View source for Oswald Mosley

{{Short description|British fascist politician (1896–1980)}}
{{Other people|Oswald Mosley}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| honorific-suffix = [[Baronet|Bt]]
| image            = Mosley.jpg
| caption          = Mosley. {{circa}} 1934
| office1          = Leader of the [[British Union of Fascists]]<ref name="renaming" group="n">Renamed the British Union of Fascists and National Socialists in 1936 and subsequently renamed the British Union in 1937.</ref>
| term_start1      = 1 October 1932
| term_end1        = 10 July 1940
| predecessor1     = ''Office established''
| successor1       = ''Office abolished''
| office2          = [[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]]
| term_start2      = 7 June 1929
| term_end2        = 19 May 1930
| primeminister2   = [[Ramsay MacDonald]]
| predecessor2     = [[Ronald McNeill, 1st Baron Cushendun|Ronald McNeill]]
| successor2       = [[Clement Attlee]]
| office3          = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]
| term_start3      = 21 December 1926
| term_end3        = 7 October 1931
| predecessor3     = [[John Davison (politician)|John Davison]]
| successor3       = [[Roy Wise]]
| constituency3    = [[Smethwick (UK Parliament constituency)|Smethwick]]
| term_start4      = 14 December 1918
| term_end4        = 9 October 1924
| predecessor4     = [[Harry Mallaby-Deeley]]
| successor4       = [[Isidore Salmon|Sir Isidore Salmon]]
| constituency4    = [[Harrow (UK Parliament constituency)|Harrow]]
| birth_name       = Oswald Ernald Mosley
| birth_date       = 16 November 1896
| birth_place      = [[Mayfair]], London, England
| death_date       = {{death date and age|1980|12|3|1896|11|16|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Orsay]], [[Essonne]], France
| party            = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] (1918–1922)<br />[[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] (1924–1931)<br />[[New Party (UK)|New Party]] (1931–1932)<br />[[British Union of Fascists]] (1932–1940)<br />[[Union Movement]]<br />(1948–1973)<br />[[National Party of Europe]] (1962–1980)
| spouse           = {{marriage|[[Lady Cynthia Curzon]]|1920|1933|end=d}}<br />{{marriage|Hon. [[Diana Mitford]]|1936}}
| partner          = 
| relatives        = [[Daniel Mosley, 4th Baron Ravensdale|Daniel Mosley]] (great-grandson)
| children         = 5, including [[Nicholas Mosley|Nicholas]] and [[Max Mosley|Max]]
| residence        = 
| education        = [[Winchester College]]
| alma_mater       = [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
| allegiance       = {{flagicon image|Flag of the United Kingdom.svg}} [[British Empire]]
| branch           = {{flagicon image|Flag of the British Army.svg}} [[British Army]]
* [[16th The Queen's Lancers]]
* [[Royal Flying Corps]]
| serviceyears     = 1914–1918
| rank             = Lieutenant
| battles          = '''[[World War I|First World War]]'''
* [[Second Battle of Ypres]]
* [[Battle of Loos]]
| mawards          = {{ubl|[[File:1914-15 Star ribbon.jpg|20px]] [[1914–15 Star]]|[[File:British War Medal BAR.svg|20px]] [[British War Medal]]|[[File:Allied Victory Medal BAR.svg|20px]] [[Victory Medal (United Kingdom)|Victory Medal]]}}
| occupation       = 
| parents          = [[Sir Oswald Mosley, 5th Baronet]]
| name             = Sir Oswald Mosley
}}
{{Far-right politics in the United Kingdom sidebar|Politicians}}

'''Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley, 6th Baronet''' (16 November 1896 – 3 December 1980), was a British politician who rose to fame during the 1920s and 1930s when, disillusioned with mainstream politics, he turned to [[fascism]]. He was [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Harrow (UK Parliament constituency)|Harrow]] from 1918 to 1924 and for [[Smethwick (UK Parliament constituency)|Smethwick]] from 1926 to 1931. He founded the [[British Union of Fascists]]<ref name="renaming" group="n" /> (BUF) in 1932 and led it until its forced disbandment in 1940.

After military service during the [[World War I|First World War]], Mosley became the [[Baby of the House|youngest sitting member]] of Parliament, representing Harrow from [[1918 United Kingdom general election|1918]], first as a member of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]], then an [[Independent politician|independent]], and finally joining the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]. At the [[1924 United Kingdom general election|1924 general election]] he stood in [[Birmingham Ladywood (UK Parliament constituency)|Birmingham Ladywood]] against the future [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Neville Chamberlain]], coming within 100 votes of defeating him. Mosley returned to Parliament as the Labour MP for Smethwick at [[1926 Smethwick by-election|a by-election in 1926]] and served as [[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]] in the [[Labour Government 1929–1931|Labour government of 1929–1931]]. In 1928 he succeeded his father as the sixth [[Mosley baronets|Mosley baronet]], a title in his family for over a century. Some considered Mosley a rising star and a possible future prime minister. He resigned in 1930 over discord with the government's unemployment policies. He chose not to defend his Smethwick constituency at the [[1931 United Kingdom general election|1931 general election]], instead unsuccessfully standing in [[Stoke-on-Trent, Stoke (UK Parliament constituency)|Stoke-on-Trent]].

Mosley's [[New Party (UK)|New Party]] became the British Union of Fascists (BUF) in 1932. As its leader he publicly espoused [[antisemitism]] and sought alliances with [[Benito Mussolini]] and [[Adolf Hitler]]. Fascist violence under Mosley's leadership culminated in the [[Battle of Cable Street]] in 1936, during which [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] demonstrators including [[trade union]]ists, [[Liberalism|liberals]], [[socialist]]s, [[communist]]s, [[anarchist]]s and [[British Jews]] prevented the BUF from marching through the [[East End of London]]. Mosley subsequently held a series of rallies around London, and the BUF increased its membership there.

In 1939 Mosley was implicated in a fascist conspiracy organised by the [[Right Club]] against the British government by [[Archibald Maule Ramsay]],<ref name=":02"/> albeit all evidence indicates that he soon distanced himself from them, viewing the group and its aims as too extreme.

In May 1940, after the outbreak of the [[Second World War]], Mosley was imprisoned and the BUF was made illegal. He was released in 1943 and, politically disgraced by his association with fascism, moved abroad in 1951, spending most of the remainder of his life in France and Ireland. He stood for Parliament during the post-war era but received relatively little support. During this period he was an advocate of [[pan-European nationalism]], developing the [[Europe a Nation]] ideology, and was an early proponent of [[conspiracy theories]] concerning [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust-denial]].

== Early life==

=== Childhood and education ===
Mosley was born on 16 November 1896{{Sfn|Dorril|2006|p=21}} at 47 [[Hill Street, London|Hill Street]], [[Mayfair]], London.{{sfn|Skidelsky|2004}} He was the eldest of the three sons of [[Sir Oswald Mosley, 5th Baronet]] (1873–1928), and Katharine Maud Edwards-Heathcote (1873–1948),{{sfn|Layborn|2002}}{{page needed|date=April 2025}} daughter of Captain [[Justinian Edwards-Heathcote]], of [[Apedale Hall]], [[Staffordshire]];<ref name="burke" /> they had been married the year before.{{Sfn|Dorril|2006|p=21}} He had two younger brothers: Edward Heathcote Mosley (1899–1980) and John Arthur Noel Mosley (1901–1973).<ref name="burke">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=Mosley, Charles |encyclopedia=[[Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood]] |publisher=Burke's Peerage & Gentry |edition=107 |pages=3283–3287 |isbn=0-9711966-2-1}}</ref> His father was a third cousin to [[Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne]], making Mosley a fourth cousin to [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother]].

The progenitor, and earliest-attested ancestor, of the Mosley family was Ernald de Mosley ({{floruit}} 12th century), [[Lord of the manor|Lord of the Manor]] of Moseley, Staffordshire, during the reign of [[John, King of England|King John]].<ref name="burke" />{{sfn|Lindfield|2023|p=49}} [[Nicholas Mosley (mayor)|Nicholas Mosley]] was a wealthy salesman in the 16th century, and was important in the development of Manchester, before eventually becoming [[Mayor of London]]; the family took a violent part in the [[Peterloo Massacre]].{{Sfn|Dorril|2006|pp=3–4}} Two branches of the Mosley family existed – a significant cotton trading family who lived in Lancashire, and a farming family who lived in Rolleston; Oswald was descended from the former.{{Sfn|Dorril|2006|p=4}} The family were prominent landholders in Staffordshire and seated at [[Rolleston Hall]], near [[Burton upon Trent]]. Three [[baronetcies]] were created, two of which are now extinct (see [[Mosley baronets]] for further history of the family); a barony was created for [[Tonman Mosley, 1st Baron Anslow|Tonman Mosley]], brother of the 4th Baronet, but also became extinct.<ref name="burke" />{{sfn|Lindfield|2023|p=49}} By the 19th century, reformers had taken control of the Manchester [[Court leet]], which formerly belonged to the family, and the Mosleys had little influence by the latter half of the century.{{Sfn|Dorril|2006|pp=4–5}} Oswald's grandfather [[Sir Oswald Mosley, 4th Baronet]], was a campaigner against [[Jewish emancipation]].{{Sfn|Dorril|2006|p=5}} Oswald noted in his autobiography ''[[My Life (Mosley autobiography)|My Life]]'' that he was glad to have come from an 'old English family'.{{Sfn|Dorril|2006|p=3}}

His mother wrote in her diary that his birth took 18 hours after he began to arrive at 6:00am, her own mother staying by her side for the whole duration. The family doctor, Sir John Williams, gave her [[chloroform]] and the baby was delivered at 11:40pm. Her husband, who was addicted to both gambling and alcohol, wrote a large number of letters to relatives about the event, and celebrated at the [[Epsom Derby]]; he was mostly an [[Father absence|absent husband]].{{Sfn|Dorril|2006|p=3}}

In childhood, Mosley moved from what he described as a "wayside house" to Rolleston Hall, which had been inherited in 1879 by the 4th Baronet. The Hall was a large building maintained by gardeners and servants.{{Sfn|Dorril|2006|p=5}} Biographer [[Stephen Dorril]] has suggested that the treatment of the workers at the mansion, who laboured with no possibility to become more successful, may have impressed itself on Mosley's worldview and such treatment came to be part of his fascism.{{Sfn|Dorril|2006|p=6}}

Mosley loved his mother, toward whom he felt protective; in the 1970s, he burned her diaries to avoid investigative authors depicting her negatively, using them as evidence, although he kept the entries for the first four years of his own life, and for his mother's birthday, 2 January.{{Sfn|Dorril|2006|p=1}} Likewise, she celebrated Mosley and developed his ego. His father – nicknamed "Waldie" – was an amateur boxer, a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Tory]] and a womaniser.{{Sfn|Dorril|2006|p=6}} Mosley's father gained the image of a scoundrel, although Mosley did not find the description to be accurate. Nonetheless, "Waldie" acted aggressively towards his wife and child, which led to Mosley idolising his mother instead. In 1901, when Mosley was aged five and while his mother was pregnant with her third child, the couple split over his womanising – Edwards-Heathcote had discovered letters revealing that her husband was saying and giving the same things to his other lovers as to her.{{Sfn|Dorril|2006|p=7}}

After Mosley's parents separated, he was raised by his mother, who went to live at Betton Hall near [[Market Drayton]], and his paternal grandfather, [[Sir Oswald Mosley, 4th Baronet]].<ref name="burke" /> His mother had a small [[alimony]], and was impoverished by comparison to the rest of the family. Mosley rarely being able to see his father, his mother became more attached to him.{{Sfn|Dorril|2006|p=7}} His grandfather took the role of a male parental figure in Mosley's life;{{Sfn|Dorril|2006|p=8}} Likewise, his grandfather disliked his father, and saw Mosley as a substitute son; the 4th Baronet was seen as a masculine figure by Mosley, and developed his own masculine image based on his grandfather, alongside various pop-cultural ideas.{{Sfn|Dorril|2006|p=9}}

Mosley studied at [[West Downs School]] in Winchester from 1906 onward, eventually joined by Edward, where Oswald developed a reputation as a debater.{{Sfn|Dorril|2006|p=10}} He then joined [[Winchester College]] in 1909 at the age of 12, a year early, and found school both hard and boring;{{#tag:ref|In {{Harvnb|Mosley|1968|p=35}}, Mosley claims that it was "only relieved by learning and homosexuality" and that he did not enjoy either. {{Harvnb|Dorril|2006|p=11}}, explains the second in that his appearance made him "subject to male attention".|group=n}} he did not socialise. During this period he hunted extensively, shooting 50 partridges, 18 pheasants, 11 rabbits and 10 hares over the winter from 1909 to 1910, as well as fishing at Rolleston.{{Sfn|Dorril|2006|p=11}} He also became a boxer by age 15, winning a light-weight championship, and attempted to enter the Public Schools' boxing championship, but was forbidden to do so by his headmaster; Mosley then took up fencing instead.{{Sfn|Dorril|2006|p=12}} He was a [[fencing]] champion in his school days, winning titles in both [[foil (fencing)|foil]] and [[sabre (fencing)|sabre]],<ref name="burke" /> and becoming the first boy to win both and the youngest to win either at the Public Schools' championship.{{Sfn|Dorril|2006|p=15}} He retained an enthusiasm for the sport throughout his life.<ref name="burke" />

=== Military service ===
[[File:Oswald Mosley durante la Primera Guerra Mundial.jpg|thumb|180px|Mosley in officer uniform]]Mosley left college in 1912, briefly staying in [[Brest, France]] in summer 1913, where he competed in fencing. After returning to England,{{Sfn|Dorril|2006|p=13}} he became keen on entering the army, entering the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]] in January 1914. He considered his period at the military college to be ‘one of the happiest times of [his] entire life”,{{Sfn|Dorril|2006|p=14}} but was expelled in June for a "riotous act of retaliation" against a fellow student.{{sfn|Rees|1990}}{{page needed|date=April 2025}} [[John Masters]] made a claim that Mosley was thrown out of a window by other cadets; according to Dorril, he had actually slipped and fallen while recruiting for the retaliation against a group of cadets who had attacked him. He was sent away from the college that weekend.{{Sfn|Dorril|2006|p=14}}

During the [[First World War]], he was commissioned into the British cavalry unit the [[16th The Queen's Lancers]] and fought in France on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]. He transferred to the [[Royal Flying Corps]] as a [[Aircraft pilot|pilot]] and an [[air observer]],{{sfn|Morris M.|2023}} but while demonstrating in front of his mother and sister he crashed, which left him with a permanent limp, as well as a reputation for being brave and somewhat reckless.{{sfn|"The meteoric rise and fall of a controversial politician". The Times}} He returned to the Lancers, but was invalided out with an injured leg.{{sfn|Rees|1990}}{{page needed|date=April 2025}} He spent the remainder of the war at desk jobs in the [[Ministry of Munitions]] and in the [[Foreign Office]].{{sfn|Rees|1990}}{{page needed|date=April 2025}}

=== Marriage to Lady Cynthia Curzon ===
[[File:Oswald & Cynthia Mosley 1920 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Oswald Mosley and [[Lady Cynthia Mosley|Lady Cynthia Curzon]] on their wedding day, 11 May 1920]]

On 11 May 1920, Mosley married [[Lady Cynthia Mosley|Lady Cynthia "Cimmie" Curzon]], the second daughter of [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston]], the [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]] and former [[Viceroy of India]], and Lord Curzon's first wife, the American mercantile heiress [[Mary Curzon, Baroness Curzon of Kedleston|Mary Leiter]]. It was later alleged by [[Arnold Leese]], a political rival of Mosley's in the early 1930s who founded the [[Imperial Fascist League]] and considered the BUF to be insufficiently antisemitic, that Cynthia had been "of Jewish descent",<ref>{{cite book |last=Lebzelter |first=Gisela C. |date=1978 |title=Political Anti-Semitism in England 1918-1939 |location=London |publisher=Macmillan |page=75 |isbn=978-0-333-24251-3}}</ref> and falsely claimed that she "had had a Jewish grandfather."<ref>{{cite book |last=Morell |first=John |editor-last1=Lunn |editor-first1=Kenneth |editor-last2=Thurlow |editor-first2=Richard C. |date=2016 |title=British Fascism: Essays on the Radical Right in Inter-War Britain |location=Abingdon, Oxon. |publisher=Routledge |page=58 |isbn=978-0-85664-874-8}}</ref> In March 1920, Mosley met Lord Curzon to inform him about the marriage and request his approval; ironically, in a letter written afterwards to his American-born second wife, [[Grace Curzon, Marchioness Curzon of Kedleston]], his future father-in-law made the casually antisemitic remark that Mosley possessed a "rather a Jewish appearance."{{sfn|Skidelsky|1975|p=87}}

Lord Curzon had to be persuaded that Mosley was a suitable husband, as he suspected Mosley was largely motivated by social advancement in [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] politics and Cynthia's inheritance. The wedding took place in the Chapel Royal in [[St James's Palace]] in London. The hundreds of guests included [[King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]], as well as foreign royalty such as the Duke and Duchess of Brabant (later [[King Leopold III]] and [[Queen Astrid]] of Belgium).{{sfn|"The meteoric rise and fall of a controversial politician". The Times}}{{sfn|Jones|2004|p=21}}

During his marriage to Cynthia, Mosley engaged in an extended affair with his wife's younger sister, [[Lady Alexandra Metcalfe]], while also carrying on a separate affair with their stepmother Grace, who had been a widow since her husband's death in 1925.{{sfn|Dowd|2000}} He succeeded to the [[Mosley baronets|Mosley baronetcy of Ancoats]] upon his father's death in 1928.

==Entering Westminster as a Conservative==
Mosley was first encouraged to enter politics by [[F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead]].{{sfn|Skidelsky|1975|pp=68–69}} By the end of the First World War Mosley, aged 21, had decided to go into politics as a member of Parliament, as he had no university education or practical experience because of the war. He was driven by, and in Parliament spoke of, a passionate conviction to avoid any future war, and this seemingly motivated his career. Uninterested in party labels, Mosley primarily identified himself as a representative of the "war generation" who would aim to create a "land fit for heroes".{{sfn|Skidelsky|1975|pp=69–75}} Largely because of his family background and war service, local Conservative and [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] associations made appeals to Mosley in several constituencies.

Mosley considered contesting the constituency of [[Stone (UK Parliament constituency)|Stone]] in his home county of Staffordshire, but ultimately chose the Conservative stronghold of [[Harrow (UK Parliament constituency)|Harrow]], for it was closer to London and, as Mosley claimed, a seat that he sought to win on his own merits, free from family connections.{{sfn|Skidelsky|1975|p=69}} On 23 July 1918 Mosley competed with three other candidates for the Conservative nomination at the [[1918 United Kingdom general election|upcoming general election]]. Though his 15-minute speech "fell flat," Mosley won over the 43 delegates with the "lucid and trenchant manner" in which he answered their questions.{{sfn|Skidelsky|1975|p=69}} Mosley's opponent in the parliamentary election was an independent, A. R. Chamberlayne, an elderly [[solicitor]] who complained that the well-connected, wealthy Mosley was "a creature of the party machine" and too young to serve as a member of Parliament.{{sfn|Skidelsky|1975|p=69}} Mosley retorted that many of Britain's greatest politicians entered Parliament between the ages of 19 to 25, such as [[Charles James Fox]], [[William Pitt the Younger]], [[William Ewart Gladstone]], [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston]] and [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]].{{sfn|Skidelsky|1975|p=73}} Mosley chose [[Political colour#Red|red]] as his campaign colour rather than the traditional [[Political colour#Blue|blue]] associated with conservatism.{{sfn|Skidelsky|1975|p=75}} Mosley easily defeated Chamberlayne with a majority of nearly 11,000.{{sfn|Cross|1961|p=12}}

He was the youngest member of the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] to take his seat, although [[Joseph Sweeney (Irish politician)|Joseph Sweeney]], a [[Sinn Féin]] member, and therefore an [[Abstentionism|abstentionist]], was seven months younger. He soon distinguished himself as an [[orator]] and political player, one marked by confidence, and made a point of speaking in the Commons without notes.{{sfn|Mosley|1968|p=166}}{{Third-party inline|date=May 2022}}

Mosley was an early supporter of the economist [[John Maynard Keynes]].{{sfn|"Ten things you didn't know about Mr Keynes". Evening Standard}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Skidelsky |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Skidelsky |url=|title=Oswald Mosley |date=1990 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Papermac]] |isbn=978-0-333-48374-9 |page=}}{{page needed|date=December 2024}}</ref> Mosley's economic programme, which he coined "socialistic imperialism," advocated for improved industrial wages and hours, the [[nationalization|nationalisation]]  of electricity and transportation, [[slum clearance|slum-clearance]], the protection of "essential industries" from "unfair competition," and higher government investment in education, child-welfare, and health services.{{sfn|Skidelsky|1975|pp=72–73}}{{sfn|Cross|1961|p=11}}

== Crossing the floor ==
[[File:Sir Oswald Mosley, 6th Bt by Glyn Warren Philpot.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Oswald Mosley by [[Glyn Philpot]], 1925]]
Mosley was at this time falling out with the Conservatives over their Irish policy, and condemned the operations of the [[Black and Tans]] against civilians during the [[Irish War of Independence]].{{sfn|Alter|2017|pp=58–63}} He was secretary of the Peace with Ireland Council.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oswald Mosley and Fascism in Britain |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/U3Ahistory44.htm |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref>{{sfn|Walsh|2015}}{{sfn|Villis|2013}}{{page needed|date=April 2025}} As secretary of the council, he proposed sending a commission to Ireland to examine on-the-spot reprisals by the Black and Tans.{{sfn|Moulton|2014|pp=48–101}} [[T. P. O'Connor]], a prominent MP of the [[Irish Parliamentary Party]], later wrote to Mosley's wife Cynthia, "I regard him as the man who really began the break-up of the Black and Tan savagery."{{sfn|Skidelsky|1975|p=99}} Mosley's initial speeches in parliament about the issue were moderate, and "he betrayed no sympathy for the [[Irish Republican Army|IRA]]";{{sfn|Walsh|2007}} he even declared that "in the present state of Ireland one certainly cannot deny the right to shoot a man who, when challenged, refuses to hold up his hands. Anything of that sort is perfectly legitimate."{{sfn|Walsh|2007}} However, as the conflict worsened and reports of atrocities committed by British forces increased, Mosley became more radical in his denunciations.

{{blockquote|In his memoir, ''My Life'', published in 1968, Mosley recalled that the war in Ireland had ‘evoked intense moral feeling’. With each atrocity committed by the Black and Tans he felt ‘that the name of Britain was being disgraced, every rule of good soldierly conduct disregarded, and every decent instinct of humanity outraged’.{{sfn|Walsh|2007}}}}

Mosley became "one of a small handful of MPs who pursued"{{sfn|Walsh|2007}} then Prime Minister [[David Lloyd George]] and the [[Chief Secretary for Ireland]], [[Sir Hamar Greenwood]], "over the unacknowledged policy of reprisals."{{sfn|Walsh|2007}} However, "[t]he root of Mosley’s case against the Black and Tans was that their behaviour undermined the superiority of British imperial rule."{{sfn|Walsh|2007}}

In mid-1920, Mosley issued a memorandum proposing that Britain's governance over Ireland should mirror the policy of the United States towards [[Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)|Cuba]], in effect granting Ireland internal autonomy while retaining British oversight regarding defence and foreign policy matters.{{sfn|Skidelsky|1975|pp=98–99}} In November 1920, he questioned Greenwood directly in Parliament on the case of [[Eileen Quinn]], a young pregnant mother who was shot and killed in [[County Galway]] by the Black and Tans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SHOOTING FATALITY, GALWAY. (Hansard, 25 November 1920) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1920/nov/25/shooting-fatality-galway#S5CV0135P0_19201125_HOC_110 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref>

In late 1920, Mosley [[crossed the floor]] to sit as an independent MP on the [[parliamentary opposition|opposition]] side of the House of Commons. Having built up a following in his constituency, he retained it against a Conservative challenge in the [[1922 United Kingdom general election|1922]] and [[1923 United Kingdom general election|1923 general elections]].

{{blockquote|The [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] ''[[Westminster Gazette]]'' wrote that Mosley was "the most polished literary speaker in the Commons, words flow from him in graceful epigrammatic phrases that have a sting in them for the government and the Conservatives. To listen to him is an education in the English language, also in the art of delicate but deadly repartee. He has human sympathies, courage and brains."{{sfn|Mosley|1977}}{{page needed|date=April 2025}}}}

==Joining Labour==
{{Quote box
 | quote = "We have made the acquaintance of the most brilliant man in the House of Commons - Oswald Mosley. 'Here is the perfect politician who is also a perfect gentleman,' said I to myself as he entered the room....He is also an accomplished orator in the old grand style, and an assiduous worker in the modern manner - keeps two secretaries at work supplying himself with information but realizes that he himself has to do the thinking! So much perfection argues rottenness somewhere...he seems to combine great personal charm with solid qualities of character, aristocratic refinement with democratic opinions."
 | source = — [[Beatrice Webb]], 8 June 1923{{sfn|Webb|1982|pp=414–415}}
 | align = right
 | width = 30%
 | bgcolor = #f9f9f9
}}
By now Mosley was drifting to the [[Left-wing politics|political left]] and gaining the attention of both the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberals]] and [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] for his foreign policy polemics, which advocated for a strong [[League of Nations]] and [[isolationism]] (i.e. Britain should only go to war if it or the [[British Empire]] were attacked).{{sfn|Skidelsky|1975|pp=122–124}} Mosley was growing increasingly attracted to the Labour Party, which had recently formed its first government (under [[Ramsay MacDonald]]) after the [[1923 United Kingdom general election|1923 general election]]. On 27 March 1924 Mosley applied for party membership.{{sfn|Skidelsky|1975|pp=124–127}} Shortly thereafter he joined the [[Independent Labour Party]] (ILP). MacDonald, who believed that aristocratic members gave Labour an air of respectability, was congratulated by [[The Guardian|''The Manchester Guardian'']] on "the fine new recruit he has secured."{{sfn|Cross|1961|p=18}}

===Unsuccessfully challenging Chamberlain===
[[File:Mosley election pamphlet 1924.jpg|thumb|200px|Election pamphlet for Mosley's 1924 Birmingham Ladywood campaign against Neville Chamberlain]]
When the [[First MacDonald ministry#Fall of the government|government fell in October]], Mosley had to choose a new seat, as he believed that Harrow would not re-elect him as a Labour candidate. He therefore decided to oppose [[Neville Chamberlain]] in [[Birmingham Ladywood (UK Parliament constituency)|Birmingham Ladywood]]. Mosley campaigned aggressively in Ladywood, and accused Chamberlain of being a "landlords' hireling" in reference to Chamberlain's controversial [[Housing, &c. Act 1923|Rent Act of 1923]].{{sfn|Macklin|2006|p=24}}{{sfn|Reekes|n.d.}} Chamberlain, outraged, demanded Mosley to retract the claim "as a gentleman".{{sfn|Macklin|2006|p=24}} Mosley, whom [[Stanley Baldwin]] described as "a cad and a wrong 'un", refused to withdraw the allegation.{{sfn|Macklin|2006|p=24}} Mosley was noted for bringing excitement and energy to the campaign. [[Leslie Hore-Belisha]], then a Liberal politician who later became a senior Conservative, recorded his impressions of Mosley as a platform orator at this time:

{{Blockquote|text="Dark, aquiline, flashing: tall, thin, assured; defiance in his eye, contempt in his forward chin."}}

Together, Oswald and Cynthia Mosley proved an alluring couple, and many members of the working class in Birmingham succumbed to their charm for, as the historian [[Martin Pugh (historian)|Martin Pugh]] described, "a link with powerful, wealthy and glamorous men and women appealed strongly to those who endured humdrum and deprived lives".{{sfn|Reekes|n.d.}} It took several re-counts before Chamberlain was declared the winner by 77&nbsp;votes. Mosley blamed poor weather for the result.{{sfn|Macklin|2006|p=25}} His period outside Parliament was used to develop a new economic policy for the ILP, which eventually became known as the Birmingham Proposals; they continued to form the basis of Mosley's economics until the end of his political career.

Mosley was critical of [[Winston Churchill|Sir Winston Churchill]]'s policy as [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]. After Churchill returned Britain to the [[gold standard]], Mosley claimed that, "faced with the alternative of saying goodbye to the gold standard, and therefore to his own employment, and goodbye to other people's employment, Mr. Churchill characteristically selected the latter course."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Skidelsky|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Skidelsky|url=|title=Oswald Mosley|date=1990|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Papermac]]|isbn=978-0-333-48374-9|page=??}}{{page needed|date=December 2024}}</ref>
[[File:Oswald and Cynthia Mosley with Birmingham Ladywood electorate, 1924.jpg|thumb|Oswald and Cynthia Mosley with working-class supporters in Birmingham, 1924]]

=== India and Gandhi ===
Among his many travels, Mosley, accompanied by Lady Cynthia, travelled in the winter of 1924 to [[British Raj|British India]], which he would later characterise as "a land of contrast, of ineffable beauty and of darkest sorrow, a jewel of the world, which challenges mankind to save it".{{sfn|Mosley|1968|pp=120-127}} His father-in-law's past as [[Viceroy of India]] allowed for the acquaintance of various personalities along the journey. They travelled by ship and stopped briefly in [[Cairo]] in the [[Kingdom of Egypt]].

Having initially arrived in [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]] (present-day [[Sri Lanka]]), the journey then continued through mainland India. They spent these initial days in the government house of Ceylon, followed by [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] and then [[Calcutta Presidency|Calcutta]], where the governor at the time was [[Victor Bulwer-Lytton, 2nd Earl of Lytton]].{{sfn|Mosley|1968|pp=122-123}} During this journey Mosley came in contact with many prominent activists, including [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], [[Chittaranjan Das]] and [[Motilal Nehru]].{{sfn|Mosley|1968|p=126}}

Mosley met [[Mahatma Gandhi]] through [[Charles Freer Andrews]], a clergyman and an intimate friend of the "Indian Saint", as Mosley described him. They met in [[Kaddam mandal|Kadda]], where Gandhi was quick to invite him to a private conference in which Gandhi was chairman. Mosley later called Gandhi a "sympathetic personality of subtle intelligence".{{sfn|Mosley|1968|p=124}} 
[[File:Franklin D. Roosevelt and Mansuel Crosby and Oswald Mosley in Florida - NARA - 195396.jpg|thumb|Mosley (right) swimming with [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (centre) and [[Maunsell Crosby]] (left) in [[Florida]], February 1926.]]

===Return to Parliament===
On 22 November 1926 the Labour-held seat of Smethwick fell vacant upon the resignation of [[John Davison (politician)|John Davison]], and Mosley was confident that this seat would return him to Westminster (having lost against Chamberlain in 1924). In his autobiography Mosley felt that the campaign was dominated by Conservative attacks on him for being too rich, including claims that he was covering up his wealth.{{sfn|Mosley|1968|p=190}} In fact, during this campaign, the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' frequently attacked "Mr. [[Silver spoon|Silver Spoon]] Mosley" for preaching socialism "in a twenty guineas [[Savile Row tailoring|Savile Row]] suit" while Lady Cynthia wore a "charming dress glittering with [[Diamond (gemstone)|diamonds]]."{{sfn|Skidelsky|1975|pp=159–160}} As the historian [[Robert Skidelsky]] writes, "The papers were full of gossipy items about the wealthy socialist couple frolicking on the Riviera, spending thousands of pounds in renovating their 'mansion' and generally living a debauched aristocratic life."{{sfn|Skidelsky|1975|pp=159–160}} The recurring accusation against Mosley was that he was a "[[champagne socialist]]" who "never did a day's work in his life." Mosley, in response, told his Smethwick supporters, "While I am being abused by the [[Capitalist propaganda|Capitalist Press]] I know I am doing effective work for the Labour cause."{{sfn|Skidelsky|1975|p=160}} At the [[1926 Smethwick by-election|by-election]]'s polling day (21 December), Mosley was victorious with a majority of 6,582 over the Conservative candidate, M. J. Pike.
{{Quote box
 | quote  = "This is not a by-election, it is history. The result of this election sends out a message to every [[Proletariat|worker]] in the land. You have met and beaten the Press of [[Reactionary|reaction]]....Tonight all Britain looks to you and thanks you. My wonderful friends of Smethwick, by your heroic battle against a whole world in arms, I believe you have introduced a new era for British democracy."
 | source = — Oswald Mosley, election victory speech, 21 December 1926{{sfn|Skidelsky|1975|p=163}}
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In 1927, he mocked the [[British Fascists]] as "black-shirted buffoons, making a cheap imitation of ice-cream sellers". The ILP elected him to [[National Executive Committee of the Labour Party|Labour's National Executive Committee]].{{sfn|Mount|2006}}

Mosley and Cynthia were committed [[Fabian Society|Fabians]] in the 1920s and at the start of the 1930s. Mosley appears in a list of names of Fabians from ''Fabian News'' and the ''Fabian Society Annual Report 1929–31''. He was [[Kingsway Hall]] lecturer in 1924 and Livingstone Hall lecturer in 1931.

== Office ==

===Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster===
[[File:Oswald Mosley (au 10 Downing Street) - btv1b53214970r.jpg|thumb|200px|Mosley as a young minister in front of [[10 Downing Street]], {{circa|1929}}]]
Mosley then made a bold bid for political advancement within the Labour Party. He was close to [[Ramsay MacDonald]] and hoped for one of the [[Great Offices of State]], but when Labour won the [[1929 United Kingdom general election|1929 general election]] he was appointed only to the post of [[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]], a position [[Minister without portfolio (United Kingdom)|without portfolio]]. He was given responsibility for solving the unemployment problem, but found that his radical proposals were blocked either by [[Lord Privy Seal]] [[James Henry Thomas]] or by the [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet]].

===Mosley Memorandum===
Realising the economic uncertainty that was facing the nation because of the death of its domestic industry, Mosley put forward a scheme in the "Mosley Memorandum" that called for high [[tariff]]s to protect British industries from [[international finance]] and transform the [[British Empire]] into an [[autarkic]] trading bloc, for state [[nationalisation]] of main industries, for higher [[school-leaving age]]s and [[Pensions in the United Kingdom|pensions]] to reduce the labour surplus, and for a programme of [[public works]] to solve [[Interwar unemployment and poverty in the United Kingdom|interwar poverty and unemployment]]. Furthermore, the memorandum laid out the foundations of the [[Corporate statism|corporate state]] (not to be confused with [[corporatocracy]]) which intended to combine businesses, workers and the government into one body as a way to "Obliterate class conflict and make the [[Economy of the United Kingdom|British economy]] healthy again".{{sfn|Thorpe|1997|pp=71–72}}{{sfn|Sihvonen|2008|p=14}}

Mosley published this memorandum because of his dissatisfaction with the laissez-faire attitudes held by both Labour and the Conservative party, and their passivity towards the ever-increasing globalisation of the world, and thus looked to a modern solution to fix a modern problem. But it was rejected by the Cabinet and by the [[Parliamentary Labour Party]], and in May 1930 Mosley resigned from his ministerial position. At the time, according to Lady Mosley's autobiography, the weekly Liberal-leaning paper ''[[The Nation and Athenaeum]]'' wrote: "The resignation of Sir Oswald Mosley is an event of capital importance in domestic politics... We feel that Sir Oswald has acted rightly—as he has certainly acted courageously in declining to share any longer in the responsibility for inertia."{{sfn|Mosley|1977}}{{page needed|date=April 2025}} In October he attempted to persuade the [[Labour Party Conference]] to accept the Memorandum, but was defeated again.

The Mosley Memorandum won the support of the economist [[John Maynard Keynes]], who stated that "it was a very able document and illuminating".{{sfn|Skidelsky|1994|p=170}} Keynes also wrote, <blockquote>"I like the spirit which informs the document. A scheme of national economic planning to achieve a right, or at least a better, balance of our industries between the old and the new, between agriculture and manufacture, between home development and foreign investment; and wide executive powers to carry out the details of such a scheme. That is what it amounts to. ... [The] manifesto offers us a starting point for thought and action. ... It will shock—it must do so—the many good citizens of this country... who have [[laissez-faire]] in their craniums, their consciences, and their bones ... But how anyone professing and calling himself a socialist can keep away from the manifesto is a more obscure matter."{{sfn|Keynes|1971|pp=473–475}}</blockquote>

According to Lady Mosley's autobiography, thirty years later, in 1961, [[Richard Crossman]] wrote: "this brilliant memorandum was a whole generation ahead of Labour thinking."{{sfn|Mosley|1977}}{{page needed|date=April 2025}} As his book, ''The Greater Britain'', focused on the issues of free trade, the criticisms against globalisation that he formulated can be found in critiques of contemporary globalisation. He warns nations that buying cheaper goods from other nations may seem appealing but ultimately ravage domestic industry and lead to large unemployment, as seen in the 1930s. He argues that trying to "challenge the 50-year-old system of free trade... exposes industry in the home market to the chaos of world conditions, such as price fluctuation, dumping, and the competition of sweated labour, which result in the lowering of wages and industrial decay."{{sfn|Rubin|2010|p=17}}

In a newspaper feature, Mosley was described as "a strange blend of J.M. Keynes and [[C. H. Douglas|Major Douglas]] of credit fame".{{sfn|Rees|1979|p=186}} From July 1930 he began to demand that government must be turned from a "talk-shop" into a "workshop."{{sfn|Worley|2010}}{{page needed|date=April 2025}}

In 1992, Prime Minister [[John Major]] examined Mosley's ideas to find an unorthodox solution to the aftermath of the [[Early 1990s recession|1990–91 economic recession]].{{sfn|Mance|2018}}

== New Party ==
{{Main|New Party (UK)}}
[[File:Oswald Mosley-TIME-1931.jpg|thumb|left|Mosley on the cover of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' in 1931]]
Dissatisfied with the Labour Party, Mosley and six other Labour MPs (two of whom resigned after one day) founded the [[New Party (UK)|New Party]].

Its early parliamentary contests, in the [[1931 Ashton-under-Lyne by-election]] and subsequent by-elections, arguably had a [[spoiler effect]] in splitting the left-wing vote and allowing Conservative candidates to win. Despite this, the organisation gained support among many Labour and Conservative politicians who agreed with his [[corporatist]] economic policy, and among these were [[Aneurin Bevan]] and the future prime minister [[Harold Macmillan]]. Mosley's [[corporatism]] was complemented by [[Keynesianism]], with Robert Skidelsky stating, "Keynesianism was his great contribution to fascism."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Skidelsky |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Skidelsky |title=Oswald Mosley |date=1990 |publisher=Papermac |isbn=978-0-333-48374-9}}</ref>

The New Party increasingly inclined to fascist policies, but Mosley was denied the opportunity to establish his party when during the [[Great Depression in the United Kingdom|Great Depression]] the [[1931 United Kingdom general election|1931 general election]] was suddenly called. The party's candidates, including Mosley himself running in [[Stoke-on-Trent, Stoke (UK Parliament constituency)|Stoke]] which had been held by his wife, lost the seats they held and won none. As the New Party gradually became more radical and [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]], many previous supporters defected from it. According to Lady Mosley's autobiography, shortly after the 1931 election Mosley was described by ''[[The Manchester Guardian]]'':

<blockquote>When Sir Oswald Mosley sat down after his [[Free Trade Hall]] speech in [[Manchester]] and the audience, stirred as an audience rarely is, rose and swept a storm of applause towards the platform—who could doubt that here was one of those root-and-branch men who have been thrown up from time to time in the religious, political and business story of England. First that gripping audience is arrested,{{#tag:ref|Arrested in the sense of stunned or gripped.|group=n}} then stirred and finally, as we have said, swept off its feet by a tornado of [[wikt:peroration|peroration]] yelled at the defiant high pitch of a tremendous voice.{{sfn|Mosley|1977}}{{page needed|date=April 2025}}</blockquote>
[[File:Churchill and Chamberlain.jpg|thumb|Before Mosley founded the [[British Union of Fascists]], many political figures, such as Winston Churchill and Neville Chamberlain, attempted to woo him to their side.]]
[[Harold Nicolson]], editor of the New Party's newspaper, ''Action'', recorded in his diary that Mosley personally decided to pursue fascism and the formation of a "trained and disciplined force" on 21 September 1931, following a recent Communist-organised disturbance at a public meeting attended by 20,000 people in [[Glasgow Green]].{{sfn|Nicolson|1968|p=91}}{{sfn|Worley|2011|pp=69–70}} Approximately four weeks before the general election, Mosley was approached by [[Neville Chamberlain]] to ally with the newly-formed [[National Government (1931–1935)|National Government]] coalition led by Baldwin and MacDonald, with Nicolson writing that "the Tories are anxious to get some of us in and are prepared to do a secret deal."{{sfn|Nicolson|1968|p=93}} Throughout early 1932 [[David Margesson, 1st Viscount Margesson|David Margesson]], the [[chief whip]] of the Conservatives, continually attempted to persuade Mosley to rejoin the party.{{sfn|Nicolson|1968|pp=112–114}} Meanwhile, Mosley was also approached by right-wing "[[Die hard (phrase)#British political uses|die hards]]" who opposed the National Government and Baldwin's "centrist" leadership of the Conservative Party. This group included [[Winston Churchill]], who "[promised] to come out in his support" should Mosley contest a by-election, and [[Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere]], the owner of the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' and the ''[[Daily Mirror]]''.{{sfn|Nicolson|1968|pp=89, 97–98, 108}} In addition, Nicolson noted that Mosley was being courted by [[Joseph Kenworthy, 10th Baron Strabolgi|Joseph Kenworthy]] to "lead the Labour Party."{{sfn|Nicolson|1968|p=115}} In the end, however, Mosley refused to return to the "machine" of the "old parties."{{sfn|Nicolson|1968|pp=114–115}} Convinced that fascism was the necessary path for Britain, the New Party was dissolved in April 1932.{{sfn|Skidelsky|1975|pp=272–282}}

== Fascism ==
{{Main|British Union of Fascists}}
{{Fascism sidebar}}
[[File:Flag of the British Union of Fascists.svg|thumb|left|Flag of the [[British Union of Fascists]]]]
[[File:Oswald Mosley and Benito Mussolini 1936.jpg|thumb|right|[[Benito Mussolini]] with Mosley during his visit to Italy in April 1933]]
After his election failure in 1931, Mosley went on a study tour of the "new movements" of Italy's ''[[Duce]]'' [[Benito Mussolini]] and other fascists, and returned convinced, particularly by [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]]'s economic programme,{{sfn|Bosworth|1970}} that it was the way forward for Britain. He was determined to unite the existing fascist movements and created the [[British Union of Fascists]] (BUF) in 1932.

The British historian [[Matthew Worley]] argues that Mosley's adoption of fascism stemmed from three key factors.{{sfn|Worley|2011|pp=72–73}} First, Mosley interpreted the [[Great Depression in the United Kingdom|Great Slump]] as proof that Britain's economy, which had historically favoured [[Economic liberalism|liberal capitalism]], required a fundamental overhaul to survive the rise of [[Anti-globalization movement|cheap, global competition]]. Second, as a result of his experience as a Labour minister, Mosley grew to resent the apparent [[Gridlock (politics)|gridlock]] inherent in parliamentary democracy (see [[criticism of democracy]]). Mosley believed that party politics, parliamentary debate, and the formalities of [[Legislation|bill passage]] hindered effective action in addressing the pressing economic issues of the [[Interwar Britain|post-war world]]. Finally, Mosley became convinced that the Labour Party was not an effective vehicle for the promulgation of "the radical measures that he believed were necessary to prevent Britain’s decline."{{sfn|Worley|2011|p=73}} As Worley notes about Mosley, "Cast adrift from the political mainstream, he saw two alternative futures. One was the 'slow and almost imperceptible decline' of Britain to the '[[Spanish Empire#End of the global empire (1808–1899)|level of a Spain]]'...[and the other] a deepening sense of crisis opening the way for a 'constructive alternative' to take the place of both liberal capitalism and parliamentary democracy."{{sfn|Worley|2011|pp=78–79}} Mosley believed that Britain was in danger of a [[Communist revolution]], which only fascism could effectively combat.

The BUF was [[protectionist]], strongly [[anti-communist]] and [[nationalist]]ic to the point of advocating authoritarianism.{{sfn|Sanders|2019|pp=17–18}} He claimed that the Labour Party was pursuing policies of "international socialism", while fascism's aim was "national socialism".<ref>{{Cite web|title=What 1930s political ideologies can teach us about the 2020s |url=https://aeon.co/essays/what-1930s-political-ideologies-can-teach-us-about-the-2020s |access-date=2022-01-29 |website=Aeon}}</ref> It claimed membership as high as 50,000, and had the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' and ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' among its earliest supporters.<ref name="dm">{{cite web |url=http://www.britishpapers.co.uk/midmarket/daily-mail |title=Daily Mail |publisher=British Newspapers Online |access-date=9 February 2014 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012082530/http://www.britishpapers.co.uk/midmarket/daily-mail/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Cameron|1979|p=52}}{{sfn|Horrie|2003}} The ''Mirror'' piece was a guest article by the ''Daily Mail'' owner [[Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere|Viscount Rothermere]] and an apparent one-off; despite these briefly warm words for the BUF, the paper was so vitriolic in its condemnation of [[European fascism]] that [[Nazi Germany]] added the paper's directors to a hit list in the event of a successful [[Operation Sea Lion]].{{sfn|Barker|2010}} The ''Mail'' continued to support the BUF until the [[Olympia, London|Olympia]] rally in June 1934.{{sfn|Blamires|2006|pp=288, 435–?}}

Mosley's supporters at this time included the novelist [[Henry Williamson]], the military theorist [[J. F. C. Fuller]], and the future "[[Lord Haw Haw]]", [[William Joyce]].

Mosley had found problems with disruption of New Party meetings, and instituted a corps of black-uniformed paramilitary stewards, the [[Fascist Defence Force]], nicknamed "Blackshirts", like the [[Italian fascism|Italian fascist]] [[Blackshirts|Voluntary Militia for National Security]] they were emulating. The party was frequently involved in violent confrontations and riots, particularly with communist and Jewish groups and especially in London.{{sfn|Gould|2009}} At a large Mosley rally at Olympia on 7 June 1934, his bodyguards' violence caused bad publicity.{{sfn|Gunther|1940|pp=362–364}} This and the [[Night of the Long Knives]] in Germany led to the loss of most of the BUF's mass support.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} Nevertheless, Mosley continued espousing [[Antisemitism in the United Kingdom|antisemitism]].{{sfn|"Who was Sir Oswald Mosley?". BBC News}} At one of his New Party meetings in [[Leicester]] in April 1935, he said, "For the first time I openly and publicly challenge the Jewish interests of this country, commanding commerce, commanding the Press, commanding the cinema, dominating the City of London, killing industry with their sweat-shops. These great interests are not intimidating, and will not intimidate, the Fascist movement of the modern age."{{sfn|"Sir Oswald Mosley and the Jews – Communist Scuffle With Police". The Times}} The party was unable to fight the [[1935 United Kingdom general election|1935 general election]].{{Clarify|date=June 2025}}

[[File:Battle-of-Cable-Street-red-plaque.png|thumb|right|Plaque commemorating the [[Battle of Cable Street]]]]

In October 1936, Mosley and the BUF tried to march through an East London area with a high proportion of Jewish residents. Violence, now called the [[Battle of Cable Street]], resulted between protesters trying to block the march and police trying to force it through. Sir [[Philip Game]], the [[Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis|police commissioner]], stopped the march from proceeding and the BUF abandoned it.

Mosley continued to organise marches policed by the Blackshirts, and the government was sufficiently concerned to pass the [[Public Order Act 1936]], which came into effect on 1 January 1937 and, amongst other things, banned political uniforms and quasi-military style organisations. In the [[London County Council]] elections in 1937, the BUF stood in three wards in East London (some former New Party seats), its strongest areas, polling up to a quarter of the vote. Mosley made most of the Blackshirt employees redundant, some of whom then defected from the party with [[William Joyce]].

In October 1937 in [[Liverpool]], he was knocked unconscious by two stones thrown by crowd members after he made a fascist salute to 8,000 people from the top of a van in [[Walton, Liverpool|Walton]].{{sfn|Bona|2020}}

As the European situation moved towards war, the BUF began to nominate parliamentary by-election candidates and launched campaigns on the theme of "Mind Britain's Business". Mosley remained popular as late as summer 1939. His "Britain First" rally at the [[Earls Court Exhibition Centre|Earls Court Exhibition Hall]] on 16 July 1939 was the biggest indoor political rally in British history, with a reported 30,000 attendees.

After the outbreak of war, Mosley led the campaign for a negotiated peace, but after the [[Fall of France]] and the start of [[Strategic bombing during World War II|aerial bombardment]] during the [[Battle of Britain]] overall public opinion of him became hostile. In mid-May 1940, he was nearly wounded by an assault.{{sfn|"Disturbances at Fascist Meeting". The Times}}

=== Marriage to Diana Mitford ===
Cynthia died of [[peritonitis]] in 1933, after which Mosley married his mistress [[Diana Mosley|Diana Guinness]], ''née'' [[Mitford sisters|Mitford]] (1910–2003). They married in secret in [[Nazi Germany]] on 6 October 1936 in the Berlin home of Germany's Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda [[Joseph Goebbels]]. [[Adolf Hitler]] was their guest of honour.{{sfn|Robinson|2019}}

Mosley spent large amounts of his private fortune on the [[British Union of Fascists]] (BUF) and tried to establish it on a firm financial footing by various means including an attempt to negotiate, through Diana, with Hitler for permission to broadcast commercial radio to Britain from Germany. Mosley reportedly made a deal in 1937 with [[Francis William Beaumont|Francis Beaumont]], heir to the [[Seigneur of Sark|Seigneurage of Sark]], to set up a privately owned radio station on [[Sark]].{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Amato|2002|pp=278–279}}, quotes national archive document HO 283/11, which states that among the property seized following Mosley's arrest by the British government in 1940 was correspondence between Mosley and Beaumont dating from 1937.|group=n}}{{sfn|Barnes|Barnes|2005}}{{page needed|date=April 2025}}

=== Involvement in fascist plot ===
In 1939, [[MI5]] uncovered Mosley's ties to a fascist conspiracy initiated by [[Archibald Maule Ramsay]] and the [[Right Club]], known as the Kensington Conspiracy. The coup would have taken place after the German invasion of Britain.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Tate |first=Tim |date=2019-04-25 |title=Treason, Treachery and Pro-Nazi Activities by the British Ruling Classes During World War Two |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/99w0p17j |language=en}}</ref> Evidence indicates that he soon distanced himself from them, viewing the group and its aims as too extreme.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

== Internment ==
Mosley did not know that [[MI5]] and [[Special Branch (Metropolitan Police)|Special Branch]] had deeply penetrated the BUF and were also monitoring him through [[Covert listening device|listening devices]]. Beginning in 1934, they were increasingly worried that Mosley's noted oratory skills would convince the public to provide financial support to the BUF, enabling it to challenge the political establishment.<ref name="files">{{cite news|work=The Times|title=The Mosley Files |page=11 |date=14 November 1983 }}</ref> American journalist and writer [[John Gunther]] described Mosley in 1940 as "strikingly handsome. He is probably the best orator in England. His personal magnetism is very great".{{sfn|Gunther|1940|pp=362–364}} Mosley's agitation was officially tolerated until the events of the [[Battle of France]] in May 1940 made the government consider him too dangerous. Mosley, who at that time was focused on pleading for the British to accept Hitler's peace offer of October 1939, was detained on 23 May 1940, less than a fortnight after [[Winston Churchill]] became prime minister.{{sfn|"The meteoric rise and fall of a controversial politician". The Times}} Mosley was interrogated for 16 hours by [[Norman Birkett, 1st Baron Birkett|Lord Birkett]]<ref name="files"/> but was never formally charged with a crime, and was instead [[Internment|interned]] under [[Defence Regulation 18B]]. Most other active fascists in Britain met the same fate, resulting in the BUF's practical removal at an organised level from the United Kingdom's political stage.{{sfn|"The meteoric rise and fall of a controversial politician". The Times}} Mosley's wife, Diana, was also interned in June,{{sfn|"Lady Mosley Detained". The Times}} shortly after the birth of their son [[Max Mosley]]; the Mosleys lived together for most of the war in a house in the grounds of [[Holloway prison]]. The BUF was [[proscription|proscribed]] by the British government later that year.

Mosley used the time in confinement to read extensively in classics, particularly regarding politics and war, with a focus upon key historical figures. He refused visits from most BUF members, but on 18 March 1943, Dudley and [[Norah Elam]] (who had been released by then) accompanied [[Unity Mitford]] to see her sister Diana. Mosley agreed to be present because he mistakenly believed that it was Lady Redesdale, Diana and Unity's mother, who was accompanying Unity.{{sfn|McPherson|McPherson|2011}} The internment, particularly that of Lady Mosley, resulted in significant public debate in the press, although most of the public supported the government's actions. Others demanded a trial, either in the hope it would end the detention or in the hope of a conviction.{{sfn|"The meteoric rise and fall of a controversial politician". The Times}} During his internment he developed what would become a lifelong friendship with his fellow-prisoner [[Cahir Healy]], a Catholic [[Irish nationalist]] MP for the [[Northern Irish Parliament]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Healy, Cahir |website=Dictionary of Irish Biography |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/healy-cahir-a3890 |access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref>

In November 1943, the [[Home Secretary]], [[Herbert Morrison]], ordered the release of the Mosleys. After a fierce debate in the House of Commons, Morrison's action was upheld by a vote of 327–26.{{sfn|"The meteoric rise and fall of a controversial politician". The Times}} Mosley, who was suffering with [[phlebitis]], spent the rest of the war confined under [[house arrest]] and police supervision. On his release from prison, he first stayed with his sister-in-law [[Pamela Mitford]], followed shortly by a stay at the Shaven Crown Hotel in [[Shipton-under-Wychwood]]. He then purchased [[Crux Easton]] House, near [[Newbury, Berkshire|Newbury]], with Diana.{{sfn|Amato|2002|p=390}} He and his wife remained the subject of much press attention.{{sfn|Mosley|1991|p=503}}

==Post-war politics==
[[File:"My Life" by Oswald Mosley - front cover.jpeg|thumb|Front cover of [[My Life (Mosley autobiography)|''My Life'']]. ]]
After the [[Second World War]], Mosley was contacted by former supporters and persuaded to return to participation in politics. In 1948 he formed the [[Union Movement]], which called for a single [[nation-state]] to cover the continent of Europe (known as [[Europe a Nation]]) and in 1962 attempted to launch a [[National Party of Europe]] to this end. He had connections with the Italian [[neo-fascist]] political party, [[Italian Social Movement|Movimento Sociale Italiano]], and contributed to a weekly Roman magazine, {{lang|it|[[Asso di bastoni]]}} (Ace of Clubs, published from 1948 to 1957), which was supported by his Europe a Nation.{{sfn|Mammone|2011|p=297}} ''[[The New European]]'' has described Mosley as an "avowed Europhile".{{sfn|Meleady|2021}} The Union Movement's meetings were often physically disrupted, as Mosley's meetings had been before the war, and largely by the same opponents. This may have contributed to his decision, in 1951, to leave Britain and live in Ireland.{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Walsh|2007}}: "In 1946, through his solicitor, Mosley told officials in Dublin that he was interested in settling in Ireland. [[De Valera]] was consulted and Mosley's solicitor was summoned to the Department of Justice to be told that 'the time was perhaps not opportune for him to take up permanent residence and that he might delay his decision for some time until international tempers were quieter'. Five years later with the hostility he encountered in Britain showing no sign of abating, Mosley moved to Ireland."|group=n}} He responded to criticism of his abandoning his supporters in a hostile Britain for a life abroad by saying, "You don't clear up a dungheap from underneath it."{{sfn|Guinness|Guinness|1985|p=540}} In the 1950s, Mosley advocated that Africa be divided into black and white areas,{{#tag:ref|{{harvnb|Skidelsky|1975|p=486}}: "In April 1948, he endorsed a plan by [[Oswald Pirow]], a former South African cabinet minister and founder in 1940 of a pro-Nazi New Order, for dividing Africa into black and white areas."|group=n}} but the [[Decolonisation of Africa|decolonisation]] of the 1960s put an end to this proposal.{{sfn|Rees|1990}}{{page needed|date=August 2024}}

Mosley was a pioneer in the emergence of [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust-denial]]. While not denying the existence of [[Nazi concentration camps]], he claimed that they were a necessity to hold "a considerable disaffected population", where problems were caused by lack of supplies due to "incessant bombing" by the Allies, with bodies burned in [[gas chamber]]s due to [[typhus]] outbreaks, rather than being created by the Nazis to exterminate people. He sought to discredit pictures taken in places like [[Buchenwald concentration camp|Buchenwald]] and [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp|Belsen]]. He also claimed that [[the Holocaust]] was to be blamed on the Jews and that [[Adolf Hitler]] knew nothing about it. He criticised the [[Nuremberg trials]] as "a zoo and a peep show".{{sfn|Philpot|2021}}

In the wake of the [[1958 Notting Hill race riots]], Mosley briefly returned to Britain to stand in the [[1959 United Kingdom general election|1959 general election]] at [[Kensington North (UK Parliament constituency)|Kensington North]]. He led his campaign stridently on an [[anti-immigration]] platform, calling for forced [[repatriation]] of Caribbean immigrants as well as a [[Anti-miscegenation laws|prohibition upon mixed marriages]]. Mosley's final share of the vote, within the Kensington North constituency, was just 8.1%.{{sfn|Barberis|McHugh|Tyldesley|2005|p=194}} Shortly after his failed election campaign, Mosley permanently moved to [[Orsay]], outside Paris.

In 1961, he took part in a debate at [[University College London]] about [[Commonwealth Immigration Act 1968|Commonwealth immigration]], seconded by a young [[David Irving]].<ref>"Mosley Packs Them In", [[Pi Magazine|''Pi Newspaper'']], 2 February 1961.</ref> He returned to politics one last time, contesting the [[1966 United Kingdom general election|1966 general election]] at [[Shoreditch and Finsbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Shoreditch and Finsbury]], and received 4.6% of the vote.{{sfn|Barberis|McHugh|Tyldesley|2005|p=194}} After this, he retired and moved back to France,{{sfn|Barberis|McHugh|Tyldesley|2005|p=194}} where he wrote his autobiography, ''[[My Life (Oswald Mosley autobiography)|My Life]]'' (1968). In 1968, he remarked in a letter to ''The Times'', "I am not, and never have been, a man of the right. My position was on the left and is now in the centre of politics."<ref>{{Cite news|date= 26 April 1968|title= Letters|page= 11|work= The Times}}</ref>

In 1977, Mosley was nominated as a candidate for [[Rector of the University of Glasgow]].{{sfn|"Mosley for Rector?". Leeds Student}} He polled over 100 votes and finished last.{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}

Mosley's political thought is believed to have influenced some early proponents of the organic farming movement in Great Britain. The agricultural writer and ruralist [[Henry Williamson]] put the theories of "blood and soil" into practice, which, in effect, acted as a demonstration farm for Mosley's ideas for the BUF. In ''The Story of a Norfolk Farm'' (1941) Williamson recounts the physical and philosophical journey he undertook in turning the farm's worn-out soil back into fertile land. The tone contained in this text is more politically overt than in his nature works. Throughout the book, Williamson makes references to regular meetings he had held with his "Leader" (Mosley) and a group of like-minded agrarian thinkers. [[Lady Eve Balfour]], a founder of the Soil Association, supported Mosley's proposals to abolish Church of England [[tithe]]s on agricultural land (Mosley's blackshirts "protected" a number of East Anglian farms in the 1930s from the bailiffs authorised to extract payments to the Church).{{sfn|Negus|2022}} [[Jorian Jenks]], another early member of the Soil Association, was active within the Blackshirts and served as Mosley's agricultural adviser.<ref>{{Cite web |title= On the Dark Side of the Land |url= https://www.resurgence.org/magazine/article4916-on-the-dark-side-of-the-land.html |access-date= 2022-09-13 |website=Resurgence}}</ref>{{sfn|Andrew|2017}}{{sfn|Coupland|2016}}{{page needed|date=April 2025}}

== Personal life ==
[[File:Diana-Mitford-later-Lady-Mosley1.jpg|thumb|right|Diana Mitford {{circa|1932}}]]
Mosley had three children with his first wife [[Lady Cynthia Curzon]].<ref name=burke/>
* Vivien Elisabeth Mosley (1921–2002); she married Desmond Francis Forbes Adam (1926–1958) on 15 January 1949. Adam had been educated at [[Eton College]] and at [[King's College, Cambridge]]. The couple had two daughters, Cynthia and Arabella, and a son, Rupert. She was a godmother to [[Queen Camilla]].
* [[Nicholas Mosley]] (1923–2017; later 3rd [[Baron Ravensdale]], a title inherited from his mother's family), 7th Baronet of Ancoats; he was a novelist and wrote a biography of his father and edited his memoirs for publication.
* Michael Mosley (1932–2012); he was unmarried and without issue.
In 1924, Lady Cynthia joined the Labour Party, and was elected as the Labour [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]] for [[Stoke-on-Trent, Stoke (UK Parliament constituency)|Stoke-on-Trent]] in the [[1929 United Kingdom general election]].{{sfn|Thompson|2015|p=}}{{pn|date=September 2025}} She later joined Oswald's New Party and lost the 1931 election in Stoke.{{sfn|Hartley|2003|pp=325–?}}{{page needed|date=April 2025}} She died in 1933 at 34 after an operation for [[peritonitis]] following acute [[appendicitis]], in London.

Habitually unfaithful,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Hilton |first=Lisa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZI1nhO9PJAC&dq=%22cynthia+curzon%22+engaged&pg=PT226 |title=The Horror of Love: Nancy Mitford and Gaston Palewski in Paris and London |date=2011-11-10 |publisher=Orion |isbn=978-0-297-85961-1 |language=en}}</ref> Mosley would have affairs with friends of his wife as well as [[Lady Alexandra Metcalfe|Alexandra]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Courcy |first=Anne de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FODhi8aWvEIC&dq=Paula+mosley+maury&pg=PP126 |title=The Viceroy's Daughters |date=2012-12-20 |publisher=Orion |isbn=978-1-78022-574-6 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Irene Curzon, 2nd Baroness Ravensdale|Irene]] Curzon, two of Cynthia's sisters,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spence |first=Lyndsy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XjFSDQAAQBAJ&dq=alexandr+curzon+moseley+affair&pg=PT184 |title=The Mistress of Mayfair: Men, Money and the Marriage of Doris Delevingne |date=2016-11-07 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-0-7509-6965-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lovell |first=Mary S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igXGAgAAQBAJ&dq=alexandr+irenr+curzon+moseley+affair&pg=PA434 |title=The Churchills: In Love and War |date=2012-05-14 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-34225-3 |language=en}}</ref> and with their step-mother Grace Duggan. Others included the actresses [[Maxine Elliott]], [[Catherine d'Erlanger]], Margaret Montagu, [[Paula Gellibrand]],<ref name=":0" /> [[Mary Taviner]], Georgia Sitwell, the wife of the writer [[Sacheverell Sitwell]],<ref name=":1" />{{sfn|Thompson|2015|p=}}{{pn|date=September 2025}} and the socialite [[Sylvia Ashley]].{{sfn|Thompson|2015|p=}}{{pn|date=September 2025}}

Mosley had two children with his second wife, [[Diana Mitford]] (1910–2003):<ref name=burke/>
* (Oswald) Alexander Mosley (1938–2005).
* [[Max Mosley]] (1940–2021); he was president of the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] (FIA) for 16 years.  In later life, he developed [[Parkinson's disease]].{{sfn|"Who was Peaky Blinders Villain Sir Oswald Mosley?". Debrett's}}{{sfn|Rahbaran|2006|p=137}}

Since 2022 Mosley's grandson, Louis Mosley, has been head of the UK division of US tech firm [[Palantir Technologies]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-23 |title=How British tech giant Palantir is secretly changing the face of warf… |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/crime/article/military-technology-database-palantir-royal-navy-war-fn0gb9rjb |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240923031739/https://www.thetimes.com/uk/crime/article/military-technology-database-palantir-royal-navy-war-fn0gb9rjb |url-status=dead |archive-date=2024-09-23 |access-date=2025-09-06 }}</ref>

== Death and funeral ==
Mosley died on 3 December 1980 at Orsay. His body was cremated in a ceremony held at the [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]], and his ashes were scattered on the pond at Orsay. His son Alexander stated that they had received many messages of condolence but no abusive words. "All that was a very long time ago," he said.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times |title=Sir Oswald Mosley cremated in Paris |page=6 |date=9 December 1980}}</ref>

==Coat of arms==
{{Emblem table
|image=Arms of Mosley, Baronet of Ancoats.svg
|escutcheon = Sable, a chevron between three pickaxes argent.
|crest = An eagle displayed ermine.
|supporters = 
|badge = 
|motto = Mos legem regit. ''"Custom rules the law"''.{{sfn|Kidd|Williamson|2003|p=432}}}}

== Electoral record ==
{{Election box begin |
  |title=[[1966 United Kingdom general election|General election 1966]]: [[Shoreditch and Finsbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Shoreditch and Finsbury]]
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
  |party      = Labour Party (UK)
  |candidate  = [[Ronald Brown (English politician)|Ronald Brown]]
  |votes      = 17,456
  |percentage = 71.1
  |change     = +2.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
  |party      = Conservative Party (UK)
  |candidate  = [[Roger Sims]]
  |votes      = 5,957
  |percentage = 24.3
  |change     = −7.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
  |party      = Union Movement
  |candidate  = Oswald Mosley
  |votes      = 1,126
  |percentage = 4.6
  |change     = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
  |votes      = 11,499
  |percentage = 46.9
  |change     = +10.1
}}
{{Election box turnout|
  |votes      = 24,519
  |percentage = 53.5
  |change     = −2.2
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
  |winner     = Labour Party (UK)
  |swing      = +5.0
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin | title=[[1959 United Kingdom general election|General election 1959]]: [[Kensington North (UK Parliament constituency)|Kensington, North]]{{sfn|"UK General Election results October 1959". Politics Science Resources}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
  |party      = Labour Party (UK)
  |candidate  = [[George Rogers (British politician)|George Rogers]]
  |votes      = 14,925
  |percentage = 42.8
  |change     = −11.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
  |party      = Conservative Party (UK)
  |candidate  = Robert Bulbrook
  |votes      = 14,048
  |percentage = 40.2
  |change     = −5.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
  |party      = Liberal Party (UK)
  |candidate  = Michael Louis Hydleman

  |votes      = 3,118
  |percentage = 8.9
  |change     = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
  |party      = Union Movement
  |candidate  = Oswald Mosley
  |votes      = 2,821
  |percentage = 8.1
  |change     = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
  |votes      = 877
  |percentage = 2.51
  |change     = −5.3
}}
{{Election box turnout|
  |votes      = 34,912
  |percentage = 67.8
  |change     = −1.9
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
  |winner     = Labour Party (UK)
  |swing      = −2.7
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1931 United Kingdom general election|General election 1931]]: [[Stoke-on-Trent, Stoke (UK Parliament constituency)|Stoke-on-Trent]]
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party      = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate  = [[Ida Copeland]]
|votes      = 19,918
|percentage = 45.6
|change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party      = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate  = [[Ellis Smith]]
|votes      = 13,264
|percentage = 30.3
|change     =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party      = New Party (UK)
|candidate  = Oswald Mosley
|votes      = 10,534
|percentage = 24.1
|change     = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes      = 6,654
|percentage = 15.2
|change     = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes       = 43,716
|percentage  = 75.9
|change      = 
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
 |winner     = Conservative Party (UK)
 |loser      = Labour Party (UK)
 |swing      = 
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin|title=[[1929 United Kingdom general election|General election 1929]]: [[Smethwick (UK Parliament constituency)|Smethwick]]{{sfn|Craig|1983}}{{page needed|date=April 2025}}
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
 |party      = Labour Party (UK)
 |candidate  = Oswald Mosley
 |votes      = 19,550
 |percentage = 54.8
 |change     = −2.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
 |party      = Unionist Party (UK)
 |candidate  = [[Roy Wise]]
 |votes      = 12,210
 |percentage = 34.2
 |change     = +0.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
 |party      = Liberal Party (UK)
 |candidate  = Maude Egerton Marshall
 |votes      = 3,909
 |percentage = 11.0
 |change     = +1.8
}}
{{Election box majority
 |votes      = 7,340
 |percentage = 20.6
 |change     = −2.8
}}
{{Election box turnout
 |votes      = 35,669
 |percentage = 78.9
 |change     = +0.3
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
 |winner     = Labour Party (UK)
 |swing      = −1.4
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin|title=[[1926 Smethwick by-election]]{{sfn|Craig|1983}}{{page needed|date=April 2025}}
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
 |party      = Labour Party (UK)
 |candidate  = Oswald Mosley
 |votes      = 16,077
 |percentage = 57.1
 |change     = +4.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
 |party      = Unionist Party (UK)
 |candidate  = Marshall James Pike
 |votes      = 9,495
 |percentage = 33.7
 |change     = −14.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
 |party      = Liberal Party (UK)
 |candidate  = [[Edwin Bayliss]]
 |votes      = 2,600
 |percentage = 9.2
 |change     = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
 |votes      = 6,582
 |percentage = 23.4
 |change     = +18.8
}}
{{Election box turnout
 |votes      = 35,862
 |percentage = 78.6
 |change     = +0.4
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
 |winner     = Labour Party (UK)
 |swing      = −9.4
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin |
|title=[[1924 United Kingdom general election|General election 1924]]: [[Birmingham Ladywood (UK Parliament constituency)|Birmingham Ladywood]]
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party      = Unionist Party (UK)
|candidate  = [[Neville Chamberlain]]
|votes      = 13,374
|percentage = 49.1
|change     = −4.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party      = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate  = Oswald Mosley
|votes      = 13,297
|percentage = 48.9
|change     = +2.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party      = Liberal Party (UK)
|candidate  = Alfred William Bowkett
|votes      = 539
|percentage = 2.0
|change     = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes      = 77
|percentage = 0.2
|change     = −3.8
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes      = 27,200
|percentage = 80.5
|change     = +8.5
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner     = Unionist Party (UK)
|swing      = −2.0
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[1923 United Kingdom general election|General election 1923]]: [[Harrow (UK Parliament constituency)|Harrow]]{{sfn|Craig|1983}}{{page needed|date=April 2025}}
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party      = Independent (politician)
|candidate  = Oswald Mosley
|votes      = 14,079
|percentage = 59.9
|change     = −6.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party      = Unionist Party (UK)
|candidate  = Edward Hugh Frederick Morris
|votes      = 9,433
|percentage = 40.1
|change     = +6.1
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes      = 4,646
|percentage = 19.8
|change     = −12.2
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes      = 23,512
|percentage = 64.5
|change     = −0.6
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 36,475
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner     = Independent (politician)
|swing      = −6.1
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[1922 United Kingdom general election|General election 1922]]: Harrow{{sfn|Craig|1983}}{{page needed|date=April 2025}}
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party      = Independent (politician)
|candidate  = Oswald Mosley
|votes  = 15,290
|percentage  = 66.0
|change  = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party      = Unionist Party (UK)
|candidate  = [[Charles Ward-Jackson]]
|votes = 7,868
|percentage = 34.0
|change = −48.3
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes  = 7,422
|percentage  = 32.0
|change  = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes  = 23,158
|percentage  = 65.1
|change  = +14.7
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 35,592
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner     = Independent (politician)
|loser      = Unionist Party (UK)
|swing      = 
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[1918 United Kingdom general election|General election 1918]]: Harrow{{sfn|Craig|1983}}{{page needed|date=April 2025}}
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link coalition 1918|
|party =Unionist Party (UK)
|candidate =Oswald Mosley
|votes =13,959
|percentage =82.3
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Independent (politician)
|candidate = Arthur Robert Chamberlayne
|votes =3,007
|percentage =17.7
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,934
|percentage =64.6
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =16,957
|percentage = 50.4
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box registered electors|
|reg. electors = 33,651
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner     = Unionist Party (UK)
|swing      = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box end 1918}}
Chamberlayne was nominated by the non-party Harrow Electors League.

== Archive and residences ==
Mosley's personal papers are held at the [[University of Birmingham]]'s Special Collections Archive.

Mosley's ancestral family residence, [[Rolleston Hall, Staffordshire|Rolleston Hall]] in [[Staffordshire]], was demolished in 1928.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rolleston Hall – General History|url=http://www.burton-on-trent.org.uk/category/nearby/rolleston-hall/rolleston-general|website=The local history of Burton on Trent|access-date=15 October 2021|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023193120/http://www.burton-on-trent.org.uk/category/nearby/rolleston-hall/rolleston-general|url-status=live}}</ref> Mosley and his first wife, Cynthia, also lived at [[Savay Farm]], [[Denham, Buckinghamshire|Denham]].{{sfn|"Understanding Historic Parks and Gardens in Buckinghamshire". Buckinghamshire Gardens Trust}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Slough {{!}} Denham |url=http://www.visitoruk.com/Slough/denham-C592-V18229.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=VisitorUK}}</ref>{{sfn|Skinner|2011}}{{page needed|date=April 2025}} Immediately following his release in 1943, Mosley lived with his second wife, Diana, at Crux Easton, Hampshire. In 1945 he moved to Crowood Farm, located near Marlborough, Wiltshire, which he ran. In November 1945, Mosley was summoned to court for allegedly causing unnecessary suffering to pigs by failing to provide adequate feeding and accommodation for them. When the decision of the court was announced, Mosley, who had pleaded not guilty, and summoned his own defence, was responsible for an outburst. The hearing lasted for five hours and the charge was dismissed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oswald Mosley papers: Nicholas Mosley deposit |publisher=Archives Hub |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb150-omn |access-date=2022-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2020 |title=Newbury Weekly News |url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/newbury-weekly-news/20201126/282312502624417 |access-date=2022-09-13 |via=PressReader}}</ref>{{sfn|Thompson|2015}}{{page needed|date=April 2025}}

Mosley's residence in [[Fermoy]], [[County Cork]], Ireland, was Ileclash House, a [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] property that had fallen into a state of disrepair until restored by Mosley in the 1950s.{{sfnm|1a1=Browne|1y=2011|2a1=Scanlon|2y=2016|3a1=Martin|3y=2018|4a1=Nolan|4y=2020}} In the same decade, he bought and restored Clonfert Palace, also in Ireland.{{sfn|Walsh|2007}}{{sfn|Hourican|2021}}

== In popular culture ==

===Alternative history fiction===
* In the ''[[Elseworlds]]'' comic ''[[Superman: War of the Worlds]]'', Mosley becomes prime minister after the defeat of the [[Martian (War of the Worlds)|Martian]] invasion of 1938.
* In [[Terrance Dicks]]' ''[[Doctor Who]]'' [[Virgin New Adventures|New Adventures]] novel ''[[Timewyrm: Exodus]]'', Prime Minister Mosley is shown addressing Britain's first National Socialist parliament.
* In [[Kim Newman]]'s ''[[The Bloody Red Baron]]'', Mosley is shot down and killed in 1918 by Erich von Stalhein (from the [[Biggles]] series by [[W. E. Johns]]) and a character later comments that "a career has been ended before it was begun".
* In [[Philip Roth]]'s ''[[The Plot Against America]]'', a secret pact between [[Charles Lindbergh]] who has become president of the United States and Hitler includes an agreement to impose Mosley as the ruler of a German-occupied Britain with America's blessing after a ruse in which Lindbergh convinces Churchill to negotiate peace with Hitler, which deliberately fails—mirroring the dishonesty and repudiation of key Hitler-signed treaties, the [[Munich Conference]] Accord and [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]].
* In [[C. J. Sansom]]'s novel ''[[Dominion (Sansom novel)|Dominion]]'', the Second World War ends in June 1940, when the British government, under the leadership of prime minister [[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Halifax]], signs a peace treaty with Nazi Germany in Berlin. By November 1952, Mosley is the home secretary in the cabinet of [[Max Aitken, Lord Beaverbrook|Lord Beaverbrook]], who leads a coalition government consisting of the pro-treaty factions of the Conservatives and Labour as well as the BUF. The government works closely and sympathises with the Nazi regime in Germany. Under Mosley's leadership, the police have become a feared force and an "Auxiliary Police" consisting mainly of British Union of Fascists thugs that has been set up to deal with political crime.
* In [[Lavie Tidhar]]'s ''A Man Lies Dreaming'' (2014), Mosley is running for (and eventually becomes) prime minister, in a world where the [[Communist Party of Germany]], rather than the Nazis, successfully overthrew the [[Weimar Republic]] in 1933.
* Mosley appears more than once in the works of [[Harry Turtledove]].
** The ''[[Colonization (series)|Colonization trilogy]]'' sees Mosley, still an MP in 1963, spearheading an effort to pass legislation revoking the citizenship of all Jews; the plan fails in the short term.
** ''[[In the Presence of Mine Enemies]]'' (2003) empowers Mosley as British leader in a scenario in which Nazi Germany won the Second World War.
** In the ''[[Southern Victory]]'' series, Mosley is the minister of war under prime minister [[Winston Churchill]] in an authoritarian and revanchist Britain after the [[Entente powers|Entente]] lose the [[Great War (Harry Turtledove)|First Great War]]. Taking power around 1932, the Churchill/Mosley government joins the Kingdom of France and the [[Russian Empire]] in attacking the [[German Empire]] and the [[Central Powers]] in the [[Settling Accounts|Second Great War]] from 1941 to 1944 with disastrous results.
* In [[Guy Walters]]' ''The Leader'', Mosley has taken power as "The Leader" of Great Britain in 1937. [[King Edward VIII]] is still on the throne after his marriage, Winston Churchill is a prisoner on the [[Isle of Man]], and prime minister Mosley is conspiring with Adolf Hitler about the fate of Britain's Jewish population.
* In the sixth book in [[Jacqueline Winspear]]'s [[Maisie Dobbs]] series, ''Among the Mad'', Maisie's investigation takes her to a meeting of Oswald Mosley followers where violence ensues.
* In the 1944 [[World War II]] novel ''[[Kaputt (novel)|Kaputt]]'' by [[Curzio Malaparte]], Mosley appears in an important dream sequence. This happens in chapter IV of the book that is based on the writer's experiences in [[Moldavia]], just before he recounts his first hand experiences of the [[Iași pogrom]].
* In Roy Carter's alternative history novel, ''The Man Who Prevented WW2'', Mosley wins the [[1935 United Kingdom general election|1935 election]], allies Britain with the [[Axis powers]], abolishes the monarchy and declares war on Ireland and France.
* In the [[mockumentary]] ''[[It Happened Here]]'' (1964), showing a Nazi-occupied Britain in the mid-1940s, Mosley is never mentioned by name. A British fascist leader resembling him is, however, shown in "documentary" footage from the 1930s. Mosley's portrait can be seen alongside Hitler's in government offices. The film's fictional Immediate Action Organisation seems to be inspired by Mosley's British Union of Fascists, with members referred to as "blackshirts" and the symbol of the BUF appearing on their uniforms.{{sfn|Sorlin|1991|pp=65–66}}

=== Historical and modern-day fiction ===
'''Film'''
* In ''[[Darkest Hour (film)|Darkest Hour]]'' (2017), Churchill, played by [[Gary Oldman]], discusses with his Outer Cabinet the possibility of Britain becoming a slave state of Nazi Germany under Mosley if the decision is made to pursue peace talks right before his "We Shall Never Surrender" speech.<ref>{{YouTube|id=gCHCR0wZclg|title=Darkest Hour (2017) – Death Before Disarmament Scene}}</ref>
* In the film ''[[Pink Floyd – The Wall|Pink Floyd: The Wall]]'' (1982), during the "[[In the Flesh (Pink Floyd song)|In the Flesh]]" segment, the character Pink (at this stage in the story, a modern Fascist leader) is dressed in a fashion similar to that of Mosley's.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|author-link=Roger Ebert|date=24 February 2010|title=Pink Floyd: The Wall (1982)|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-pink-floyd-the-wall-1982|url-status=live|access-date=16 December 2022|website=[[RogerEbert.com]]|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113121618/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-pink-floyd-the-wall-1982|quote=I don't believe this dictator is intended as a parallel to any obvious model like Hitler or Stalin; he seems more a fantasy of Britain's own National Socialists led by Oswald Mosley.}}</ref>
* In the film ''[[The Remains of the Day (film)|The Remains of the Day]]'' (1993), the character Sir Geoffrey Wren is based loosely on Sir Oswald Mosley.

'''Literature'''
* [[Amanda K. Hale]]'s novel ''Mad Hatter'' (2019) features Mosley as her father [[James Larratt Battersby]]'s leader in the BUF.
* [[Aldous Huxley]]'s novel ''[[Point Counter Point]]'' (1928) features Everard Webley, a character who is similar to Mosley in the 1920s, before Mosley left the Labour Party.
* In [[H. G. Wells]]'s novel ''[[The Holy Terror (Wells novel)|The Holy Terror]]'' (1939), the Mosley-like character Lord Horatio Bohun is the leader of an organisation called the Popular Socialist Party. The character is principally motivated by vanity, and is removed from leadership and sent packing to Argentina.
* [[P. G. Wodehouse]]'s [[Jeeves]] short-story and novel series includes the character Sir [[Roderick Spode]] from 1938 to 1971, who is a parody of Mosley.{{sfnm|1a1=Atkin|1y=2009|1p=260|2a1=Jones|2y=2013}}

'''Music'''
* Originally, [[Elvis Costello]]'s song "[[Less than Zero (Elvis Costello song)|Less Than Zero]]" (1977) was an attack on Mosley and his politics. Listeners in the United States had assumed that the "Mr. Oswald" in the lyrics was [[Lee Harvey Oswald]], the assassin of [[John F. Kennedy]], so Costello wrote an alternative lyric to refer to him.{{sfn|Thomson|2004|pp=74, 84}}
* On Mosley's release from prison in 1943, [[Ewan MacColl]] wrote the song "The Leader's a Bleeder", set to the tune of the Irish song "[[The Old Orange Flute]]". The song suggests that Mosley had been treated relatively well in prison owing to his aristocratic background.{{sfn|Seeger|2009|pp=240–241}}

'''Periodicals'''
* In 2006, ''[[BBC History]]'' magazine selected Mosley as the 20th century's worst Briton.{{sfn|"'Worst' historical Britons list". BBC News}}

'''Television'''
* The [[Channel 4]] biographical miniseries ''[[Mosley (TV serial)|Mosley]]'' (1998) starred [[Jonathan Cake]].
* The satirical television programme ''[[Not the Nine O'Clock News]]'' lampooned the British media's favourable 1980 obituaries of Mosley in a comedic music video, "Baronet Oswald Ernald Mosley". The actors, dressed as [[Nazi punk]]s, performed a [[punk rock]] eulogy to Mosley, interweaving some of the positive remarks by newspapers from all sides of the political spectrum, including ''[[The Times]]'' and ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref>[http://www.sotcaa.net/archivereview/mosely.html ''Not The Nine O'Clock News'': "Baronet Oswald Ernald Mosley"], ''Some of the Corpses are Amusing''. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222123439/http://www.sotcaa.net/archivereview/mosely.html |date=22 December 2011 }}</ref>
* The [[BBC Cymru Wales|BBC Wales]]-produced 2010 revival of ''[[Upstairs Downstairs (2010 TV series)|Upstairs Downstairs]]'', set in 1936, included a storyline involving Mosley, the BUF and the Battle of Cable Street.
* Mosley, played by [[Sam Claflin]], is the primary antagonist in the fifth and sixth series of the BBC [[crime drama]] ''[[Peaky Blinders (TV series)|Peaky Blinders]]''.{{sfn|Adebowale|2019}}
* Mosley was played by Jonathan McGuinness in the first series of the BBC [[war drama]] ''[[World on Fire (TV series)|World on Fire]]''.
* He was portrayed by [[Joshua Sasse]] in 2025 British historical drama series ''[[Outrageous (TV series)|Outrageous]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/global/mitford-sisters-drama-outrageous-cast-nancy-diana-unity-1236047759/ |website=Variety |access-date=22 August 2024 |date=June 25, 2024 |title=Mitford Sisters Drama 'Outrageous' Casts Bessie Carter as Nancy, Joanna Vanderham as Diana |first=K. J. |last=Yossman}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[The European (1953 magazine)|The European]]''
* [[Houston Stewart Chamberlain]]

== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist|group=n}}

'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}

== Works cited ==

=== Books and journals ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
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* {{cite news |url=https://debretts.com/who-was-peaky-blinders-villain-sir-oswald-mosley |title=Who was Peaky Blinders Villain Sir Oswald Mosley? |website=[[Debrett's]] |date=27 February 2022 |access-date=25 April 2025 |ref={{sfnRef|"Who was Peaky Blinders Villain Sir Oswald Mosley?". Debrett's}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Worley |first=Matthew |title=Oswald Mosley and the New Party |year=2010 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-27652-9}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Worley |first=Matthew |date=January 2011 |orig-date=22 December 2010 |title=Why Fascism? Sir Oswald Mosley and the Conception of the British Union of Fascists |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24429007 |journal=[[History (journal)|History]] |volume=96 |issue=1 (321) |page=72 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-229X.2010.00507.x |jstor=24429007 |issn=0018-2648 |access-date=31 March 2025 |url-access=subscription }}
{{refend}}

=== News ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite news |last=Adebowale |first=Temi |date=12 October 2019 |title=The True Story of 'Peaky Blinders' Character Oswald Mosley |url=https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a29404432/oswald-mosley-peaky-blinders/ |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=Men's Health}}
* {{Cite web |last= Andrew |first= Steve |date=2017-03-15 |title=Green fascism? Bio shows surprising roots of organic farming movement |url= https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/green-fascism-bio-shows-surprising-roots-of-organic-farming-movement/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=People's World}}
* {{cite news |last1=Barker |first1=Revel |title=Darkness in the mirror |url=http://www.tribunemagazine.co.uk/2010/07/darkness-in-the-mirror/ |access-date=24 April 2025 |work=The Express Tribune |date=20 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518065941/http://www.tribunemagazine.co.uk/2010/07/darkness-in-the-mirror/ |archive-date=18 May 2015}}
* {{cite web |last=Bona |first=Emilia |title=How Liverpool ran a fascist leader out of town and showed what our city stands for |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/liverpool-versus-oswald-mosley-how-17016781 |work=Liverpool Echo |access-date=19 October 2021 |date=13 September 2020 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019074901/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/liverpool-versus-oswald-mosley-how-17016781 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last=Barling |first=Kurt |date=4 October 2011 |title=Why remember Battle of Cable Street? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-15171772 |access-date=16 May 2018}}
* {{Cite news |last=Browne |first=Bill |date=5 May 2011 |title=Fascist Oswald Mosley's house in Fermoy up for sale |url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/corkman/news/fascist-oswald-mosleys-house-in-fermoy-up-for-sale-27084408.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029180715/https://www.independent.ie/regionals/corkman/news/fascist-oswald-mosleys-house-in-fermoy-up-for-sale-27084408.html |archive-date=29 October 2021 |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=The Irish Independent}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/last-reunion-for-war-heroes-who-came-home-to-fight-the-fascists-1628953.html |title=Last reunion for war heroes who came home to fight the fascists |first=Mark |last=Gould |date=22 February 2009 |newspaper=The Independent |access-date=7 September 2017 |archive-date=29 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729092713/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/last-reunion-for-war-heroes-who-came-home-to-fight-the-fascists-1628953.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |first=Chris |last=Horrie |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/revealed-the-fascist-past-of-the-daily-mirror-735366.html |title=Revealed: the fascist past of the Daily Mirror |newspaper=The Independent |date=11 November 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405235125/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/revealed-the-fascist-past-of-the-daily-mirror-735366.html |archive-date=5 April 2008}}
* {{cite news |last=Dowd |first=Maureen |author-link=Maureen Dowd |date=11 June 2000 |title=Tea With Hitler |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/00/06/11/reviews/000611.11dowdlt.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323024634/http://www.nytimes.com/books/00/06/11/reviews/000611.11dowdlt.html |archive-date=23 March 2016 |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}
* {{Cite news |last=Hourican |first=Emily |date=18 July 2021 |title=How the Mitford sisters' flight from fascism took them to Ireland |url=https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/how-the-mitford-sisters-flight-from-fascism-took-them-to-ireland-40664408.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029173706/https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/how-the-mitford-sisters-flight-from-fascism-took-them-to-ireland-40664408.html |archive-date=29 October 2021 |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=The Irish Independent}}
* {{cite news |last= Jones |first= Charlotte |title= The Code of Woosters, by PG Wodehouse: Splendid, Jeeves! |url= https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2013/dec/20/the-code-of-woosters-pg-wodehouse-comfort-reading |date= 20 December 2013 |newspaper= [[The Guardian]] |location= London |access-date= 17 October 2016 |archive-date= 19 October 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161019024344/https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2013/dec/20/the-code-of-woosters-pg-wodehouse-comfort-reading |url-status= live}}
* {{cite news |last1=Mance |first1=Henry |title=John Major looked to fascist Oswald Mosley for ideas on economy |url=https://www.ft.com/content/e1bede02-8c0d-11e8-b18d-0181731a0340 |access-date=25 April 2025 |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=23 July 2018}}
* {{Cite news |last=Martin |first=Rose |date=28 April 2018 |title=House of the week: Perfectly restored, pristine period house in Fermoy |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/property/arid-30839696.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029170844/https://www.irishexaminer.com/property/arid-30839696.html |archive-date=29 October 2021 |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=Irish Examiner}}
* {{Cite web |last=Meleady |first=Sean |date=4 November 2021 |title=Britain's post-war fascist pro-Europeans |url=https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/oswald-mosley-british-fascist-and-pro-european/ |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=[[The New European]]}}
* {{Cite news |last=Negus |first=Richard |date=2022-07-27 |title=Blood and soil: the Greens' fascist roots |url=https://thecritic.co.uk/issues/august-september-2022/blood-and-soil-the-greens-fascist-roots/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |work=The Critic}}
* {{Cite news |last=Nolan |first=Amy |date=30 January 2020 |title=Take a look at this incredible Cork mansion on the market for €2.75m |url=https://www.echolive.ie/corknews/arid-40136312.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021073652/https://www.echolive.ie/corknews/arid-40136312.html |archive-date=21 October 2021 |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=Echo Live}}
* {{Cite news |last=Philpot |first=Robert |date=15 September 2018 |title=The true history behind London's much-lauded anti-fascist Battle of Cable Street |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-true-history-behind-londons-much-lauded-anti-fascist-battle-of-cable-street/ |access-date=2021-02-04 |work=Times of Israel}}
* {{cite news |last=Philpot |first=Robert |date=20 March 2021 |title=Holocaust denial was already taking root in Britain during WWII, says UK author |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/holocaust-denial-was-already-taking-root-in-britain-during-wwii-says-uk-author/ |work=Times of Israel |access-date=10 July 2021 |archive-date=10 July 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210710222636/https://www.timesofisrael.com/holocaust-denial-was-already-taking-root-in-britain-during-wwii-says-uk-author/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |last=Robinson |first=Abby |title=Peaky Blinders' Oswald Mosley – the real story behind Tommy Shelby's new foe |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a28826917/peaky-blinders-oswald-mosley/ |website=Digital Spy |date=27 August 2019 |publisher=Hearst UK Entertainment |access-date=11 December 2019 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211102450/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a28826917/peaky-blinders-oswald-mosley/ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite news |last=Scanlon |first=Eoin |date=21 April 2016 |title=€3.5 million Ileclash House for sale along River Blackwater |url=https://avondhupress.ie/e3-5-million-ileclash-house-sale-along-river-blackwater/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024195521/https://avondhupress.ie/e3-5-million-ileclash-house-sale-along-river-blackwater/ |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=The Avondhu}}
* {{cite news |title=The meteoric rise and fall of a controversial politician |work=[[The Times]] |issue=66377 |date=December 5, 1998 |location=London |page=36[S] |ref={{sfnRef|"The meteoric rise and fall of a controversial politician". The Times}}}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-49405924|title=Who was Sir Oswald Mosley?|website=[[BBC News]]|date=26 August 2019|access-date=22 June 2020|archive-date=4 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904012611/https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-49405924|url-status=live |ref={{sfnRef|"Who was Sir Oswald Mosley?". BBC News}}}}
* {{cite news |title='Worst' historical Britons list |work=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4561624.stm |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527125203/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4561624.stm |url-status=live |ref={{sfnRef|"'Worst' historical Britons list". BBC News}}}}
{{refend}}

=== Websites and others ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite web |last1=Morris M. |title=Oswald Mosley: Hitler's Man in Britain |url=https://biographics.org/oswald-mosley-hitlers-man-in-britain/ |website=Biographics |access-date=25 April 2025 |date=16 June 2023}}
* {{Cite web |date=13 April 2012 |title=Ten things you didn't know about Mr Keynes |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/ten-things-you-didn-t-know-about-mr-keynes-6926087.html |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=[[Evening Standard]] |ref={{sfnRef|"Ten things you didn't know about Mr Keynes". Evening Standard}}}}
* {{Cite web |title=UK General Election results October 1959 |url=http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge59/i12.htm |url-status=dead |website=Politics Science Resources |access-date=24 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811154032/http://www.politicsresources.net/area/uk/ge59/i12.htm |archive-date=11 August 2011 |ref={{sfnRef|"UK General Election results October 1959". Politics Science Resources}}}}
* {{cite web |title=Understanding Historic Parks and Gardens in Buckinghamshire |url=https://bucksgardenstrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Savay_Farm_Denham.pdf |publisher=Buckinghamshire Gardens Trust |access-date=24 April 2025 |date=16 March 2017 |ref={{sfnRef|"Understanding Historic Parks and Gardens in Buckinghamshire". Buckinghamshire Gardens Trust}}}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Farndale |title=Haw-Haw: The Tragedy of William and Margaret Joyce |publisher=Macmillan |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-333-98992-0 |first=Nigel |author-link=Nigel Farndale}}
* Gottlieb, Julie V. (2000). Feminine Fascism: Women in Britain's Fascist Movement 1923–1945. London: I.B. Tauris.
* {{cite book |last=Pugh |first=Martin |title=Hurrah for the Blackshirts!: Fascists and Fascism in Britain between the Wars |publisher=[[Random House]] |date=2005 |isbn=0-224-06439-8}}
* {{cite news |title=The Problem of Mosley: Why a Fascist Failed |last=Skidelsky |first=Robert |work=[[Encounter (magazine)|Encounter]] |year=1969 |volume=33 |number=192 |pages=77–88}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Oswald Mosley}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
* [http://www.oswaldmosley.com/ Friends of Oswald Mosley] at oswaldmosley.com, containing archives of his speeches and books
* {{IMDb name|0608846}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/012540}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/search/site/oswald%20mosley?f|title=Mosley and the BUF|website=Exploring 20th Century London|access-date=15 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113010545/http://www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/search/site/oswald%20mosley?f|archive-date=13 January 2017|url-status=dead}}
* {{Hansard-contribs|mr-oswald-mosley|Oswald Mosley }}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/history/fascist-leader-sir-oswald-mosley-660973 |title=Hull Race Riot|year=1936|work=Hull Daily Mail}} (last accessible, 23 October 2017)
* {{cite web |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATLN=6&CATID=7988806&SearchInit=4&CATREF=MEPO+2%2F10978 |title=Metropolitan Police records of the BUF incident at Olympia, 1934 |website=[[British National Archives]]}}
* {{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2518271.stm |work=BBC News|title= MI5 surveillance of Mosley}}
* {{ youTube|id=F3mE-2audvM|title= Oswald Mosley on the Frost Programme, 1967}}
* {{ youTube|id=HNhF28fzN9I|title= Sir Oswald Mosley Interview on Thames Television, 1975}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-par|uk}}
{{S-bef |before=[[Sir Harry Mallaby-Deeley, 1st Baronet|Harry Deeley]]}}
{{S-ttl |title=Member of Parliament for [[Harrow (UK Parliament constituency)|Harrow]]
 |years=[[1918 United Kingdom general election|1918]]–[[1924 United Kingdom general election|1924]]}}
{{S-aft |after=[[Isidore Salmon]]}}
{{S-bef |before=[[John Davison (politician)|John Davison]]}}
{{S-ttl |title=Member of Parliament for [[Smethwick (UK Parliament constituency)|Smethwick]]
 |years=1926–[[1931 United Kingdom general election|1931]]}}
{{S-aft |after=[[Roy Wise]]}}

{{S-off}}
{{S-bef |before=[[Ronald McNeill, 1st Baron Cushendun|The Lord Cushendun]]}}
{{S-ttl |title=[[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]] |years=1929–1930}}
{{S-aft |after=[[Clement Attlee]]}}

{{S-reg|gb-bt}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Sir Oswald Mosley, 5th Baronet|Oswald Mosley]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Mosley baronets|Baronet]]|creation=of Ancoats|years=1928–1980}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Nicholas Mosley]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Oswald Mosley}}
{{Pan-European nationalism}}
{{UK far right}}
{{Fascism}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mosley, Oswald}}
[[Category:Oswald Mosley| ]]
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