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{{Short description|Arabian tribe}}
{{Infobox tribe
| parent_tribe = [[Banu Sa'd]] bin [[Hawazin]]
| ethnicity = [[Arabs]]
| location = *{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}
*{{Flag|Kuwait}}
*{{Flag|Qatar}}
| nisba = Al-Otaibi/العتيبي
| name = Otaiba
| local name = عتيبة
| language = Arabic
| image = عائلة من قبيلة عتيبة.jpg
| caption = A picture of two men and their children from Otaibah, 1945
| branches = *Rog
*Barqa
*Banu Sa'd
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| surnames = *1 Alhaila <ref>Mutheeb Mohammed Al-Mutheeb Al-Otaibi.  The book of Otaiba al-Hayla (from Hawazin) (6th ed.).  page.  29 to p. 30 (Arabic).</ref>

*2 dhabahat Al-hayil litamat Al-eayil
| descended =  Otaiba bin Kaab bin Hawazin bin Saleh bin Shabab bin Abd al-Rahman bin Al-Haitham bin Al-Harith bin Abdullah bin Shajna bin Jaber bin Razam bin Nasirah bin Fasiya bin Nasr bin Saad bin Bakr bin Hawāzin bin Manṣūr bin ʿIkrima bin K̲h̲aṣafa bin Qays ʿAylān bin Mudir bin Nizar bin Ma'add bin Adnan <ref>{{cite web | url=https://jsjshsbskx.blogspot.com/2022/12/blog-post.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218214028/https://jsjshsbskx.blogspot.com/2022/12/blog-post.html | archive-date=2023-02-18 | title=مشجرة الباحث نشمي ماجد البعير }}</ref><ref>Turki bin Mutlaq al-Qaddah.  A book to achieve the lineage of the Otaiba tribe.  page.  436. (Arabic)</ref>
}}
The '''Otaibah''' ({{Langx|ar|عتيبة|ʿUtayba}}, also spelled '''Otaiba''', '''Utaybah''') is one of the biggest Arabian tribes originating in the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. Their distribution spans throughout Saudi Arabia, especially in [[Najd]] and [[Hejaz]]. and the Middle East. The Otaibah are descended from the [[Bedouin]]. They trace back to the [[Mudar]] family and belong to the [[Qays|Qays ʿAylān]] confederacy through its previous name, [[Hawazin]].<ref>{{Cite book|title="ʿUtayba", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam|date=1960–2009|publisher=Brill|others=Gibb, H. A. R. (Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen), 1895–1971., Bearman, P. J. (Peri J.)|isbn=9789004161214|edition= New|location=Leiden|oclc=399624}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title='al-Ḥid̲j̲āz', in: Encyclopaedia of Islam|date=1960–2009|publisher=Brill|others=Gibb, H. A. R. (Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen), 1895–1971., Bearman, P. J. (Peri J.)|isbn=9789004161214|edition= New|location=Leiden|oclc=399624}}</ref>

== Genealogy ==
[[File:خريطة قبائل الجزيرة العربية لمستشرق أنجليزي قبل مئة سنة وضعها المستشرق هارولد ديكسون.jpg|thumb|A map drawn by Harold Dixon showing the homes of the Arab tribes, including the Otaiba tribe]]
Research of the lineage of northern tribes may begin with [[Adnan]] (instead of [[Ishmael]]), as passed on by [[oral tradition]]. He is the common ancestor of the modern Otaibah, [[Anazzah|Annazah]], [[Banu Tamim|Tamim]], [[Banu Abdul Qays|Abd al-Qays]], and [[Quraysh]]  tribes.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|title=ʿAdnān", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam|date=2007|publisher=Brill|others=Gaborieau, Marc., Allen, Roger, 1942-, Krämer, Gudrun.|isbn=9789004305762|edition= 3rd|location=Leiden [Netherlands]|oclc=145927975}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite book|title='Rabīʿa and Muḍar', in: Encyclopaedia of Islam|date=1960–2009|publisher=Brill|others=Gibb, H. A. R. (Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen), 1895–1971., Bearman, P. J. (Peri J.)|isbn=9789004161214|edition= New|location=Leiden|oclc=399624}}</ref> Although Adnan is at the head of the tribal genealogy, genealogists and poets typically refer to two of his descendants: his son [[Ma'add]] (a later collective term for all north Arabian tribes) and his grandson [[Nizar (Ishmaelites)|Nizar]], ancestor of [[Rabi`ah|Rabi'ah]] and Mudar.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|title="Maʿadd", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam|date=1960–2009|publisher=Brill|others=Gibb, H. A. R. (Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen), 1895–1971., Bearman, P. J. (Peri J.)|isbn=9789004161214|edition= New|location=Leiden|oclc=399624}}</ref>

Mudar, the son of [[Nizar (Ishmaelites)|Nizar]], fathered [[Qays|ʿAylān al-Nās]] (the ancestor of [[Hawazin]] and Otaibah).<ref name=":16">{{Cite book|title="Nizār b. Maʿadd", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam|date=1960–2009|publisher=Brill|others=Gibb, H. A. R. (Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen), 1895–1971., Bearman, P. J. (Peri J.)|isbn=9789004161214|edition= New|location=Leiden|oclc=399624}}</ref> The [[Hawazin]] is another tribe related to the Otaibah.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kinship & marriage in early Arabia|author=Smith, W. Robertson |date=1979|publisher=AMS Press|others=Goldziher, Ignác, 1850–1921, Cook, Stanley Arthur, 1873–1949.|isbn=0404159710|edition= 1st AMS|location=New York|oclc=4516171}}</ref>

The tribe's common ancestors are Otaibah, Guzayah, [[Banu Jusham]], Sa'd, Bakr, Hawāzin, Manṣūr, ʿIkrima, K̲h̲aṣafa, Qays ʿAylān, Mudir, Nijzar, Ma'add and Adnan of the [[Ishmaelites]]. The tribe is primarily found in Saudi Arabia, [[Kuwait]], [[Qatar]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]]. According to [[genealogy]] and [[oral tradition]], the Otaibah tribe are descended from the pre-Islamic [[Hawazin]]. The Hawazin are descendants of the [[Qays|Qays ʿAylān]] (descendants of [[Ma'ad ibn Adnan|Ma'add]] [son of [[Adnan]]]) or the [[Adnanites]], descendants of the [[Ishmaelites]] (the sons of [[Ishmael]], the elder son of [[Abraham]]).{{refn|<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title="ʿUtayba", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|last=Kindermann, H. and Bosworth, C.E.|first=Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs.|year=2012|publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004161214}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title="al-Ḥid̲j̲āz", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|last=Rentz, G.|first=Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs.|year=2012|publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004161214}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book|title=Kinship And Marriage In Early Arabia|last=Robertson|first=Smith W.|publisher=Adam And Charles Black|year=1907|isbn=0404159710|pages=160}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=Kinship And Marriage In Early Arabia|last=Robertson|first=Smith W.|publisher=Adam And Charles Black|year=1907|isbn=0404159710|pages=134}}</ref><ref name="Parolin">{{cite book|title=Citizenship in the Arab World: Kin, Religion and Nation-State|last=Parolin|first=Gianluca P.|year=2009|isbn=978-9089640451|page=30|publisher=Amsterdam University Press }} "The 'arabicised or arabicising Arabs', on the contrary, are believed to be the descendants of Ishmael through Adnan, but in this case the genealogy does not match the Biblical line exactly. The label 'arabicised' is due to the belief that Ishmael spoke Hebrew until he got to Mecca, where he married a Yemeni woman and learnt Arabic. Both genealogical lines go back to Sem, son of Noah, but only Adnanites can claim Abraham as their ascendant, and the lineage of Mohammed, the Seal of Prophets (khatim al-anbiya'), can therefore be traced back to Abraham. Contemporary historiography unveiled the lack of inner coherence of this genealogical system and demonstrated that it finds insufficient matching evidence; the distinction between Qahtanites and Adnanites is even believed to be a product of the Umayyad Age, when the war of factions (al-niza al-hizbi) was raging in the young Islamic Empire."</ref><ref name="gen">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O69zjVnjL10C&pg=PA72|title=Journeys in Holy Lands: The Evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael Legends in Islamic Exegesis|author=Reuven Firestone|date=1990|isbn=9780791403310|page=72|publisher=SUNY Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJ8EpN0232IC&q=adnan+arabization&pg=PA170|title=Ibn García's Shuʻūbiyya Letter: Ethnic and Theological Tensions in Medieval al-Andalus|author=Göran Larsson|date=2003|isbn=9004127402|page=170|publisher=BRILL }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book|title=North of Hejaz, A Directory of Tribes and Governments|last=Al-Qthami|first=Hmood|publisher=Dar Al Bayan|year=1985|location=Jeddah}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{cite web|url=http://www.4sa.cn/otaibi/ketab-otayba.htm|title=The Tribe of Otaibah|last1=Al Rougi|first1=Hindees|access-date=2017-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514095554/http://www.4sa.cn/otaibi/ketab-otayba.htm|archive-date=2018-05-14|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Ancestory of the Tribe of Otaibah|last=Abid|first=Abdullah|year=2015}}</ref>}} The only known copy of historian and genealogist [[Hisham ibn al-Kalbi]]'s 8th-century AD ''The Great Ancestry''was examined then verified in 1988 by Mahmud Firdous al Adm, who found portions of the manuscript in the research of [[Werner Caskel]], a professor at the [[University of Berlin]] and the [[University of Cologne]] during the 1940s. According to the manuscript:<ref name="Sinai">{{cite web|url=http://www.centre4sinai.com.eg/arabia%20in%20ancient%20history.htm|title=Arabia in Ancient History|publisher=Centre for Sinai|access-date=2009-04-16|archive-date=2008-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119151506/http://www.centre4sinai.com.eg/arabia%20in%20ancient%20history.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhadha |first=Zuhair |date=November 30, 2017 |title=The History of the Book 'The Great Ancestry' of Ma'add and Yemen |url=http://www.alwaraq.net/Core/waraq/coverpage?bookid=513}}</ref><blockquote>"Otaibah" is attributed to a standard; one of the banners that belong to the tribe of [[Hawazin]]. (The name derives from a man) and he is, Otaibah Ibn Guzayah Ibn [[Banu Jusham|Jusham]] Ibn Sa'd ibn Bakr Ibn Hawazin. The clans (subdivisions) of Hawazin all united under one of his descendants in an early time during the first centuries; other nations from Hawazin intertwined around him (as well). After most of the clans of Hawazin departed (resettled away) from the land of [[Hejaz]] and [[Najd]] to the (great and) wide lands of God. To the Sham (the Levant), Iraq, Egypt, the farthermost western lands (North Africa), the lands of Persia, and its surrounding Persian territories. None was left of them except those who could not leave their land and country. Those who remained, formed the largest Hawazin alliance in our present time, and it was named Otaibah.</blockquote>Other works by al-Kalbi include the ''[[Book of Idols]]'' and ''The Abundance of Kinship''. According to the latter, "The descendants of [[Banu Jusham|Jusham]] Ibn Sa'd ibn Bakr Ibn Hawazin are Guzayah, Oday, Ouseema. The sons of Guzayah are Juda'aa, Hami, Otaibah, and Outwara."{{full citation needed|date=September 2018}} [[Ibn Kathir]] wrote in his 14th-century book, ''The Beginning and the End'': <blockquote>

There is no doubt that Adnan is from the lineage of [[Ishmael|Ishmeal]], the only fact that {{em|is}} disagreed upon (or being disputed) is the number of ancestors between the two. Most of what was said (and known) is that the exact number is forty fathers between Adnan and Ishmeal, and this is (largely) based on what is written among the [[Christians|Christian]] and [[Jews|Jewish]] people, who know it from [[Baruch ben Neriah|Baruch]] (the Israelite scribe, disciple, and secretary of [[Jeremiah|Jeremah]]) writer of The [[Book of Jeremiah]] ... And [[Al-Tabari|Abu Jafar Al Tabari]], and others, have concluded that the almighty God had sent to [[Jeremiah]] son of [[Hilkiah]] a revelation to go to (the King of Babylon) Nebuchadnezzar (II) and inform him that the almighty God has given him authority over the (ancient) people of Arabia (the [[Qedarites]]). God then commanded [[Jeremiah]] to take [[Ma'ad ibn Adnan|Ma'add]] son of Adnan (far away from the imminent conflict) on (a horse). So that he, (Ma'add), will not be afflicted by any resentfulness (since the victims cursed by the evils of Nebuchadnezzar were his people). (As the command stated) For I, the almighty God, will bring forth from him (Ma'add son of Adnan) a generous prophet, and the last among prophets. [[Jeremiah]] accepted the request, and carried Ma'add to the land (known as) the [[levant]], where he grew among [[Israelites|the sons of Israel]]; the few whom survived after the destruction of the [[Temple in Jerusalem]] ... The scribe who wrote the [[Book of Jeremiah]], Baruch, transcribed the genealogy of his master (and devoted friend) to have it preserved (with the books) in the library of [[Jeremiah]], and to save the lineage of Ma'add (perhaps for posterity and future generations), but God only knows (the exact truth). This is the reason why [[Malik ibn Anas|Mailk]] (a primary scholar of [[Hadithi|prophetic traditions]] in the 8th century) disliked tracing the lineage to before Adnan (or attempt to name any of forefathers of Adnan, other than Ishmael himself, because no truthful or precise record exists of these ancestors, save the [[Book of Jeremiah]]).{{full citation needed|date=September 2018}}</blockquote>The tribes of the northern [[Arabian Peninsula]] are descended from Ishmael. They are seldom referred to as the Ishmaelites, however, but are more often described as the [[Qays|Qays ʿAylān]]. The southern tribes are descended from [[Qahtan]], also known as [[Qahtanites]]. During the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] era, a feud began between them.  Scottish historian [[W. Montgomery Watt]] wrote that "to constitute something like a political party", the tribes began to identify the people of the Arabian Peninsula as Qays ʿAylān or Qahtan. The rivalry led to open conflict during the [[Second Fitna|Second Muslim Civil War]] (680–692).{{refn|<ref name="Crone3">Crone 1994, p. 3.</ref><ref name="Watt834">Watt 1991, p. 834.</ref><ref>Crone 1994, pp. 2–3.</ref><ref name="Patai15">Patai, p. 15.</ref><ref name="Crone22">Crone 1994, p. 2.</ref>}}

Most Otaibah genealogy is oral tradition dating to the [[Middle Ages]] and earlier.<ref name=":9" />
[[Muhammad]]'s [[Foster parent|foster mother]], [[Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb|Halimah al-Sa‘diyah]], was from the [[Banu Sa'd]] tribe (a subdivision of the Hawazin, the Otaibah parent tribe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Life of Muhamad|last=Haykal|first=Muhammad Husyan|publisher=Millat Book Center|year=1968|location=India|pages=47}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Sealed Nectar|last=Mubarakpuri|first=Safiur Rahman|publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications|year=1979|location=Saudi Arabia|pages=58}}</ref>

The lineage of the Otaibah tribe varies among scholars; some attribute the tribe to the sons of the Banu Sa'd ibn Hawazin, and others say that they are composed of the [[Banu Jusham]] ibn Muawiya ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin or the [[Banu 'Amir]] ibn Sa'sa'ah ibn Muawiyah ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin.Others said Otaiba bin Kaab bin Hawazin bin Saleh bin Shabab bin Abd al-Rahman bin Al-Haytham bin Al-Harith bin Abdullah bin Shajnah bin Jaber bin Razam bin Nasirah bin Fasiya bin Nasr bin Saad bin Bakr bin Hawazen.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230218214028/https://jsjshsbskx.blogspot.com/2022/12/blog-post.html Tree researcher Nashmi bin Majid Al-Bair]</ref><ref>Turki bin Mutlaq al-Qaddah. A book to achieve the lineage of the Otaiba tribe. page. 436. (Arabic)</ref> However, accounts agree that their lineage traces back to Hawazin, son of Mansur, son of Ikrimah, son of Khasafah, son of Qays ʿAylān, son of Mudar, son of Nizar, son of Ma'add, son of Adnan.<ref name=":11" />

== History ==

=== {{anchor|Ottoman Empire era – late 15th to early 20th century}}Ottoman Empire (late 15th century to 1900) ===

According to Ibn Fahd al-Makki, in 1470 the [[Sharif of Mecca|Sharif]] of Mecca [[Muhammad ibn Barakat]] attacked Otaiba in eastern [[Taif|Ta'if]].<ref>Ibn Fahd al-Makkī, Ithaf Al-wori In Umm Al-qura News</ref>

During the 16th century, the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]] added the [[Red Sea]] and [[Persian Gulf]] coast to their empire. They claimed rule of the interior as their central authority waxed and waned.<ref>[[Najd#Bowen|Bowen]], p. 68</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Muddle of the Middle East, Volume 2|author=Nikshoy C. Chatterji|year=1973|isbn=0-391-00304-6|page=168|publisher=Abhinav Publications }}</ref><ref name="Bernstein">William J. Bernstein (2008) ''A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World''. Grove Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ePiReZWp0NwC&pg=PA191 pp. 191 ff]</ref>
In the 18th century, the [[Mutayr]] (aided by the [[Qahtan (tribe)|Qahtan]]) began a series of wars against the [[Anazzah]] for the pastures of central [[Najd]] and forced the Anazzah north. The Mutayr and Qahtan were superseded by the Otaibah, who remain the largest tribe in central Najd.<ref>{{Cite book|title="Muṭayr", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|last=Ingham, B|first=Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs|year=2012|publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004161214}}</ref>

During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Otaibah and [[Harb (tribe)|Ḥarb]] were counterparts in the centuries-long struggle among the [[Sharif of Mecca|Sharifs of Mecca]] and the ruling families of [[Rashidi dynasty|Ibn Rashid]] and [[House of Saud|Ibn Saud]] for Najd. Nineteenth- and early-20th-century Otaibah history reflects the wars in Najd and [[Hejaz]], whose belligerents tried to enlist the tribe's support.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book|title="Ḍariyya", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|last=Marr, Phebe|first=Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs.|year=2012|publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004161214}}</ref>
In 1816, the [[Emirate of Diriyah|Wahhabi kingdom]] was defeated by the Egyptians. Their leader, Ibrahim Mohammed Ali, persuaded the Otaibah and several Anazzah tribes to assist him against [[Abdullah bin Saud]]. Between 1842 and 1872, nine powers (including the Otaibah) were at war in Najd. In 1872, Otaibah chief Muslit bin Rubayan attacked western settlements of [[Riyadh]]. [[Saud bin Faisal bin Turki|Saud bin Faisal]] immediately made a retaliatory raid on their territory, in which he was defeated and critically wounded. In 1881 and 1882, the Otaibah plundered camps of [[Harb (tribe)|Harb]] tribes who were subjects of [[Rashidi dynasty|Ibn Rashid]]. They unsuccessfully attacked Rashid in the summer of 1883. Members of the [[House of Saud]] joined Grand [[Sharif of Mecca]] [[Awn ar-Rafiq|Awn Al-Rafiq]] in 1897, and undertook campaigns against Ibn Rashid with Otaibah aid.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|title="ʿUtayba", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|last=Kindermann, H. and Bosworth, C.E.|first=Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs|year=2012|publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004161214}}</ref>

The tribal war between Otaibah and Ibn Rashid began after a comment by the Otaibah poet Mukhlad Al-Qthami  to Rashidi leader

[[Mohammed ibn Abdullah ibn Rasheed|Muhammed Ibn Abdullah]] at his court (translated from a [[bedouin]] dialect of Arabic):<poem> We are the Otaibah. Oh, how many warriors we've slain 
Because our legions are a steady team.<ref name=":9" /></poem>
{{further|topic=the 1873|Talal battle}}

=== {{anchor|The early 20th century}}Early 20th century ===
The Ottoman Empire continued to control the Western coasts of [[Tihamah]]. However, Arabia had its own rulers: a group of tribal chiefs in Najd and its surrounding area, and the [[Sharif of Mecca]] ruled [[Mecca]]. Otaibah cooperated with [[Al Saud]] of Najd, but sided with the Sharifs of Mecca (who took refuge with the tribe in times of adversity).<ref name="Murphy">{{cite book|title=The Arab Revolt 1916–18: Lawrence Sets Arabia Ablaze|author=David Murphy|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84603-339-1|pages=5–8|publisher=Bloomsbury USA }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Politics in an Arabian Oasis: The Rashidis of Saudi Arabia|author=Madawi Al Rasheed|year=1997|isbn=1-86064-193-8|page=81|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Middle East: Geography and Geopolitics|author=Ewan W. Anderson|author2=William Bayne Fisher|year=2000|isbn=978-0-415-07667-8|page=106|publisher=Routledge }}</ref><ref>H. Kindermann-[C.E. Bosworth]. "'Utayba." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007.</ref>

During [[World War I]] in 1915, [[Ibn Saud]] began an ambitious plan to settle the nomadic tribes in his territory (which included Najd and the east coast of Arabia. This was accomplished with the indoctrination of the tribes in religious ideals by [[Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab|Muhammad ibn Abd Al-Wahhab]], since the nomadic Arab Bedouin (including the Otaibah) were not considered religious. In 1916, with British support, Sharif of Mecca [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca|Hussein bin Ali]] led a [[Arab Revolt|revolt]] against the Ottoman Empire to create a united state. The Arab Revolt of 1916–1918 failed, but the [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] victory in World War I resulted in the end of Ottoman control of Arabia.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of World War I|author=Spencer Tucker|author2=Priscilla Mary Roberts|year=205|isbn=978-1-85109-420-2|page=565|publisher=Abc-Clio }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A History of the Arab Peoples|author=Albert Hourani|year=2005|isbn=978-0-571-22664-1|pages=315–319|publisher=Faber & Faber }}</ref>

[[Ibn Saud|ʿAbd ai-ʿAzīz]] began to establish settlements known as ''al-Hid̲j̲ar'' (singular ''hid̲j̲ra'' ), followed by [[Sultan bin Bajad Al-Otaibi]] of Nad̲j̲d in promoting the settlement of Saudi Arabia's people during the first quarter of the century. This was accompanied by the [[Ikhwan]] (the Brethren), a political, military, and religious movement. ʿAbd ai-ʿAzīz, its founder, attempted to kindle religious enthusiasm among the rarely-pious and often-unpredictable tribes as a start for the reclamation and control of his domain.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title="al-Hid̲j̲ar", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|last=Kamal, ʿAbd al-Hafez|first=Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs|year=2012|publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004161214}}</ref>

The spread of religious enlightenment by the ''muṭawwiʿūn'' (preachers) prepared the idea of an agricultural, settled life, and the first (and most successful) settlement was established in 1912 by the [[Mutayr]] tribe. This settlement was soon followed by another by the Otaibah. Their inhabitants were members of Ikhwan. An important cause and new religious regulations, standards, and principles helped nomadic people leave their desert-dwelling culture and begin to live in groups, giving birth to a number of societies. The conflict with [[Rashidi dynasty|Āl Ras̲h̲īd]] of [[Ha'il|Ḥāʾil]] and the [[Sharif of Mecca|Sharifs in Mecca]] drove the process of settlement further, leading to about 130 such colonies across Arabia.<ref name=":2" />

Although efforts were made to bring different tribes together in a single settlement to end feuding, most of the settlements became associated with specific tribes. According to lists compiled by Oppenheim and Caskel, the [[Harb (tribe)|Ḥarb]]  had 27 settlements, the Otaibah 19, the Muṭayr 16, the [[Ajman (tribe)|Ajman]] 14, the [[Shammar]] nine and the [[Qahtan (tribe)|Qahtan]] eight. The ''hid̲j̲ras'' were in Najd and on Arabia's east coast. They reached the edge of the [[Rub' al Khali|al-Rubʿ al-K̲h̲ālī]] desert in the south, and the [[Syrian Desert]] in the north. In the west, they extended to the mountains of [[Hejaz]] and [['Asir Region|Asir]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title="al-Ik̲h̲wān", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|last=Rentz, G.|first=Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs.|year=1960 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004161214}}</ref>

Otaibah [[Sultan bin Bajad|Sultan ibn Bjad]] and [[Eqab bin Mohaya]] enlisted in the [[Ikhwan]] movement, and were deployed by [[Ibn Saud]] against regional rivals. They led tribal forces in the occupation of [[Al-Ahsa Oasis|Al-Hasa]], [[Ha'il]], [[Al-Baha]], [[Jizan]], [[Asir]], [[Ta'if]], [[Mecca]], and [[Jeddah]]. This was considered a significant contribution in gaining control of the [[Hejaz]] region. After several victories, some Ikhwan factions resented policies which appeared to favor modernization and an increased number of non-Muslim foreigners in the region. Some Ikhwan members became more zealous than their founder, and turned against him.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite book|title=The Mission and Saudi Arabia|last=Commins|first=David|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2009|page=81|quote=The significance of Ikhwan military power for the success of Ibn Saud's conquests is another disputed point.}}</ref>

[[Sultan bin Bajad|Sultan ibn Bjad]] joined leaders of other [[Ikhwan Revolt|tribes in revolt]] in December 1928; [[Eqab bin Mohaya]] led his Otaibah tribe to aid King [[Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud|Abdul Aziz]] and vanquish the threat. Eqab and his followers were not the only members of the tribe to ally with the young king the revolution was doomed when a large Otaibah faction (Roug, under the command of Omar bin Rubayan) chose loyalty to [[Ibn Saud]].<ref name=":4" />

In 1926, the inhabitants of Najd and Hejaz gave their allegiance ( ''bayʿa'' ) to [[Ibn Saud|ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz]]. He accepted the title of king ( ''malik'' ) the following year and ruled the central and provincial governments, authorized by Islamic legal scholars ('ʿ[[Ulama|ulamā]]ʾ') and [[Sharia]] law. Factions of the [[Ikhwan]] tribes (particularly the [[Mutayr]], Otaibah and Ajman) supported the preservation of their chiefdoms—including the tribes’ choice of markets, raiding, and political affiliations—but were defeated in a series of battles during 1929 and 1930. Political opposition, including political parties, was subsequently forbidden. Centralization was apparent in economic change beginning in 1924, when [[Ibn Saud|ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz]] began to use taxation and pilgrimage income to build a central treasury. During this period, raids into neighbouring states were forbidden.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title="al-Suʿūdiyya, al-Mamlaka al-ʿArabiyya", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|last=Kostiner, J.|first=Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs|year=2012|publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004161214}}</ref>

On 29 March 1929, the revolution was suppressed at the [[Battle of Sabilla]]. After the defeat, another battle took place between two branches of the Otaibah tribe: Barka and Roug. The rebellious Barka branch fled under [[Sultan bin Bajad|Sultan ibn Bjad]], one of their three leaders. He and his men were defeated and captured at D̲j̲abala by ʿUmar Ibn Rubayʿān, in command of al-Roug elements loyal to the king. Ibn Bjad was later taken prisoner. In the final crushing of the Ikhwan rebellion in 1930, some settlements were completely destroyed. The king then created the nucleus of a modern, standing army, which proved its worth in establishing peace.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/542650/Battle-of-Sibilla|title=Battle of Sibilla (Arabian history) – Encyclopædia Britannica|date=1929-03-29|publisher=Britannica.com|access-date=2013-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=D̲j̲abala", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|last=Buhl, F. and Headley, R.L|first=Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs.|year=2012|publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004161214}}</ref> On 23 September 1932, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was established in a successful unification of a large portion of the peninsula.<ref name="Britannica history2">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia|title=History of Arabia|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite book|title=Inside the Kingdom|author=Robert Lacey|year=2009|isbn=978-0-09-953905-6|pages=15–16|publisher=Arrow }}</ref>

==={{anchor|The middle of 20th to the early 21st century}}Mid-20th to early 21st century===
Early in the kingdom's history, a House of Supplies provided food for the people. A harsh manager was memorialized by Shammar poet Hamad Al Rukhees: <poem>Oh (my) creator bestow ease (upon me) and (let me) Certainly (our future) days will (soon) be relieved as the free (falcon) gets full out of its own claw (hard effort and work).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vb.eqla3.com/archive/index.php/t-183139.html|title=" لا بد الأيــام منفــرجـه ... والطيــر يشبــع بمخــلابـه " [الارشيف] – منتديات شبكة الإقلاع ®|website=www.vb.eqla3.com|language=ar-sa|access-date=2017-12-12}}</ref></poem>

Late in the 20th century, King [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|Faisal Al Saud]] was strongly supported by the Otaibah.<ref name=":9" /> When the king was crown prince (between 1953 and 1964), the Otaibah were warring with the Mutayr over land near the city of [[Ta'if]]. One spring, a committee was formed by the government to legally prohibit either tribe from occupying the land until the issue was resolved. Faisal Al Saud went to the source of the conflict to resolve it. He saw a roaming Otaibah shepherd herding sheep and camels  and asked him, "Who are you?" The shepherd replied, "I am from the Otaibah tribe". The crown prince then said, "Very good. Take these verses of mine to your people, and they will know its meaning": <blockquote><poem>Oh son of Otaibah, what say him (when) his mother's cheek (the land) was being defiled (by conflict)?
In the core of all knowledge are solutions; (therefore), take this message, take it (to them).<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vb.gnanim.com/showthread.php?t=9684|title=قصة العتيبي والملك فيصل – منتديات شبكة قبيلة الغنانيم الرسمية|website=www.vb.gnanim.com|language=ar|access-date=2017-12-12}}</ref></poem></blockquote>

With the poem, the crown prince emphasized that the land (their mother) was being defiled by the conflict. The shepherd said, "All right. I will take it to them, but I do not know who it is from (or who is its sender)". The crown prince replied, "The person speaking to you is [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|Faisal]] Ibn Abdul Aziz". The shepherd responded, "A name significantly acknowledged and greatly praised; however, please take its response in verse": <blockquote><poem>Oh, greetings to the greatest of all solutions (manifested). If (we knew) Faisal was against it (the conflict)
We (the Otaibah) would evacuate the land. Take (accept) this message, take it.
And my mother (the land) is like an elderly woman; rosy (gentle in essence), white (unspoiled) and clean is her cheek.
And (alongside) your mother (Arabia), succeeded only by the strongest of kings, take this message, take it.<ref name=":10" /></poem></blockquote>

The conflict ended soon afterwards. During the early 21st century, many Otaibah enlisted in Saudi Arabia's [[Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia|armed forces]] (particularly in the [[Saudi National Guard]]).<ref name=":1" /><ref name="commins-92">{{cite book|title=The Mission and Saudi Arabia|last=Commins|first=David|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2009|page=92|quote=Rank and file Ikhwan fighters formed units in a new military institution, initially the White Army, eventually the National Guard ...}}</ref>

==== {{anchor|Siege of the Grand Mosque of Mecca}}Great Mosque of Mecca siege ====
Otaibahs [[Juhayman al-Otaybi]], his brother-in-law, Mohammed Abdullah al-Qahtani (reportedly the [[Mahdi]]) and hundreds of their followers seized the [[Great Mosque of Mecca]] on 20 November 1979. Although the rebels included Egyptians, Pakistanis and American converts, most were Saudi Otaibahs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/books/2007/11/sacred-mosque-saudi-islam|title=The battle at Islam's heart|website=www.newstatesman.com}}</ref> The [[Grand Mosque seizure]] lasted until 4 December and resulted in the deaths of many civilian hostages, Saudi security personnel and most of the rebels, including Muhammad al-Qahtani. Juhayman and 67 of his fellow rebels who survived the assault were captured and publicly beheaded. Many rebels evaded capture and fled. In response to the seizure of the mosque, King [[Khalid bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]] gave more power to religious conservatives and [[ulama]]s. He reportedly believed that "the solution to the religious upheaval was simple: more religion."<ref name=lacey-48
>{{cite book|last=Lacey|first=Robert|title=Inside the Kingdom : Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia|url=https://archive.org/details/insidekingdomkin00lace_0|url-access=registration|date=2009|publisher=Viking
|page=[https://archive.org/details/insidekingdomkin00lace_0/page/48 48]
|isbn=9780670021185 |quote="Those old men actually believed that the Mosque disaster was God's punishment to us because we were publishing women's photographs in the newspapers, says a princess, one of Khaled's nieces. The worrying thing is that the king [Khaled] probably believed that as well ... Khaled had come to agree with the sheikhs. Foreign influences and bida'a were the problem. The solution to the religious upheaval was simple—more religion."}}</ref> Newspaper photographs of women were banned, followed by women on television. Cinemas and music shops were shut down. The educational curriculum was changed to provide many more hours of religious studies, eliminating classes on subjects such as non-Islamic history. Gender segregation was extended "to the humblest coffee shop", and the religious police became more assertive.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}

=={{anchor|Branches of the Tribe|Barga|Roug|Bano Saad}}Tribal branches==
[[File:مشجرة بني سعد بن بكر بن هوازن (عتيبة).jpg|alt=Painting of a tree, with Arabic writing|thumb|Otaibah branches in a number of countries]]
The Otaibah tribe is divided into three major branches: Barga ({{Langx|ar| برقا|link=no}}), Rog (روق) and of them Al-Hafah (الحفاه),<ref>{{Cite web |title=مُنَزِّل الشَّيْخ : عبدالمحسن بَن غازي التوم ( رَحِمَه اللّه ) امير قَبِيلَة الحفاه مَن عتيبه - عسيلة |url=http://wikimapia.org/12472377/ar/%D9%85%D9%8F%D9%86%D9%8E%D8%B2%D9%91%D9%90%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%91%D9%8E%D9%8A%D9%92%D8%AE-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%8E%D9%86-%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%B1%D9%8E%D8%AD%D9%90%D9%85%D9%8E%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%91%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%82%D9%8E%D8%A8%D9%90%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8E%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%87-%D9%85%D9%8E%D9%86-%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%87 |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=wikimapia.org |language=ar}}</ref> and Banu Saad (Sons of Saad, بنو سعد). Each branch is divided into a number of clans, and each clan is divided into families.<ref name=":9" />

==Notable people==
Among the tribe's members are: 
* [[Eqab bin Mohaya]]
* [[Juhayman al-Otaybi]]
* [[Sultan bin Bajad Al Otaibi]], one of the leaders of the [[Ikhwan |Ikhwan movement]] 
* [[Husain Sirhan]], saudi poet
* [[Mutlaq Hamid Al-Otaibi]], Saudi Arabian writer and poet
* [[Khalid A. Al-Falih]], Minister of [[Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority|Investment of Saudi Arabia]]
* Turki bin Hamid, a Sheikh and a Knight of the Otaiba tribe

==See also==
*[[Settlements of Otaibah]] 
*[[Tribes of Arabia]]
*[[Sultan bin Bajad Al-Otaibi]]
*[[Banu Sa'd]]
*[[Malik ibn Awf]]
*[[Hawazin]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Arab tribes in Saudi Arabia}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Otaibah}}
[[Category:Bedouin groups]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabian families|Otaibah]]
[[Category:Hawazin]]
[[Category:History of the Arabian Peninsula]]
[[Category:Semitic-speaking peoples]]
[[Category:Tribes of Arabia]]
[[Category:Tribes of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Tribes of the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Tribes of Kuwait]]