz, -saydunuz, -seydünüz
|-
| {{lang|ota|ـیسیدڭ}}
| -ysaydın, -yseydin, -ysaydun, -yseydün
| {{lang|ota|ـیسیدڭز}}
| -ysaydınız, -yseydiniz, -ysaydunuz, -yseydünüz
|-
! rowspan=2 | 3
| {{lang|ota|ـسیدی}}
| -saydı, -seydi, -saydu, -seydü
| {{lang|ota|ـسیدیلر}}
| -saydılar, -seydiler, -saydular, -seydüler
|-
| {{lang|ota|ـیسیدی}}
| -ysaydı, -yseydi, -ysaydu, -yseydü
| {{lang|ota|ـیسیدیلر}}
| -ysaydılar, -yseydiler, -ysaydular, -yseydüler
|}

Negative verb ''to be'' is created with the use of the word {{lang|ota|دگل}} ''değil'', followed by the appropriate conjugation of the ''to be'' verb; or optionally used as a standalone for 3rd person.

* {{lang|ota|بن ایشجی دگلم}} / ''ben işçi değilim'': 'I am not a worker'
* {{lang|ota|او چفتجی دگلدر}} / ''o çiftçi değildir'': 'he is not a farmer'
* {{lang|ota|او چفتجی دگل}} / ''o çiftçi değil'': 'he is not a farmer'
* {{lang|ota|اگر كندم ایچون حاضر دگلسیدم}} / ''eğer kendim için hazır değilseydim.'': 'if I'm not ready for myself'

===='to exist/have' and 'not to exist/have' Verbs====

Generally, the verbs 'to exist' and 'to have' are expressed using what's called an [[Copula (linguistics)#Existential usage|existential copula]], the word {{lang|ota|وار}} ''var''.

* {{lang|ota|او وار}} / ''ev var'': 'there is a house'

The verb 'to have' is expressed in the same way, except that the object noun will take a possessive pronoun, producing sentences that will literally mean "there exists house of mine".

* {{lang|ota|اوم وار}} / ''evim var'': 'I have a house'

The verbs 'to exist' and 'to have' conjugated for other tenses, are expressed in the same way, with a possessive pronoun if needed, and copula {{lang|ota|وار}} ''var'', followed by the 3rd person singular form of the verb 'to do: {{lang|ota|ایتمك}} ''etmek'' attached as a suffix (or separate as a stanadalone verb); as conjugated in the above section.

* {{lang|ota|اوڭ واردی}} / ''evin vardı'': 'you had a house'
* {{lang|ota|بناء وارملییدی}} / ''bina varmalıydı'': 'there had to be a building'

The verbs 'not to exist' and 'not to have' are created in the exact same manner and conjugation, except that the copula {{lang|ota|یوق}} ''yok'' is used.

* {{lang|ota|او یوق}} / ''ev yok'': 'there isn't a house'
* {{lang|ota|اوم یوق}} / ''evim yok'': 'I don't have a house'
* {{lang|ota|اوڭ یوقدی}} / ''evin yoktu'': 'you didn't have a house'
* {{lang|ota|بناء یوقملییدی}} / ''bina yokmalıydı'': 'there must not have been a building'

=== Verb Construction ===

Turkish being an [[agglutinative language]] as opposed to an analytical one (generally), means that from a single root verb, with the addition of a variety of morphemes and suffixes, multiple new and different verbs meanings can be expressed in single but larger words.

Below table is a sample from the verb {{lang|ota|تپمك}} ({{translit|ota|tepmek}}, "to kick"), whose root (which is also 2nd person imperative) is {{lang|ota|تپ}} ({{translit|ota|tep}}). Each of the produced new verbs below can be made into an infinitive with the addition of {{lang|ota|ـمك}} ({{translit|ota|-mek}}) at the end.<ref name="redhouse-grammar"/>

{| class=wikitable textalign=center
! colspan=2 rowspan=3 | Classes
! colspan=3 | Active
|-
! Transitive or Intransitive
! Transitive or Intransitive
! Intransitive
|-
! Determinate
! Indeterminate
! Reciprocal
|-
! rowspan=2 {{vert header|Afirmative}}
! Simple
| {{lang|ota|تپ}} (tep)<br />''kick''
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''ن'''}} (tep'''in''')<br />''kick about, dance''
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''ش'''}} (tep'''iş''')<br />''mutually kick one another''
|-
! Causative<br />(Permissive)
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''در'''}} (tep'''tir''')<br />''make/let s.o. kick/be kicked''
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''ندر'''}} (tep'''indir''')<br />''make s.o. kick about''
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''شدر'''}} (tep'''iştir''')<br />''make s.o.s kick one another mutually''
|-
! rowspan=2 {{vert header|Negative}}
! Simple
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''مه'''}} (tep'''me''')<br />''don't kick''
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''نمه'''}} (tep'''inme''')<br />''don't kick about, don't dance''
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''شمه'''}} (tep'''işme''')<br />''don't mutually kick one another''
|-
! Causative<br />(Permissive)
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''درمه'''}} (tep'''tirme''')<br />''make/let not s.o. kick/be kicked''
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''ندرمه'''}} (tep'''indirme''')<br />''make not s.o. kick about''
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''شدرمه'''}} (tep'''iştirme''')<br />''make not s.o.s kick one another mutually''
|-
! rowspan=2 {{vert header|Impotential}}
! Simple
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''ه‌مه'''}} (tep'''eme''')<br />''be unable to kick''
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''نه‌مه'''}} (tep'''ineme''')<br />''be unable to kick about, dance''
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''شه‌مه'''}} (tep'''işeme''')<br />''be unable to mutually kick one another''
|-
! Causative<br />(Permissive)
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''دره‌مه'''}} (tep'''tireme''')<br />''be unable to make/let s.o. kick/be kicked''
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''ندره‌مه'''}} (tep'''indireme''')<br />''be unable to make s.o. kick about''
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''شدره‌مه'''}} (tep'''iştireme''')<br />''be unable to make s.o.s kick one another mutually''
|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=3 | Classes
! colspan=3 | Passive
|-
! Transitive or Intransitive
! Transitive or Intransitive
! Intransitive
|-
! Determinate
! Indeterminate
! Reciprocal
|-
! rowspan=2 {{vert header|Afirmative}}
! Simple
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''ل'''}} (tep'''il''')<br />''be kicked''
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''نل'''}} (tep'''inil''')<br />''be kicked about''
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''شل'''}} (tep'''işil''')<br />''be mutually kick in''
|-
! Causative<br />(Permissive)
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''درل'''}} (tep'''tiril''')<br />''be mad to be kicked''
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''ندرل'''}} (tep'''indiril''')<br />''be made to be kicked about''
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''شدرل'''}} (tep'''iştiril''')<br />''be made to kick one another mutually''
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 {{vert header|Negative}}
! Simple
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''لمه'''}} (tep'''ilme''')<br />''not be kicked''
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''نلمه'''}} (tep'''inilme''')<br />''not be kicked about''
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''شلمه'''}} (tep'''işilme''')<br />''not be mutually kicked''
|-
! Causative<br />(Permissive)
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''درلمه'''}} (tep'''tirilme''')<br />''be not made to be kicked''
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''ندرلمه'''}} (tep'''indirilme''')<br />''be not made to be kicked about''
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''شدرلمه'''}} (tep'''iştirilme''')<br />''be not made to be one another mutually kicked''
|-
! rowspan=2 {{vert header|Impotential}}
! Simple
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''له‌مه'''}} (tep'''ilme''')<br />''be unable to be kicked''
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''نله‌مه'''}} (tep'''inileme''')<br />''be unable to be kicked about''
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''شله‌مه'''}} (tep'''işileme''')<br />''be unable to be mutually kicked''
|-
! Causative<br />(Permissive)
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''درله‌مه'''}} (tep'''tirileme''')<br />''be unable to be made to be kicked''
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''ندرله‌مه'''}} (tep'''indirileme''')<br />''be unable to be made to be kicked about''
| {{lang|ota|تپ'''شدرله‌مه'''}} (tep'''iştirileme''')<br />''be unable to be made to be mutually kicked''
|}

==Structure==
[[File:Redhouse's Turkish Dictionary.pdf|thumb|[[J. W. Redhouse|Redhouse]]'s Turkish Dictionary, Second Edition (1880)|page=7|link=File:Redhouse's_Turkish_Dictionary.pdf%3Fpage=7]]
Ottoman Turkish was highly influenced by Arabic and Persian. Arabic and Persian words in the language accounted for up to 88% of its vocabulary.<ref name="Bertold Spuler p 69">{{ill|Bertold Spuler|de}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rD1vvympVtsC&pg=PA68 ''Persian Historiography & Geography''] Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd {{ISBN| 9971774887}} p 69</ref> As in most other Turkic and foreign languages of Islamic communities, the Arabic [[borrowing (linguistics)|borrowing]]s were borrowed through Persian, not through direct exposure of Ottoman Turkish to Arabic, a fact that is evidenced by the typically Persian [[phonological]] mutation of the words of Arabic origin.<ref>[[Percy Smythe, 8th Viscount Strangford|Percy Ellen Algernon Frederick William Smythe Strangford]], [[Percy Smythe, 6th Viscount Strangford|Percy Clinton Sydney Smythe Strangford]], [[Lady Strangford|Emily Anne Beaufort Smythe Strangford]], "[https://books.google.com/books?id=b4cQAAAAIAAJ&dq=arabic+words+in+Turkish+persian+ottoman&pg=PA46 Original Letters and Papers of the late Viscount Strangford upon Philological and Kindred Subjects]", Published by Trübner, 1878. pg 46: "The Arabic words in Turkish have all decidedly come through a Persian channel. I can hardly think of an exception, except in quite late days, when Arabic words have been used in Turkish in a different sense from that borne by them in Persian."</ref><ref>M. Sukru Hanioglu, "A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire", Published by Princeton University Press, 2008. p. 34: "It employed a predominant Turkish syntax, but was heavily influenced by Persian and (initially through Persian) Arabic.</ref><ref>Pierre A. MacKay, "[https://www.jstor.org/pss/147397 The Fountain at Hadji Mustapha]", ''Hesperia'', Vol. 36, No. 2 (Apr. – Jun., 1967), pp. 193–195: "The immense Arabic contribution to the lexicon of Ottoman Turkish came rather through Persian than directly, and the sound of Arabic words in Persian syntax would be far more familiar to a Turkish ear than correct Arabic".</ref>

The conservation of archaic phonological features of the Arabic borrowings furthermore suggests that Arabic-incorporated Persian was absorbed into pre-Ottoman [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] at an early stage, when the speakers were still located to the north-east of [[Persia]], prior to the westward migration of the Islamic Turkic tribes. An additional argument for this is that Ottoman Turkish shares the Persian character of its Arabic borrowings with other Turkic languages that had even less interaction with Arabic, such as [[Tatar language|Tatar]], [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]], and [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]. From the early ages of the Ottoman Empire, borrowings from Arabic and Persian were so abundant that original Turkish words were hard to find.<ref name="books.google.nl">Korkut Bugday. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8HPZBAAAQBAJ&dq=persian+language+in+ottoman+empire&pg=PR15 ''An Introduction to Literary Ottoman''] Routledge, 5 dec. 2014 {{ISBN|978-1134006557}} p XV.</ref> In Ottoman, one may find whole passages in Arabic and Persian incorporated into the text.<ref name="books.google.nl"/> It was however not only extensive loaning of words, but along with them much of the grammatical systems of Persian and Arabic.<ref name="books.google.nl"/>

In a social and pragmatic sense, there were (at least) three variants of Ottoman Turkish:

* {{translit|ota|Fasih Türkçe}} {{lang|ota|فصیح توركچه}} (Eloquent Turkish): the language of poetry and administration, Ottoman Turkish in its strict sense;
* {{translit|ota|Orta Türkçe}} {{lang|ota|اورتا توركچه}} (Middle Turkish): the language of higher classes and trade;
* {{translit|ota|Kaba Türkçe}} {{lang|ota|قبا توركچه}} (Rough Turkish): the language of lower classes.

A person would use each of the varieties above for different purposes, with the {{translit|ota|fasih}} variant being the most heavily suffused with Arabic and Persian words and {{translit|ota|kaba}} the least. For example, a scribe would use the Arabic {{translit|ota|asel}} ({{lang|ota|عسل}}) to refer to [[honey]] when writing a document but would use the native Turkish word {{lang|tr|bal}} ({{lang|ota|بال}}) when buying it.

==Numbers==
{{see also|Eastern Arabic numerals}}

{| class=wikitable
|+ Cardinal numbers<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ottomanturkishco00hago/page/89/mode/1up |page=89 |title=Ottoman-Turkish conversation-grammar; a practical method of learning the Ottoman-Turkish language|first=V. H.|last=Hagopian|date=1907|location=Heidelberg |publisher=J. Groos|access-date=5 May 2018|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
|- align=center
| 0 || style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" | {{lang|ota|٠}} || style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" | {{lang|ota|صفر}} || align=left | {{translit|ota|sıfır}}
|- align=center
| 1 || style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" | {{lang|ota|١}} || style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" | {{lang|ota|بر}} || align=left | {{translit|ota|bir}}
|- align=center
| 2 || style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" | {{lang|ota|٢}} || style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" | {{lang|ota|ایكی}} || align=left | {{translit|ota|iki}}
|- align=center
| 3 || style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" | {{lang|ota|٣}} || style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" | {{lang|ota|اوچ}} || align=left | {{translit|ota|üç}}
|- align=center
| 4 || style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" | {{lang|ota|٤}} || style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" | {{lang|ota|درت}} || align=left | {{translit|ota|dört}}
|- align=center
| 5 || style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" | {{lang|ota|٥}} || style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" | {{lang|ota|بش}} || align=left | {{translit|ota|beş}}
|- align=center
| 6 || style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" | {{lang|ota|٦}} || style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" | {{lang|ota|آلتی}} || align=left | {{translit|ota|altı}}
|- align=center
| 7 || style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" | {{lang|ota|٧}} || style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" | {{lang|ota|یدی}} || align=left | {{translit|ota|yedi}}
|- align=center
| 8 || style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" | {{lang|ota|٨}} || style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" | {{lang|ota|سكز}} || align=left | {{translit|ota|sekiz}}
|- align=center
| 9 || style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" | {{lang|ota|٩}} || style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" | {{lang|ota|طقوز}} || align=left | {{translit|ota|dokuz}}
|- align=center
| 10 || style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" | {{lang|ota|١٠}} || style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" | {{lang|ota|اون}} || align=left | {{translit|ota|on}}
|- align=center
| 11 || style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" | {{lang|ota|١١}} || style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" | {{lang|ota|اون بر}} || align=left | {{translit|ota|on bir}}
|- align=center
| 12 || style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" | {{lang|ota|١٢}} || style="font-size:135%;line-height:150%;" | {{lang|ota|اون ایكی}} || align=left | {{translit|ota|on iki}}
|}

== Transliterations ==
{{see also|Ottoman Turkish alphabet}}
The transliteration system of the {{lang|tr|[[İslâm Ansiklopedisi]]}} has become a ''de facto'' standard in [[Oriental studies]] for the transliteration of Ottoman Turkish texts.<ref>Korkut Buğday ''Osmanisch'', p. 2</ref> In [[Transcription (linguistics)|transcription]], the New Redhouse, Karl Steuerwald, and Ferit Devellioğlu dictionaries have become standard.<ref>Korkut Buğday ''Osmanisch'', p. 13</ref> Another transliteration system is the {{lang|de|[[Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft]]|italic=no}} (DMG), which provides a transliteration system for any Turkic language written in Arabic script.<ref>[http://www.aai.uni-hamburg.de/voror/Material/dmg.pdf Transkriptionskommission der DMG ''Die Transliteration der arabischen Schrift in ihrer Anwendung auf die Hauptliteratursprachen der islamischen Welt'', p. 9] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722030443/http://www.aai.uni-hamburg.de/voror/Material/dmg.pdf |date=2012-07-22}}</ref> There are few differences between the İA and the DMG systems.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ İA-Transliteration<ref>Korkut Buğday ''Osmanisch'', p. 2f.</ref>
|- align=center
| {{lang|ota|ا}}
| {{lang|ota|ب}}
| {{lang|ota|پ}}
| {{lang|ota|ت}}
| {{lang|ota|ث}}
| {{lang|ota|ج}}
| {{lang|ota|چ}}
| {{lang|ota|ح}}
| {{lang|ota|خ}}
| {{lang|ota|د}}
| {{lang|ota|ذ}}
| {{lang|ota|ر}}
| {{lang|ota|ز}}
| {{lang|ota|ژ}}
| {{lang|ota|س}}
| {{lang|ota|ش}}
| {{lang|ota|ص}}
| {{lang|ota|ض}}
| {{lang|ota|ط}}
| {{lang|ota|ظ}}
| {{lang|ota|ع}}
| {{lang|ota|غ}}
| {{lang|ota|ف}}
| {{lang|ota|ق}}
| {{lang|ota|ك}}
| {{lang|ota|گ}}
| {{lang|ota|ڭ}}
| {{lang|ota|ل}}
| {{lang|ota|م}}
| {{lang|ota|ن}}
| {{lang|ota|و}}
| {{lang|ota|ه}}
| {{lang|ota|ی}}
|- align=center
| {{translit|ota|ʾ, ā}}
| {{translit|ota|b}}
| {{translit|ota|p}}
| {{translit|ota|t}}
| {{translit|ota|s̱}}
| {{translit|ota|c}}
| {{translit|ota|ç}}
| {{translit|ota|ḥ}}
| {{translit|ota|ḫ}}
| {{translit|ota|d}}
| {{translit|ota|ẕ}}
| {{translit|ota|r}}
| {{translit|ota|z}}
| {{translit|ota|j}}
| {{translit|ota|s}}
| {{translit|ota|ş}}
| {{translit|ota|ṣ}}
| {{translit|ota|ż}}
| {{translit|ota|ṭ}}
| {{translit|ota|ẓ}}
| {{translit|ota|ʿ}}
| {{translit|ota|ġ}}
| {{translit|ota|f}}
| {{translit|ota|ḳ}}
| {{translit|ota|k, g, ñ, ğ}}
| {{translit|ota|g}}
| {{translit|ota|ñ}}
| {{translit|ota|l}}
| {{translit|ota|m}}
| {{translit|ota|n}}
| {{translit|ota|v}}
| {{translit|ota|h}}
| {{translit|ota|y}}
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Languages|Turkey}}
*[[Old Anatolian Turkish language]]
*[[Culture of the Ottoman Empire]]
*[[List of Persian loanwords in Turkish]]
{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
; English
* {{cite book|title=Ottoman-Turkish conversation-grammar: a practical method of learning the Ottoman-Turkish language, Volume 1|author=V. H. Hagopian|year=1907|publisher=D. Nutt}} Online copies: [https://books.google.com/books?id=eS8rAAAAYAAJ], [https://archive.org/details/ottomanturkishc00hagogoog], [https://archive.org/details/ottomanturkishc00hagogoog]
* {{cite book|title=A practical grammar of the Turkish language (as spoken and written)|author=Charles Wells|year=1880|publisher=B. Quaritch}} Online copies from [[Google Books]]: [https://books.google.com/books?id=bYqvxt5wQrcC], [https://archive.org/details/apracticalgramm00wellgoog], [https://books.google.com/books?id=MD1bAAAAQAAJ]
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wrsIAQAAMAAJ|title=Key to the Ottoman-Turkish conversation-grammar|author=V. H. Hagopian|year=1908|publisher=Nutt}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/simplifiedgramma00redhuoft|title=A simplified grammar of the Ottoman-Turkish language|author=Sir James William Redhouse|year=1884|publisher=Trübner}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/elementarygramm00hopkgoog|title=Elementary grammar of the Turkish language: with a few easy exercises|author=Frank Lawrence Hopkins|year=1877|publisher=Trübner}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CydMAAAAYAAJ|title=An English and Turkish dictionary: in two parts, English and Turkish, and Turkish and English|author=Sir James William Redhouse|year=1856|publisher=B. Quarich}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lFJAAAAYAAJ|title=A lexicon, English and Turkish: shewing in Turkish, the literal, incidental, figurative, colloquial, and technical significations of the English terms, indicating their pronunciation in a new and systematic manner; and preceded by a sketch of English etymology, to facilitate to Turkish students ...|author=Sir James William Redhouse|year=1877|publisher=Printed for the mission by A.H. Boyajian|edition=2nd}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/turkishinterpre00boydgoog|title=The Turkish interpreter: or, A new grammar of the Turkish language|author=Charles Boyd, Charles Boyd (Major.)|year=1842|publisher=Printed for the author}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFVWAAAAYAAJ|title=A Grammar of The Turkish Language|author=Thomas Vaughan|year=1709|publisher=Robinson}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/apracticalgramm00barkgoog|title=A practical grammar of the Turkish language: With dialogues and vocabulary|author=William Burckhardt Barker|year=1854|publisher=B. Quaritch}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/readingbookoftur00bark|title=A reading book of the Turkish language: with a grammar and vocabulary; containing a selection of original tales, literally translated, and accompanied by grammatical references : the pronunciation of each word given as now used in Constantinople|author=William Burckhardt Barker, Nasr-al-Din (khwajah.)|year=1854|publisher=J. Madden}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jD1bAAAAQAAJ|title=The Turkish campaigner's vade-mecum of Ottoman colloquial language|author=James William Redhouse (sir.)|year=1855}}
* Lewis, Geoffrey. The Jarring Lecture 2002. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20200214235002/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6798/3e3ff2d42575fed8f4e8df320b9eef7284d9.pdf The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success]".
; Other languages
* [[Mehmet Hakkı Suçin]]. ''Qawâ'id al-Lugha al-Turkiyya li Ghair al-Natiqeen Biha'' (Turkish Grammar for Arabs; adapted from Mehmet Hengirmen's ''Yabancılara Türkçe Dilbilgisi''), Engin Yayınevi, (2003).
* Mehmet Hakkı Suçin. ''Atatürk'ün Okuduğu Kitaplar: Endülüs Tarihi'' (Books That [[Atatürk]] Read: History of Andalucia; purification from the Ottoman Turkish, published by Anıtkabir Vakfı, 2001).
* {{cite book|author=Kerslake, Celia|chapter=La construction d'une langue nationale sortie d'un vernaculaire impérial enflé: la transformation stylistique et conceptuelle du turc ottoman|title=Langues et Pouvoir de l'Afrique du Nord à l'Extrême-Orient|editor=Chaker, Salem|location=[[Aix-en-Provence]]|publisher=[[Edisud]]|year=1998|pages=129–138|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|title=Osmanisch: Einführung in die Grundlagen der Literatursprache|author=Korkut M. Buğday|editor=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|year=1999|language=de}}

==External links==
{{Incubator|ota|Wiktionary}}
{{WikisourceWiki|Ottoman}}
{{wiktionary category|category=Ottoman Turkish language}}

*[https://turkdilleri.com/en/tools/ottoman-turkish-transliteration Latin to Ottoman Turkish transliteration]
*[https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/234/oa_edited_volume/chapter/3024962 Michael Talbot. 2021. Central Europe in 1910 as Seen Through the Lens of Ottoman Turkish (pp. 68-71). In: Tomasz Kamusella. ''Words in Space and Time: A Historical Atlas of Language Politics in Modern Central Europe''. Budapest and Vienna: Central European University Press.]
*[http://courses.washington.edu/otap/ Ottoman Text Archive Project]
*[http://www.umich.edu/~turkish/langres_ott.html Ottoman Turkish Language: Resources – University of Michigan]
*[http://www.dilbilimi.net/osmanli_arastirmalari.htm#osmanli_turkcesi_metinleri Ottoman Turkish Language Texts]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130311040926/http://gaspirali.com/osmanli/ Ottoman-Turkish-English Open Dictionary]
*[https://pauctle.com/osmtr/ Ottoman<->Turkish Dictionary – University of Pamukkale] You can use ? character instead of an unknown letter. It provides results from Arabic and Persian dictionaries, too.
*[http://osmanlica.ihya.org/ Ottoman<->Turkish Dictionary – ihya.org]
*[https://lugatim.com Kubbealtı Lugatı]

{{Turkic languages}}
{{Turkish language}}
{{Languages in Maghreb}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ottoman Turkish language| ]]
[[Category:Languages of Tunisia]]
[[Category:Turkic languages]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of Europe]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of Asia]]