View source for Oracle Corporation

{{Short description|American multinational computer corporation}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2015}} 
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Oracle Corporation
| logo = [[File:Oracle logo.svg|frameless|upright=1.15|class=skin-invert]]
| logo_caption = Company logo
| former_name = {{plainlist|
* Software Development Laboratories (1977–1979)
* Relational Software, Inc. (1979–1983)
* Oracle Systems Corporation (1983–1995)
}}
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{unbulleted list|{{NYSE|ORCL}}|[[S&P 100]] component|[[S&P 500]] component}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|US68389X1054}}
| predecessor = 
| industry = {{ubl|[[Enterprise software]]|[[Business software]]|[[Cloud computing]]|[[Computer hardware]]|[[Consulting]] }}
| founders = {{ubl|[[Larry Ellison]]|[[Bob Miner]]|[[Ed Oates]]<ref name="founders" />}}
| founded = {{Start date and age|1977|06|16}}, in [[Santa Clara, California]], United States<ref name="incorporation">[http://www.oracle.com/corporate/investor_relations/faq.html Oracle, FAQ]; [http://www.orafaq.com/faqora.htm#WHO orafaq.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116210119/http://www.orafaq.com/faqora.htm#WHO |date=January 16, 2008 }}.</ref>
| location_city = [[Austin, Texas]]
| location_country = United States<br />{{Coord|30.2428699|-97.7216941|region:US-TX_type:landmark_scale:10000|format=dms|display=title,inline}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Larry Ellison]] ([[executive chairman]] & [[Chief technology officer|CTO]])|[[Safra Catz]] ([[vice chair|executive vice chair]])|[[Clay Magouyrk]]|[[Mike Sicilia]] (co-[[Chief executive officer|CEO]]s)}}
| products = {{hlist| [[Oracle Applications]] | [[Oracle Database]] | [[Oracle Cloud Enterprise Resource Planning|Oracle ERP]] | [[Oracle Cloud]] | [[Oracle Enterprise Manager|Enterprise Manager]] | [[Oracle Fusion Middleware|Fusion Middleware]] | ('''[[#Products and services|Full list]]''')}}
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{USD|57.40&nbsp;billion|link=yes}} (2025)
| operating_income = {{Increase}} {{USD|17.68&nbsp;billion}} (2025)
| net_income = {{Increase}} {{USD|12.44&nbsp;billion}} (2025)
| assets = {{Increase}} {{USD|168.4&nbsp;billion}} (2025)
| equity = {{Increase}} {{USD|20.97&nbsp;billion}} (2025)
| owner = Larry Ellison (42.7%)<ref name="toc162163_22">{{cite web |title=Oracle Corporation §Security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management |website=Securities and Exchange Commission |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000119312521282422/d162163ddef14a.htm#toc162163_22}}</ref>
| num_employees = {{circa|162,000}} (2025)
| subsid = [[List of acquisitions by Oracle|List of Oracle subsidiaries]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.oracle.com/|oracle.com}}
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|05|31|lc=y|df=US}}.<ref name="10K">{{cite web |date=2025-06-18 |title=Oracle Corporation 10-K for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2025 |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001341439/000095017025087926/orcl-20250531.htm |publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]}}</ref>
}}

'''Oracle Corporation''' is an American [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[technology company]] headquartered in [[Austin, Texas]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bursztynsky |first=Jessica |date=2020-12-11 |title=Oracle is moving its headquarters from Silicon Valley to Austin, Texas |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/11/oracle-is-moving-its-headquarters-from-silicon-valley-to-austin-texas.html |access-date=2020-12-12 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Co-founded in 1977 in [[Santa Clara, California]], by [[Larry Ellison]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forbes Real Time Billionaires List - The World's Richest People |url=https://www.forbes.com/real-time-billionaires/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-20 |title=Bloomberg Billionaires Index |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> and its [[Chair (officer)|executive chairman]], Oracle is among the [[List of public corporations by market capitalization|20 largest companies in the world]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Companies ranked by Market Cap - CompaniesMarketCap.com |url=https://companiesmarketcap.com/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=companiesmarketcap.com |language=en-US}}</ref> by [[Market capitalization|market cap]], and ranked 66th<ref>{{Cite web |last=SCHIFRIN" |first="ANDREA MURPHY"," MATT |title=Forbes' 2025 Global 2000 List - The World's Largest Companies Ranked |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> on the [[Forbes Global 2000|''Forbes Global 2000'']] as of 2025. 

The company sells [[Database|database software]] (particularly the [[Oracle Database]]), and [[cloud computing]] software and hardware. Oracle's core application software is a suite of [[enterprise software]] products, including [[enterprise resource planning]] (ERP), [[human capital management]] (HCM), [[customer relationship management]] (CRM), [[enterprise performance management]] (EPM), Customer Experience Commerce (CX Commerce) and [[supply chain management]] (SCM) software.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vickers |first=Marques |title=The Architectural Elevation of Technology: A Photo Survey of 75 Silicon Valley Headquarters |publisher=Marquis Publishing |year=2016 |page=97}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|List of acquisitions by Oracle}}[[File:Larry Elllison on stage.jpg|thumbnail|[[Larry Ellison]], executive chairman and co-founder of Oracle]]
[[File:Oracle Headquarters Redwood Shores.jpg|thumb|Oracle Corporation's former headquarters in [[Redwood Shores, California]]]]
[[File:USA 17 at Oracle Corporation Headquarters - July 2019 (8327).jpg|thumb|USA 17 at Oracle Corporation Headquarters]]
[[File:Oracle Campus in Austin 2018.jpg|thumb|Picture of the Oracle Austin Riverside Campus in 2018]]
[[Larry Ellison]], [[Bob Miner]], and [[Ed Oates]] co-founded Oracle in 1977 in Santa Clara, California, as '''Software Development Laboratories''' ('''SDL''').<ref name="founders">{{Cite news |last=Bort |first=Julie |date=September 18, 2014 |title=Where Are They Now? Look What Happened to the Co-founders of Oracle |work=[[Business Insider]] |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/whatever-happened-to-oracles-founders-in-this-iconic-photo-2012-8 |access-date=March 29, 2018}}</ref><ref name="rdbmsearlyyearsoh20070612">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Burton Grad |title=RDBMS Plenary 1: Early Years |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102702562-05-01-acc.pdf |pages=33 |access-date=2025-05-30 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-12}}</ref> Beginning as consultants with a background in large-scale memory after a project for [[Ampex]],{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} Ellison took inspiration<ref>{{cite web |date=May 2007 |title=Oracle's 30th Anniversary |url=http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/profit/p27anniv-timeline-151918.pdf |access-date=July 16, 2010 |website=Profit |publisher=Oracle Corporation |page=26}}</ref> from the 1970 paper written by [[Edgar F. Codd]] on relational database management systems ([[Relational database management system|RDBMS]]) named "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Codd |first=E. F. |year=1970 |title=A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks |journal=[[Communications of the ACM]] |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=377–387 |doi=10.1145/362384.362685 |s2cid=207549016 |df=mdy-all|doi-access=free }}</ref> He heard about the [[IBM System R]] database<ref name="rdbmsoracle20070612">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Luanne Johnson |title=RDBMS Workshop: Oracle |type=PDF |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102746581 |access-date=2025-06-01 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-12}}</ref> from an article in the ''IBM Research Journal'' provided by Oates. Ellison wanted to make Oracle's product compatible with System R, but failed to do so as IBM kept the error codes for their DBMS a secret. SDL changed its name to '''Relational Software, Inc''' ('''RSI''') in 1979,<ref name="niemiec">{{Cite book |last=Niemiec |first=Richard |title=Oracle9i Performance Tuning Tips & Techniques |publisher=McGraw-Hill/Osborne |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-07-222473-3 |location=New York}}</ref> then again to '''Oracle Systems Corporation''' in 1983,<ref>{{cite web |title=Oracle Corporation - Oracle FAQ |url=https://www.orafaq.com/wiki/Oracle_Corporation |access-date=2020-03-07 |website=www.orafaq.com}}</ref> to align itself more closely with its flagship product [[Oracle Database]]. The name also drew from the codename of a 1977 project for the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], Oracle's first customer;<ref>{{cite web |title=Larry Ellison's Oracle Started As a CIA Project |url=https://gizmodo.com/larry-ellisons-oracle-started-as-a-cia-project-1636592238 |access-date=2021-12-03 |website=gizmodo.com/|date=September 19, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Schofield |first1=Jack |last2=Brockes |first2=Emma |date=28 April 2000 |title=Welcome to Larryland |url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,215072,00.html |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=The Guardian}}</ref>{{r|rdbmsearlyyearsoh20070612}} the company received permission to use the code name for the new product.{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} (According to Oracle executive Mike Humphries, Miner told him that the new company had the choice of the CIA database project or another offer to develop a compiler for the [[PDP-4]], and the founders flipped a coin to decide.)<ref name="rdbmsfinancing20070612">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Luanne Johnson |title=RDBMS Workshop: Financing |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102702564-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2025-05-30 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-12}}</ref>

Miner served as a senior programmer, and Oates also worked in development. The three founders decided that Ellison was the worst programmer so he became the salesman. Understanding both customers and technology, Ellison designed [[database table]]s that he used to demonstrate the power of [[SQL]] to customers.{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} By February 1983 the ''[[Rosen Electronics Letter]]'' said that Oracle was "the most comprehensive offering we've seen" among databases, with good marketing and a substantial installed base encouraging developers to write software for it. The newsletter said that revenue in fiscal 1983 would be about $8 million and would double in 1984.<ref name="rosen19830222">{{Cite news |date=1983-02-22 |title=DBMS and the workstation: Oracle gets close |url=https://cdn.oreillystatic.com/radar/r1/02-83.pdf |access-date=2025-06-05 |work=[[The Rosen Electronics Letter]] |pages=3–5}}</ref> On March 12, 1986, the company had its [[initial public offering]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Investor Relations |work=investor.oracle.com |url=http://investor.oracle.com/overview/investor-faq/default.aspx |access-date=August 10, 2017}}</ref> In 1989, Oracle moved its world headquarters to the [[Redwood Shores, California|Redwood Shores]] neighborhood of [[Redwood City, California]], though its [https://www.ksha.com/projects/oracle/ campus]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-14 |title=ORACLE HEADQUARTERS - KSH Architects |url=https://www.ksha.com/projects/oracle/ |access-date=2025-07-31 |language=en}}</ref> was not completed until 1995.<ref name="Cerny_Page_164">{{cite book |last1=Cerny |first1=Susan Dinkelspiel |title=An Architectural Guidebook to San Francisco and the Bay Area |date=2007 |publisher=Gibbs Smith |location=Salt Lake City |isbn=978-1-58685-432-4 |page=164 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FkVQx6MWa8MC&pg=PA164 |access-date=February 13, 2023}}</ref> The company hired so many from top universities that Humphries compared it to "[[Cargill]] buying crops". Some new employees worked as receptionists or distributed coffee until more suitable positions became available.{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}}

Oracle in the late 1980s began selling [[enterprise software]] running on the database, starting with [[financial software]], then manufacturing. Many at Oracle wanted to discontinue applications; the first several versions were weak, they competed with the company's [[independent software vendor]]s and [[value-added reseller]] partners, and applications were never profitable for Oracle until after 2000. Selling them (and acquiring vendors such as [[JD Edwards]] and [[PeopleSoft]], the latter being the second [[hostile takeover]] in the history of software) nonetheless allowed Oracle to compete with [[SAP]]; by the mid-2000s it was the world's largest enterprise software vendor. The company's Ken Jacobs later said:{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}}

{{quote|It created a strategic footprint in our customers. It gave us a whole stack, a credible stack. And we could now sell at a higher point into the companies, into the board room. And, our large customers wanted to consider us a strategic partner, rather than just a vendor of technology. So, it has, actually, had a big impact on the way our sales force could sell.}}

In 1995, Oracle Systems Corporation changed its name to '''Oracle Corporation''',<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Oracle Systems Corporation Renamed 'Oracle Corporation' |date=June 1, 1995 |publisher=Oracle Corporation |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/ORACLE+SYSTEMS+CORPORATION+RENAMED+%27ORACLE+CORPORATION%27-a016988727 |access-date=April 17, 2015 |archive-date=March 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315125902/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/ORACLE+SYSTEMS+CORPORATION+RENAMED+%27ORACLE+CORPORATION%27-a016988727 }}</ref> officially named Oracle, but is sometimes referred to as Oracle Corporation, the name of the holding company.<ref>[http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/investor-relations/faq/index.html Frequently Asked Questions | Investor Relations]. Oracle. Retrieved July 14, 2013.</ref>

Oracle acquired the following technology companies:

# PeopleSoft (2005), an [[Enterprise resource planning|ERP]] company
# Siebel (2006), a [[Customer relationship management|CRM]] company
# [[BEA Systems]] (2008), an enterprise infrastructure software company
# [[Sun Microsystems]] (2010), a computer hardware and software company (noted for its [[Java (programming language)|Java programming language]]).

On July 15, 2013, Oracle transferred its stock listing from [[Nasdaq]] to the [[New York Stock Exchange]]. At the time, it was the largest-ever U.S. market transfer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCrank |first=John |date=June 20, 2013 |title=Oracle to move listing to Big Board from Nasdaq in coup for NYSE |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oracle-nyse/oracle-to-move-listing-to-big-board-from-nasdaq-in-coup-for-nyse-idINBRE95J19O20130620 |access-date=February 9, 2023 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

In an effort to compete with [[Amazon Web Services]] and its products, Oracle announced in 2019 it was partnering with former rival [[Microsoft]]. The alliance claimed that [[Oracle Cloud]] and [[Microsoft Azure]] would be directly connected, allowing customers of each to store data on both [[cloud computing]] platforms and run software on either Oracle or Azure. Some saw this not only as an attempt to compete with Amazon but also with [[Google]] and [[Salesforce]], which acquired [[Looker (company)|Looker]] and [[Tableau Software]], respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duffy |first=Clare |date=2019-06-13 |title=Why rivals Microsoft and Oracle are teaming up to take on Amazon {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/13/tech/microsoft-oracle-amazon-cloud/index.html |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, Oracle opened a new office in southeast Austin, Texas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle opens new Austin office with space for up to 10,000 employees {{!}} Built In Austin |url=https://www.builtinaustin.com/articles/oracle-new-austin-office |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Built In |language=en}}</ref> In December 2020, Oracle announced that it was moving its world headquarters from Redwood Shores to Austin, Texas.<ref name="Li">{{cite news |last1=Li |first1=Roland |title=Oracle to move headquarters from California to Austin, in latest loss for Silicon Valley |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Oracle-to-move-headquarters-from-Redwood-City-to-15795539.php |access-date=February 13, 2023 |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=December 11, 2020}}</ref>

In December 2021, Oracle announced the acquisition of [[Cerner]], a [[health information technology]] company.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=20 December 2021 |title=Oracle takes a big move toward health with a deal to buy Cerner for $28.3 billion. |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/20/technology/oracle-cerner-health-records.html |url-access=limited |access-date=22 December 2021 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/20/technology/oracle-cerner-health-records.html |archive-date=2021-12-28}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The acquisition of Cerner was completed on June 8, 2022, for US$28.3 billion in cash.<ref>{{cite web |last=Headlee |first=Peyton |date=2022-06-07 |title=Oracle finalizes deal to buy Cerner for $28.3 billion |url=https://www.kmbc.com/article/oracle-finalizes-deal-buy-cerner-28-billion/40219678 |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=KMBC |language=en}}</ref> Also in  December 2021, Oracle announced the acquisition of Federos, an [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) and automation tools company for network performance.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 2021 |title=Oracle buys Federos. |url=https://www.oracle.com/corporate/acquisitions/federos/ |access-date=21 December 2021 |work=Oracle Corporation}}</ref>

In February 2023, the company announced it was going to invest $1.5 billion into the [[Saudi Arabia|Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]], including opening a data centre in the country's capital, [[Riyadh]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Supantha |last2=Yaakoubi |first2=Aziz El |date=2023-02-06 |title=Oracle to invest $1.5 billion in Saudi Arabia, open data centre in Riyadh |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/oracle-invest-15-bln-saudi-arabia-open-data-centre-riyadh-2023-02-06/ |access-date=2023-02-06}}</ref>

In April 2024, Oracle announced it was moving its world headquarters from Austin to a new complex in [[Nashville, Tennessee]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-24 |title=Oracle's Larry Ellison says planned Nashville campus will be company's 'world headquarters' |url=https://apnews.com/article/oracle-larry-ellison-nashville-headquarters-health-care-cf74172176f6c90210e8ac96e1ff6f52 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> No timeframe was given.

In June 2024, Oracle announced a $1 billion investment in Spain to enhance artificial intelligence and cloud computing. This investment will create a new cloud region in Madrid in partnership with [[Telefónica]]. The goal is to help Spanish businesses and the public sector with digital transformation and to meet [[Regulation (European Union)|European Union regulations]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-06 |title=Oracle to invest over $1 bln on AI, cloud computing in Spain|language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/oracle-invest-over-1-bln-ai-cloud-computing-spain-2024-06-20/ |access-date=2024-06-21}}</ref>

In January 2025, President [[Donald Trump]] announced [[Stargate LLC|Stargate]], a joint venture by Oracle, [[OpenAI]], [[SoftBank Group|SoftBank]] and investment firm [[MGX (company)|MGX]] to invest $500 billion over four years in artificial intelligence infrastructure in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Jennifer |date=2025-01-22 |title=Trump announces up to $500 billion in private sector AI infrastructure investment - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-announces-private-sector-ai-infrastructure-investment/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Products and services==


=== Databases ===
* Oracle Database - The company's first and, through at least the year 2000, only profitable product.{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}}
** Release 10: In 2004, Oracle Corporation shipped release 10''g'' (''g'' standing for "grid") as the then latest version of [[Oracle Database]]. ([[Oracle Application Server]] 10''g'' using [[Java EE]] integrated with the server part of that version of the database, making it possible to deploy [[World Wide Web|web]]-technology applications. The application server was the first [[three-tier (computing)|middle-tier]] software designed for [[grid computing]]. The interrelationship between [[Grid computing|Oracle]] 10''g'' and [[Java (programming language)|Java]] allowed developers to set up [[stored procedure]]s written in the Java language, as well as, those written in the traditional Oracle database programming language, [[PL/SQL]].){{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}
** Release 11: Release 11g became available in 2007. Oracle Corporation released Oracle Database 11g Release 2 in September 2009. This version was available in four commercial editions—Enterprise Edition, Standard Edition, Standard Edition One, and Personal Edition—and in one free edition—the Express Edition. The licensing of these editions shows various restrictions and obligations that were called complex by licensing expert Freirich Florea.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 60 Licensing Pitfalls For Oracle Databases And Oracle Technology Products |url=http://omtco.eu/references/oracle/top-60-licensing-pitfalls-for-oracle-databases-and-oracle-technology-products/ |access-date=April 21, 2013 |publisher=OMT-CO Operations Management Technology Consulting GmbH}}</ref> The Enterprise Edition (DB EE), the most expensive of the Database Editions, has the fewest restrictions—but nevertheless has complex licensing. Oracle Corporation constrains the Standard Edition (DB SE) and Standard Edition One (SE1) with more licensing restrictions, in accordance with their lower price.
** Release 12: Release 12''c'' (''c'' standing for "cloud") became available on July 1, 2013.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Oracle Announces General Availability of Oracle Database 12c, the First Database Designed for the Cloud |date=July 1, 2013 |publisher=Oracle Corporation |url=http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/1967380 |access-date=July 1, 2013}}</ref>

Oracle Corporation has acquired and developed the following additional database technologies:
* [[Berkeley DB]], which offers [[embedded database]] processing
* [[Oracle Rdb]], a relational database system running on [[OpenVMS]] platforms. Oracle acquired Rdb in 1994 from [[Digital Equipment Corporation]]. Oracle has since made many enhancements to this product and development continues {{as of|2008| lc = on}}.
* [[TimesTen]], which features in-memory database operations
* [[Essbase|Oracle Essbase]], which continues the [[Hyperion Solutions|Hyperion]] Essbase tradition of [[multidimensional database|multi-dimensional database]] management
* [[MySQL]], a relational database management system licensed under the [[GNU General Public License]], initially developed by [[MySQL AB]]
* [[Oracle NoSQL Database]], a scalable, distributed key-value [[NoSQL]] database<ref>{{cite web |last=Taft |first=Darryl K |date=October 18, 2011 |title=Oracle to Boost Data Management With Endeca Buy |url=http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Enterprise-Applications/Oracle-to-Boost-Data-Management-With-Endeca-Buy-517167/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122150710/http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Enterprise-Applications/Oracle-to-Boost-Data-Management-With-Endeca-Buy-517167/ |archive-date=January 22, 2013 |access-date=November 3, 2011 |website=[[eWeek]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |quote=Oracle also announced the Oracle NoSQL Database, a distributed, highly scalable, key-value database. }}</ref>

=== <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Middleware</span> ===
{{Main|Oracle Fusion Middleware}}
Oracle Fusion Middleware is a family of [[middleware]] software products, including (for instance) [[application server]], [[system integration]], [[business process management]] (BPM), user interaction, [[content management]], [[identity management]] and [[business intelligence]] (BI) products.

==== Oracle Secure Enterprise Search ====
Oracle Secure Enterprise Search (SES), Oracle's [[enterprise search|enterprise-search]] offering, gives users the ability to search for content across multiple locations, including websites, [[XML]] files, file servers, [[content management systems]], enterprise resource planning systems, [[customer relationship management]] systems, [[business intelligence]] systems, and databases.

==== Oracle Beehive ====
{{Main|Oracle Beehive}}

Released in 2008, the [[Oracle Beehive]] [[collaboration software]] provides [[team]] workspaces (including [[wiki]]s, team calendaring and file sharing), email, calendar, instant messaging, and conferencing on a single platform. Customers can use Beehive as licensed software or as [[software as a service]] ("SaaS").<ref>{{cite web |last=Lai |first=Eric |date=May 4, 2009 |title=Oracle aims at Microsoft with upgraded Beehive collaboration |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9132500&intsrc=news_ts_head |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302144543/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic |archive-date=March 2, 2007 |access-date=May 15, 2009 |website=[[Computerworld]] |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

=== Applications ===
[[Oracle Applications]], software sold by Oracle based on its own database, first appeared in the late 1980s.{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} Following a number of acquisitions beginning in 2003, especially in the area of applications, Oracle Corporation {{as of|2008|lc=on}} maintains a number of product lines:

* [[Oracle E-Business Suite]]
* [[PeopleSoft|PeopleSoft Enterprise]]
** PeopleSoft EnterpriseOne (Later renamed, JD Edwards EnterpriseOne)
** PeopleSoft World (Later renamed, JD Edwards World)
* [[Siebel Systems|Siebel]]
* [[JD Edwards]]
* Merchandise Operations Management (Formerly Retek)
* Planning & Optimisation 
* Store Operations (Formerly 360Commerce)

Development of applications commonly takes place in Java (using [[Oracle JDeveloper]]) or through PL/SQL (using, for example, [[Oracle Forms]] and Oracle Reports/BIPublisher).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Working with Extensions to Oracle Enterprise Scheduler - 11g Release 7 (11.1.7) |url=https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E36909_01/fusionapps.1111/e15524/soa_ess.htm |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=docs.oracle.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Help center |first=Oracle |title=Application Development |url=https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/appdev.111/b28415/ch_websrvtier.htm |website=Oracle}}</ref> Oracle Corporation has started<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle SQL Developer Data Modeler User's Guide |url=https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/sql-developer-data-modeler/18.2/dmdug/data-modeler-concepts-usage.html |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Oracle Help Center |language=en-us}}</ref> a drive toward "wizard"-driven environments with a view to enabling non-programmers to produce simple data-driven applications.

==== Third-party applications ====
Oracle Corporation works with "Oracle Certified Partners" to enhance its overall product marketing. The variety of applications from third-party vendors includes [[database]] applications for archiving, splitting and control, [[Enterprise resource planning|ERP]] and [[Customer relationship management|CRM]] systems, as well as more niche and focused products providing a range of commercial functions in areas like [[human resources]], financial control and [[governance, risk management, and compliance]] (GRC). Vendors include [[Hewlett-Packard]], Creoal Consulting, UC4 Software,<ref>{{cite web |title=uc4.html |url=http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/topics/modernization/uc4-084231.html |access-date=2018-05-11 |website=www.oracle.com}}</ref> [[Motus, LLC|Motus]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Motus Integration - Motus - Oracle Cloud Marketplace |url=https://cloud.oracle.com/marketplace/listing/4569590?_afrLoop=25814755102234761&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=null |access-date=February 2, 2017 |website=cloud.oracle.com/marketplace |language=en-US}}</ref> and Knoa Software.<ref>{{cite web |title=Knoa Experience and Performance Manager (EPM) for Oracle Siebel CRM |url=https://solutions.oracle.com/scwar/sc/Solution/SCSP-HBYOJOJN.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018025937/https://solutions.oracle.com/scwar/sc/Solution/SCSP-HBYOJOJN.html |archive-date=October 18, 2013 |publisher=Oracle Corporation}}</ref>

=== Enterprise management ===
{{Main|Oracle Enterprise Manager}}

Oracle Enterprise Manager (OEM) provides web-based monitoring and management tools for Oracle products (and for some third-party software), including database management, middleware management, application management, hardware and virtualization management and cloud management.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jackson |first=Joab |date=July 2, 2013 |title=Oracle Enterprise Manager 12c gears up for the private cloud |url=http://www.infoworld.com/d/applications/oracle-enterprise-manager-12c-gears-the-private-cloud-221976 |access-date=March 12, 2014 |website=[[InfoWorld]]}}</ref>

The [[Primavera (software)|Primavera]] products of Oracle's Construction & Engineering Global Business Unit (CEGBU) consist of [[project management|project-management]] software.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Paul Eastwood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ep50AO-B06oC |title=Project Planning and Scheduling Using Primavera P6: For All Industries Including Version 4 to 7; Planning and Progressing Project Schedules with and Without Roles and Resources in an Established Enterprise Environment |date=2010 |publisher=Eastwood Harris Pty Ltd |isbn=978-1-921059-34-6 |pages=2–1 |quote=Primavera is an Enterprise Project Management software package that enables many projects to be managed in one database. |access-date=April 29, 2015}}</ref>

=== Development software ===
Oracle Corporation's tools for developing applications include (among others):

* [[Oracle Designer]] – a [[computer-aided software engineering|CASE]] tool which integrates with Oracle Developer Suite
* [[Oracle Developer Suite|Oracle Developer]] – which consists of [[Oracle Forms]], [[Oracle Discoverer]] and [[Oracle Reports]]
* [[Oracle JDeveloper]], a [[freeware]] [[integrated development environment|IDE]]
* [[NetBeans]], a Java-based software-development platform
* [[Oracle APEX]] – [[low-code]] platform for web-oriented development
* [[Oracle SQL Developer]], an [[integrated development environment]] for working with SQL-based databases
* Oracle SQL*Plus Worksheet, a component of Oracle Enterprise Manager (OEM)
* [[OEPE]], Oracle Enterprise Pack for [[Eclipse (software)|Eclipse]]
* [[Open Java Development Kit]]
* Oracle Developer Studio – a software generation system for the development of C, C++, Fortran, and Java software
* Oracle Visual Builder Studio
Many external and third-party tools make the Oracle [[database administrator]]'s tasks easier.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Concepts for Database Administrators - 11g Release 2 (11.2) |url=https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E25054_01/server.1111/e25789/cncptdba.htm |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=docs.oracle.com}}</ref>

=== File systems ===
* [[ZFS]] combines [[file-system]] and [[logical volume management]] functionality.
* [[BtrFS]] "B-tree File-System" is meant to be an improvement over the existing [[Linux]] [[ext4]] filesystem, and offer features approaching those of [[ZFS]].

=== Operating systems ===
Oracle Corporation develops and supports two operating systems: [[Oracle Solaris]] and [[Oracle Linux]].

===Hardware===
[[File:OracleExadataExalogic.JPG|thumb|Oracle Exadata and Exalogic]]
* The Sun hardware range acquired by Oracle Corporation's purchase of [[Sun Microsystems]]
* [[Oracle SPARC T-series servers]] and M-series [[Mainframe computer|mainframes]] developed and released after Sun acquisition
* Engineered systems: pre-engineered and pre-assembled hardware/software bundles for enterprise use
** [[Oracle Exadata|Exadata Database Machine]] – hardware/software integrated storage<ref>{{cite web |last=Grancher |first=Eric |date=May 15, 2009 |title=Oracle and storage IOs, explanations and experience at CERN |url=http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1177416/files/CHEP2009-28-24.pdf?version=2 |access-date=January 17, 2010 |website=CERN-IT-Note-2009-005 |publisher=CERN |location=Geneva |page=4 |format=PDF |quote=The Oracle Exadata storage server version 1 is a solution developed by Oracle and HP in which part of the processing, normally performed by the database instance, is performed at the storage system level.}}</ref>
** [[Oracle Exalogic|Exalogic Elastic Cloud]] – hardware/software integrated application server
** Exalytics In-Memory Machine – hardware/software integrated in-memory analytics server<ref>{{Cite news |last=King |first=Rachel |date=July 15, 2013 |title=Oracle Exalytics in-memory machine updated to analyze larger data sets |work=ZDNet |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/oracle-exalytics-in-memory-machine-updated-to-analyze-larger-data-sets/ |access-date=March 12, 2014}}</ref>
** Oracle Database Appliance<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayan |first=Jaikumar |date=September 22, 2011 |title=New Oracle database appliance aims at small, mid-size firms: Analysts don't expect Database Appliance to cannibalize Oracle's Exadata enterprise offering |work=Computerworld |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9220217/New_Oracle_database_appliance_aims_at_small_mid_size_firms |access-date=January 8, 2012 |quote=The tightly integrated hardware, software and storage bundle features Oracle Database11g Release 2 and Real Application Clusters software running on a 2-node, 24-processor core, Sun Fire server cluster hardware.}}</ref>
** [[Oracle Big Data Appliance|Big Data Appliance]] – integrated map-reduce/[[big data]] solution<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Oracle Unveils the Oracle Big Data Appliance |date=October 3, 2011 |publisher=Oracle Corporation |url=http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/512001 |access-date=April 17, 2015}}</ref>
** SPARC SuperCluster T4-4 – a general purpose engineered system<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Oracle Unveils the World's Fastest General Purpose Engineered System - the SPARC SuperCluster T4-4 |date=September 26, 2011 |publisher=Oracle Corporation |url=http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/497229 |access-date=February 18, 2012}}</ref>

===Services===

====Oracle Cloud====
[[Oracle Cloud]] is a [[cloud computing]] service offered by Oracle Corporation providing servers, storage, network, applications and services through a global network of Oracle Corporation managed [[data center]]s. The company allows these services to be [[provisioning (IT)|provisioned]] on demand over the [[Internet]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saygili |first=Okcan Yasin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83UpDwAAQBAJ&q=oracle%20cloud&pg=PA1 |title=Oracle IaaS: Quick Reference Guide to Cloud Solutions |publisher=Apress |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4842-2832-6 |language=en}}</ref>

Oracle Cloud provides [[Infrastructure as a service|Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)]], [[Platform as a service|Platform as a Service (PaaS)]], [[Software as a service|Software as a Service (SaaS)]] and [[Data as a service|Data as a Service (DaaS)]]. These services are used to build, deploy, integrate and extend applications in the cloud. This platform supports [[open standard]]s ([[SQL]], [[HTML5]], [[Representational state transfer|REST]], etc.) open-source solutions ([[Kubernetes]], [[Apache Hadoop|Hadoop]], [[Apache Kafka|Kafka]], etc.) and a variety of [[programming language]]s, [[database]]s, tools and [[Software framework|frameworks]] including Oracle-specific, [[free software|free]] and [[Third-party software component|third-party software]] and systems.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Safonov |first=Vladimir O. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1918CwAAQBAJ&q=oracle+cloud+paas&pg=PA59 |title=Trustworthy Cloud Computing |date=2016 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-11351-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Software as a Service]] (SaaS)<ref name="oracle_cloud">{{cite web |title=Enterprise Cloud Computing SaaS, PaaS, IaaS |url=https://cloud.oracle.com/home |access-date=December 18, 2014 |publisher=Oracle}}</ref>
** Enterprise applications: [[Supply chain management|SCM]], [[Enterprise performance management|EPM]], [[Oracle HCM Cloud|HCM]], [[Oracle Enterprise Resource Planning Cloud|ERP]] and [[Oracle Advertising and Customer Experience (CX)|CX]] SaaS offerings<ref>{{cite web |title=Oracle Applications Cloud |url=http://www.oracle.com/us/solutions/cloud/cloud-applications/index.html |access-date=March 13, 2014 |publisher=Oracle}}</ref>
**Oracle sells a [[SaaS]] suite of [[Oracle Fusion Applications]] [[business application]]s.
**On July 28, 2016, Oracle bought [[NetSuite]], the first cloud company, for $9.3 billion.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Cao |first1=Jing |last2=Womack |first2=Brian |date=July 29, 2016 |title=Oracle Purchase of NetSuite Will Help It Vie With Cloud Rivals |publisher=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-28/oracle-buys-netsuite-in-deal-valued-at-about-9-3-billion}}</ref> NetSuite provides cloud ERP, CRM, supply chain and e-commerce software to small and medium-sized businesses. It is regarded as the first fully cloud company in the world and is an industry leader in its own right.
* [[Platform as a Service]] (PaaS)<ref name="oracle_cloud" />
** Oracle has branded its Platform as a Service as [[Oracle Cloud Platform]]. Oracle Cloud Platform include Data Management, Application Development, Integration, Content and Experience, Business Analytics, Management and Security.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Di Martino |first1=Beniamino |title=Cloud Portability and Interoperability: Issues and Current Trends |last2=Cretella |first2=Giuseppina |last3=Esposito |first3=Antonio |date=2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-13701-8 |series=SpringerBriefs in Computer Science |page=68 |chapter=4.3 Oracle PaaS |quote=The Oracle cloud platform [...] is a portfolio of products that can be used to build applications to publish as services on both private and public clouds. The platform is based on the Oracle Grid technologies, as well as on applications that include WebLogic Server, Coherence in-memory datagrid, and JRockit JVM. In terms of infrastructure, the platform is based on the Oracle IaaS offer that contains Oracle Solaris, Oracle Enterprise linux, and Oracle VM for virtualization, Sun SPARC and Storage. |access-date=September 20, 2016 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpmiBwAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Platform as a Service {{!}} Oracle Cloud |url=https://cloud.oracle.com/en_US/paas |access-date=2017-11-15 |website=cloud.oracle.com |language=en}}</ref> 
** Platform services on which to build and deploy applications or extend SaaS applications: database, Java application server, mobile, business analytics, integration, process, big data, [[Internet of Things]], [[Node.js]] etc.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 22, 2015 |title=Oracle (ORCL) Announces New Cloud Platform Additions |url=http://www.streetinsider.com/Corporate+News/Oracle+(ORCL)+Announces+New+Cloud+Platform+Additions/10670192.html |access-date=April 15, 2016 |website=Street Insider |language=en |quote=With more than 24 new cloud services, the Oracle Cloud Platform extends Oracle's leadership with the world's broadest and deepest portfolio of SaaS, PaaS and IaaS. Newly available Oracle Cloud services include, Oracle Database Cloud – Exadata, Oracle Archive Storage Cloud, Oracle Big Data Cloud, Oracle Integration Cloud, Oracle Mobile Cloud, and Oracle Process Cloud.}}</ref>
* Data as a Service (DaaS)
** Oracle Data Cloud is composed of several acquisitions including [[AddThis]], [[BlueKai]], Crosswise, [[Datalogix]], Grapeshot, and Moat.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oracle Data Cloud |url=https://www.oracle.com/data-cloud/}}</ref>
* [[Infrastructure as a Service]] (IaaS)<ref name="oracle_cloud" /> 
** Oracle IaaS, branded as Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI), offerings include the following services.<ref>{{cite web |title=Infrastructure as a Service {{!}} Oracle Cloud |url=https://cloud.oracle.com/en_US/iaas |access-date=2017-11-16 |website=cloud.oracle.com |language=en}}</ref>
*** Compute Service
*** Storage Service
*** Network Service

On May 16, 2018, Oracle announced that it had acquired DataScience.com, a privately held cloud workspace platform for data science projects and workloads.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-05-16 |title=Oracle acquires machine learning platform Datascience.com |language=en-US |work=VentureBeat |url=https://venturebeat.com/2018/05/16/oracle-acquires-machine-learning-platform-datascience-com/ |access-date=2018-05-24}}</ref>

In 2022 Oracle shared a $9 billion contract from the [[United States Department of Defense]] for cloud computing with Amazon, Google, and Microsoft.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Farrell |first1=Maureen |title=Pentagon Divides Big Cloud-Computing Deal Among 4 Firms |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/07/business/pentagon-cloud-contracts-jwcc.html |work=The New York Times |date=7 December 2022}}</ref>

====Other services====
* Oracle Consulting – technical and business expert services
* Oracle Financing 
* Oracle Marketing & Support 
** Product support: Oracle Corporation identifies its customers and their support entitlements using CSI (Customer Support Identifier) codes.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 1, 2008 |title=Global Customer Support Security Practices |url=http://www.oracle.com/support/collateral/customer-support-security-practices.pdf |access-date=August 25, 2008 |publisher=Oracle Corporation |page=1 |quote=Your registration on MetaLink uses a unique Customer Support Identifier (CSI) linked to your Support contract.}}</ref> Registered customers can submit [[Service request management|Service Requests]] (SRs)<ref>{{cite web |date=April 1, 2008 |title=Global Customer Support Security Practices |url=http://www.oracle.com/support/collateral/customer-support-security-practices.pdf |access-date=August 25, 2008 |publisher=Oracle Corporation |page=1 |quote=GCS is a global operation, with Service Request (SR) management based on global competencies}}</ref>—usually via the web-accessible My Oracle Support<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Oracle Introduces Next-generation Customer Support Platform: My Oracle Support |date=September 22, 2008 |publisher=Oracle Corporation |location=California |url=http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/017506_EN.doc |quote=My Oracle Support integrates Oracle's [...] support portal, Oracle MetaLink, with its [...] configuration management platform, Oracle Software Configuration Manager, to deliver [..] support capabilities |access-date=September 25, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002200418/http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/017506_EN.doc |archive-date=October 2, 2008}}</ref> (MOS),<ref>
{{Cite book |last1=Prusinski |first1=Ben |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH3vrKvDSOMC |title=Expert Oracle GoldenGate |last2=Phillips |first2=Steve |last3=Chung |first3=Richard |publisher=Apress |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4302-3566-8 |series=Apresspod Series |pages=111–112 |quote=You can verify the [...] supported [...] platforms [...] by logging into the My Oracle Support (MOS) site online at <code>http://support.oracle.com</code> [...] |access-date=July 24, 2012}}
</ref> a re-incarnation of Oracle Metalink<ref>Compare:
{{Cite book |last=Jeffries |first=John P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTdECgAAQBAJ |title=Oracle GoldenGate 12c Implementer's Guide |publisher=Packt Publishing Ltd |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-78398-077-2 |edition=2 |location=Birmingham |publication-date=2015 |page=22 |quote=The full comprehensive list of all the certified platforms and databases is available at the My Oracle Support website: support.oracle.com (formerly Metalink). |access-date=August 24, 2017}}</ref> with web access administered by a site Customer User Administrator (CUA).<ref>{{cite web |year=2017 |title=My Oracle Support Help, Release 15.3 |url=https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E25290_01/doc.60/e25224/registration.htm |access-date=August 24, 2017 |website=docs.oracle.com |publisher=Oracle |quote=My Oracle Support customer user accounts are managed by individuals within your organization in the role of Customer User Administrator (CUA).}}</ref>
** Critical Patch Updates: since 2005 Oracle Corporation has grouped collections of [[patch (computing)|patch]]es and security fixes for its products each quarter into a "Critical Patch Update" (CPU), released each January, April, July and October.<ref>{{cite web |title=Critical Patch Updates and Security Alerts |url=http://www.oracle.com/technology/deploy/security/alerts.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028105653/http://www.oracle.com/technology/deploy/security/alerts.htm |archive-date=October 28, 2006 |publisher=Oracle Corporation}}</ref>
** Oracle Configuration Manager (OCM, previously Customer Configuration repository or CCR) gathers and uploads details of the configuration of Oracle software.<ref>{{cite web |last=Douglas |first=Williams |display-authors=etal |date=November 2010 |title=Oracle Real Application Clusters Installation Guide, 11g Release 2 (11.2) for Linux and UNIX |url=http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E11882_01/install.112/e17214.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116235136/http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E11882_01/install.112/e17214.pdf |archive-date=November 16, 2010 |access-date=November 22, 2010 |publisher=Oracle Corporation |page=xxi |quote=Oracle Configuration Manager: This feature [...] was previously named Customer Configuration repository (CCR). It is an optional component for database and client installations. Oracle Configuration Manager gathers and stores details relating to the configuration of the software stored in database Oracle home directories. |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
** Oracle Auto Service Request (ASR) automatically creates Service Requests for specific hardware faults on qualified Oracle server, storage, [[Oracle Exadata]], and [[Oracle Exalogic]] products.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 2011 |title=Oracle Auto Service Request for Sun Systems |url=http://oracle.com/asr |publisher=Oracle Corporation |quote=Oracle Auto Service Request for Sun Systems.}}</ref>
** My Oracle Support Community (MOSC)<ref>{{cite web |title=Themes – Oracle Community |url=https://community.oracle.com/select-theme!input.jspa |url-access=registration |access-date=August 10, 2014 |publisher=Oracle Corporation |quote=My Oracle Support Community (MOSC)}}</ref>
* Oracle University (training in Oracle products)<ref>{{cite web |title=Oracle University |url=http://education.oracle.com |publisher=Oracle Corporation}}</ref>
** [[Oracle Certification Program]]
* NetSuite Social Impact program assists nonprofits with moving operations to the cloud.  In October 2018, Oracle announced the expansion of the program to include product donation, pro bono expansion and online community building.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Oracle NetSuite Expands Pro Bono Tech Help |language=en-US |work=The NonProfit Times |url=http://www.thenonprofittimes.com/technology/oracle-netsuite-expands-pro-bono-tech-help/ |access-date=2018-10-26}}</ref> 
* As of September 13, 2020, Oracle acquired a trade deal with the [[ByteDance]] owned social video platform [[TikTok]]. This was the result of an executive order issued by U.S. president [[Donald Trump]] stating that TikTok must be sold to a U.S. company by September 15, 2020. The exact nature of the agreement is still unknown, but it implies that Oracle will become TikTok's technology partner and assume responsibility for the company's U.S. user data. The agreement is still pending approval from regulatory government bodies.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Echo Wang |author2=Greg Roumeliotis |date=2020-09-14 |title=ByteDance drops TikTok's U.S. sale, to partner with Oracle - sources |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-china-bytedance-tiktok-oracle-idUKKBN265002 |access-date=2020-09-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Brian Fung and Rob McLean |title=TikTok will partner with Oracle in the United States after Microsoft loses bid |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/13/tech/microsoft-tiktok-bytedance/index.html |access-date=2020-09-14 |website=CNN}}</ref> As of April 2025, TikTok continues to operate in the US under Chinese ownership and multiple US companies, including Oracle, expressed interest in acquiring 50% ownership.<ref>{{cite web| url =
https://techcrunch.com/2025/04/03/what-to-know-about-tiktoks-uncertain-future-in-the-us-and-the-people-who-want-to-buy-it/ | title = What to know about TikTok's uncertain future in the US and the people who want to buy it | publisher = Tech Crunch | date = 3 April 2025 | author = Lauren Forristal}}</ref>

==Marketing==

===Sales practices===
In 1990, Oracle laid off 10% (about 400 people) of its work force because of accounting errors.<ref name="zdnet200620" /> This crisis came about because of Oracle's "up-front" marketing strategy, in which sales people urged potential customers to buy the largest possible amount of software all at once. The sales people then booked the value of future license sales in the current quarter, thereby increasing their bonuses.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Abelson |first=Ree |date=June 23, 1996 |title=Truth or Consequences? Hardly |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/23/business/truth-or-consequences-hardly.html}}</ref> This became a problem when the future sales subsequently failed to materialize. Oracle eventually had to restate its earnings twice, and also settled (out of court) [[class action|class-action]] lawsuits arising from its having overstated its earnings. Ellison stated in 1992 that Oracle had made "an incredible business mistake".<ref name="zdnet200620">[http://www.zdnetasia.com/news/software/0,39044164,39048963,00.htm Oracle cuts rewards for last-minute deals ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219065933/http://www.zdnetasia.com/news/software/0,39044164,39048963,00.htm |date=December 19, 2008 }} Gilbert, Alorie (June 20, 2002). ''CNET News.com'' via zdnetasia.com</ref>

Humphries described the cause—"building for years"—as a combination of technical problems that benefited rivals, and the sales force using [[side letter]]s and other improper tactics to meet the company's longstanding goal of doubling revenue each year. Ellison hired ("bring in adults", Jerry Held said) new executives [[Jeff Henley]] and [[Raymond J. Lane]], who helped the company recover from what Ken Jacobs later described as a "near death experience", in which Oracle required an investment from a Japanese steel company to meet payroll.{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}}

===Competition===
The relational database industry was unusually concentrated. Besides being headquartered near each other in the [[San Francisco Bay area]], database technology experts attended the same universities and served on the same standards committees (with [[Jim Gray (computer scientist)|Jim Gray]] serving as neutral arbiter as companies tried to get competing proposals enacted).<ref name="rdbmsgrowingandselling20070613">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Luanne Johnson |title=RDBMS Workshop: Growing and Selling |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102702567-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2025-05-30 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-13}}</ref> Sales and marketing people were both fierce rivals and often moved between the companies, even as engineers socialized with each other. The smaller, later-founded database vendors viewed Oracle as their top enemy<ref name="rdbmsingressybase20070613">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Doug Jerger |title=RDBMS Workshop: Ingres and Sybase |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102702565-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2025-05-30 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-13}}</ref>—the "[[evil empire]]", said Bob MacDonald of [[Informix Software]]— while Humphries described his company as "the [[Klingons]] of" the bay.{{r|rdbmsgrowingandselling20070613}}

Held later described his company's philosophy as "it's not good enough for Oracle to win. It was important for somebody else to lose". [[Ingres (database)|Ingres]] was its first major competitor; Oracle's strategy of focusing on one opponent at a time—even publicly complimenting other rivals "to take the pressure off", Held said—while effective, caused it to neglect [[Sybase]] as a threat. Conversely, when Sybase had technical problems "it was: how do you put every ounce of product marketing, sales effort and focus on that".{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} [[IBM]]'s endorsement of SQL in [[IBM Db2|Db2]] in the early 1980s benefited Oracle and forced rivals like Ingres and [[Informix Corporation]] to adopt SQL to compete.<ref name="morgenthaler20051208">{{Cite interview |last=Morgenthaler |first=Gary |interviewer=Luann Johnson |title=Oral History of Gary Morgenthaler |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Morgenthaler_Gary/Morgenthaler_Gary_1.oral_history.2005.102658005.pdf |access-date=2025-05-30 |format=PDF |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2005-12-08 |page=18}}</ref>{{r|rdbmsinformix20070612}} Oracle acknowledged IBM as the standard while emphasizing its own superiority, touting "total IBM SQL compatibility" while IBM's software ran "''only on IBM mainframes''".<ref name="oracle19850520">{{Cite magazine |date=1985-05-20 |title=Oracle announces portable version of IBM SQL/DS and DB2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygHfUXZWXlcC&pg=PA47 |access-date=2025-06-07 |magazine=Computerworld |page=47 |type=Advertisement |volume=XIX |issue=20}}</ref> By the mid-1980s the company described its database as "the last DBMS", bragging that Oracle now had larger database revenue than [[dBASE]] maker [[Ashton-Tate]],<ref name="oracle19880118">{{Cite magazine |date=18 January 1988 |title= The Last DBMS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA92637 |access-date=2025-05-25 |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |page=9 |volume=10 |issue=3}}</ref> and stating that Microsoft, Ashton-Tate, and Sybase's planned [[Microsoft SQL Server]] "jumped on Oracle's SQL bandwagon".<ref name="mace19880118">{{Cite magazine |last=Mace |first=Scott |date=18 January 1988 |title= Ashton-Tate, Microsoft Join Forces To Introduce SQL Database Server|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1 |access-date=2025-05-25 |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |pages=1,8 |volume=10 |issue=3}}</ref>

MacDonald credited Oracle with "being marketing oriented before any of the competitors ... pushing the envelope on selling the future way ahead of the rest of us".{{r|rdbmsinformix20070612}} Stu Schuster of Sybase said "Larry taught us a lot about marketing". While other database companies' brochures emphasized technical features, Oracle advertisements showed an Oracle jet fighter shooting down an Ashton-Tate biplane.{{r|oracle19880118}}<ref name="rdbmsfinancing20070612"/>{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} dBASE, IBM, and Db2 were among the many competitors Oracle marketing criticized by name.{{r|oracle19850520}} Conversely, another Oracle ad quoted Microsoft's [[Bill Gates]], Sun's [[Scott McNealy]], Hewlett-Packard's [[John A. Young]], and [[Apple Computer]]'s [[John Sculley]] as agreeing with Ellison on Oracle's database breakthroughs.<ref name="oracle19920615">{{Cite magazine |date=1992-06-15 |title=What Have Bill Gates, Scott McNealy, John Sculley, John Young And Larry Ellison Agreed To Cooperate On? |url=https://archive.org/details/computerworld2624unse/page/7/mode/1up?view=theater |access-date=2025-06-27 |magazine=Computerworld |pages=7,9 |volume=XXVI |issue=24}}</ref> Larry Rowe of Ingres said "you could never come up with a strategy to beat Oracle because whatever you said today, two days later Ellison was saying it with more marketing dollars".{{r|rdbmsingressybase20070613}} Jacobs said, by contrast:{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}}

{{quote|It really surprises me when people say Oracle's a great marketing machine because by definition, if you think a company has great marketing, they don't. If you think they have great technology then they do have a great marketing machine. Larry's belief has fundamentally always been that marketing isn't critical; he's famous for saying, "If you're not building the product and you're not selling it, tell me what it is you do." Because those are the things that he felt were important. So marketing has never been a focus.}}

The "benchmark wars" began in the early 1980s;{{r|rdbmsingressybase20070613}} [[Roger Sippl]] of Informix said that when his company's product beat Oracle on 27 of 30 [[benchmark (computing)|benchmark]]s, advertisements titled "Oracle wins again!" appeared citing the three it won,<ref name="rdbmsinformix20070612">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Luanne Johnson |title=RDBMS Workshop: Informix |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102702566-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2025-05-30 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-12}}</ref> and Ellison allegedly called Dave DeWitt at the [[University of Wisconsin]] after he developed a benchmark unfavorable to Oracle, threatening to get the professor fired.{{r|rdbmsingressybase20070613}} Schuster and Held recalled "a not very pleasant environment because it was so directly competitive". They and Sippl described "a vicious cycle" of companies battling each other over, for example, whose [[distributed database]] had the best [[two-phase commit]]:{{r|rdbmslateryears20070612}}{{r|rdbmsinformix20070612}}{{r|rdbmsfinancing20070612}}

{{quote|The ads weren't to let me show you how my product helps you solve your business problem, Mr. Customer. It's let me tell you how much better I am than the guy down the street to the point of taking out billboards.}}

Even IBM participated in the "billboard wars".{{r|rdbmsfinancing20070612}} By 1995 Oracle had 44% of the $2.4 billion relational database market; Sybase had 17% and Informix had 16%. By 1996 Informix, after acquiring [[Illustra]], became Oracle's most important rival.<ref name="clark19961202">{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Don |date=1996-12-02 |title=Informix Revamps Databases With Approach to Multimedia |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB849485211357681000 |access-date=2025-05-31 |work=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> The intense war between Informix CEO Phil White and Ellison made front-page news in [[Silicon Valley]] for three years. Informix claimed that Oracle had hired away Informix engineers to disclose important trade secrets about an upcoming product. Informix finally dropped its lawsuit against Oracle in 1997.<ref>{{cite web |last=Galante |first=Suzanne |date=June 9, 1997 |title=Informix drops Oracle lawsuit |url=http://news.cnet.com/Informix-drops-Oracle-lawsuit/2100-1023_3-200353.html |website=CNET}}</ref> Held said{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}}

{{quote|And, in one year, we kind of turned the focus from Sybase to Informix, and basically they never knew what hit them. It was such a concerted effort. I mean, it was amazing how you could get product management, marketing, and sales focused. We had a thing, "Where in the world is Phil White," because Phil White was their best sales person. If he went into an account, one of our best guys was in right after them to make sure that they didn't win that business. It was such amazingly focused effort. And within 12 months, Informix was basically on the floor.}}

In November 2005, a book detailing the war between Oracle and Informix was published, titled ''The Real Story of Informix Software and Phil White''. It gave a detailed chronology of the battle of Informix against Oracle, and how Informix Software's CEO Phil White landed in jail because of his obsession with overtaking Ellison.

After what Held described as "the period of time where some of the wheels came off, first at Ingres then at Sybase, and then at Informix", Oracle was the only substantial independent database vendor until Microsoft SQL Server became widespread in the late 1990s<ref name="rdbmslateryears20070612">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Burton Grad |title=RDBMS Plenary Session: The Later Years |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102701921-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2025-05-30 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-12}}</ref> and IBM acquired Informix Software in 2001 (to complement its Db2 database). {{As of|2008|alt= Today}} Oracle competes for new database licenses on UNIX, GNU, and Windows operating systems primarily against IBM's Db2 and Microsoft SQL Server. IBM's Db2 {{As of|2008|alt= still}} dominates the mainframe database market.

In 2004, Oracle's sales grew at a rate of 14.5% to $6.2&nbsp;billion, giving it 41.3% and the top share of the relational-database market (''InformationWeek'' – March 2005), with market share estimated at up to 44.6% in 2005 by some sources.<ref name="Oracle.com">{{cite web |date=September 7, 2010 |title=Infrastructure &#124; Oracle Analyst Reports |url=http://www.oracle.com/corporate/analyst/reports/infrastructure/dbms/idc-201692.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031164300/http://www.oracle.com/corporate/analyst/reports/infrastructure/dbms/idc-201692.pdf |archive-date=October 31, 2008 |access-date=July 7, 2011 |publisher=Oracle.com}}</ref>
Oracle Corporation's main competitors in the database arena remain IBM Db2 and Microsoft SQL Server, and to a lesser extent Sybase and [[Teradata]],{{r|rdbmslateryears20070612}}<ref name="Oracle.com" /> with [[free software|free]] databases such as [[PostgreSQL]] and [[MySQL]] also having a significant<ref>[http://db-engines.com/en/ranking DB-Engines Ranking - popularity ranking of database management systems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221093447/https://db-engines.com/en/ranking |date=February 21, 2020 }}. Db-engines. Retrieved July 14, 2013.</ref> share of the market. [[EnterpriseDB]], based on PostgreSQL, has {{As of|2008|alt= recently}} made inroads<ref>{{cite web |last=Lai |first=Eric |date=November 20, 2006 |title=Vonage places call for EnterpriseDB database |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&taxonomyName=networking&articleId=9005227&taxonomyId=16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527080045/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&taxonomyName=networking&articleId=9005227&taxonomyId=16 |archive-date=May 27, 2007 |website=Computerworld |df=mdy-all}}</ref> by proclaiming that its product delivers Oracle compatibility features{{Clarify|date=February 2009}} at a much lower price-point.

{{asof|2007}} Oracle's top competitors are IBM, Microsoft,{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} and in applications,<ref>{{cite web |last=Pang |first=Albert |date=2021-12-24 |title=Top 10 ERP Software Vendors, Market Size and Market Forecast 2020-2025 |url=https://www.appsruntheworld.com/top-10-erp-software-vendors-and-market-forecast/ |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=Apps Run The World |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Pang |first=Albert |date=2021-12-24 |title=Top 10 Utilities Software Vendors, Market Size and Market Forecast 2020-2025 |url=https://www.appsruntheworld.com/top-10-utilities-software-vendors-and-market-forecast/ |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=Apps Run The World |language=en-US}}</ref> SAP. On March 22, 2007, [[Oracle Corp. v. SAP AG|Oracle sued SAP]], accusing them of fraud and unfair competition.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gullo |first1=Karen |last2=Guglielmo |first2=Connie |name-list-style=amp |date=March 22, 2007 |title=Oracle Claims Rival SAP Stole Software and Data (Update4) |work=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=atMLL7_FAEkw |access-date=March 22, 2007}}</ref>

In the market for [[business intelligence]] software, many other software companies—small and large—have successfully competed in quality with Oracle and SAP products. Business intelligence vendors can be categorized into the "big four" consolidated BI firms such as Oracle, who has entered BI market through a recent trend of acquisitions (including [[Hyperion Solutions]]), and the independent "pure play" vendors such as [[MicroStrategy]], [[Actuate Corporation|Actuate]], and [[SAS Institute Inc.|SAS]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Pendse |first=Nigel |date=March 7, 2008 |title=Consolidations in the BI industry |url=http://www.bi-verdict.com/fileadmin/FreeAnalyses/consolidations.htm |website=The OLAP Report |access-date=October 29, 2010 |archive-date=July 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710120947/http://www.bi-verdict.com/fileadmin/FreeAnalyses/consolidations.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Oracle Financials was ranked in the Top 20 Most Popular Accounting Software Infographic by Capterra in 2014, beating out SAP and a number of their other competitors.<ref>{{cite web |title=Best Donation Management Software - 2015 Reviews of the Most Popular Systems |url=http://nonprofit-software.com/ |access-date=April 17, 2015}}</ref>

====Oracle and SAP====
From 1988, Oracle Corporation and the German company [[SAP AG]] had a decade-long history of cooperation, beginning with the integration of SAP's [[SAP R/3|R/3]] enterprise application suite with Oracle's relational database products. Despite the SAP partnership with Microsoft, and the increasing integration of SAP applications with Microsoft products (such as Microsoft SQL Server, a competitor to Oracle Database), Oracle and SAP continue their cooperation. According to Oracle Corporation, the majority of SAP's customers use Oracle databases.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oracle – the No.1 Database for Deploying SAP Applications |url=http://www.oracle.com/newsletters/sap/index.html |access-date=November 11, 2008 |publisher=Oracle Corporation |quote=Two thirds of SAP customers around the world, in every industry, choose to run their applications on Oracle databases.}}</ref>

In 2004, Oracle began to increase its interest in the enterprise-applications market (in 1989, Oracle had already released Oracle Financials). A series of acquisitions by Oracle Corporation began, most notably with those of [[PeopleSoft]], [[Siebel Systems]], and [[Hyperion Solutions|Hyperion]].

SAP recognized that Oracle had started to become a competitor in a markets where SAP had the [[leadership]], and saw an opportunity to lure in customers from those companies that Oracle Corporation had acquired. SAP would offer those customers special discounts on the licenses for its enterprise applications.

Oracle Corporation would resort to a similar strategy, by advising SAP customers to get "OFF SAP" (a play on the words of the [[acronym]] for its middleware platform "Oracle Fusion for SAP"),<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Oracle Helping SAP Customers to get 'OFF SAP' |date=June 14, 2005 |publisher=Oracle Corporation |url=http://www.oracle.com/corporate/press/2005_jun/sap.html}}</ref> and also by providing special discounts on licenses and services to SAP customers who chose Oracle Corporation products.

{{As of|2008|alt=Currently}} Oracle and SAP (the latter through its recently acquired subsidiary [[TomorrowNow]]) compete in the third-party enterprise software maintenance and support market. On March 22, 2007, Oracle filed a lawsuit against SAP. In [[Oracle Corporation v. SAP AG]] Oracle alleged that TomorrowNow, which provides discount support for legacy Oracle product lines, used the accounts of former Oracle customers to systematically download patches and support documents from Oracle's website and to appropriate them for SAP's use.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 3, 2007 |title=Oracle sues SAP |url=http://www.oracle.com/sapsuit |publisher=Oracle Corporation}}</ref> Some analysts have suggested the suit could form part of a strategy by Oracle Corporation to decrease competition with SAP in the market for third-party enterprise software maintenance and support.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gohring |first1=Nancy |last2=Montalbano |first2=Elizabeth |title=Maintenance Contracts at Heart of Oracle, SAP Dispute |url=http://www.cio.in/news/viewArticle/ARTICLEID=3017 |journal=CIO India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519024115/http://www.cio.in/news/viewArticle/ARTICLEID=3017 |archive-date=May 19, 2008 |access-date=June 9, 2008}}

[http://blogs.zdnet.com/Greenbaum/?p=105 The lawsuit As barometer: SAP finally scores big with TomorrowNow ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070327081752/http://blogs.zdnet.com/Greenbaum/?p=105 |date=March 27, 2007 }} Joshua Greenbaum, March 22, 2007, ZDNet</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=steve.curtis@supportrevolution.com |date=2020-09-23 |title=Oracle & SAP are waging a secret war against third-party support |url=https://www.supportrevolution.com/oracle-sap-secret-support-war/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Support Revolution |language=en-GB}}</ref>

On July 3, 2007, SAP admitted that TomorrowNow employees had made "inappropriate downloads" from the Oracle support website. However, it claims that SAP personnel and SAP customers had no access to Oracle intellectual property via TomorrowNow. SAP's CEO [[Henning Kagermann]] stated that "Even a single inappropriate download is unacceptable from my perspective. We regret very much that this occurred." Additionally, SAP announced that it had "instituted changes" in TomorrowNow's operational oversight.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=SAP Responds to Oracle Complaint |date=July 3, 2007 |publisher=SAP |url=http://www.tnlawsuit.com/uploads/pdf/pressrelease/pressrelease_ResponsetoOracleComplaint.pdf |access-date=September 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326201734/http://www.tnlawsuit.com/uploads/pdf/pressrelease/pressrelease_ResponsetoOracleComplaint.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2009}}</ref>

On November 23, 2010, a [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California|U.S. district court]] jury in [[Oakland, California]], found that SAP AG must pay Oracle Corp $1.3&nbsp;billion for copyright infringement, awarding damages that could be the largest-ever for copyright infringement. While admitting liability, SAP estimated the damages at no more than $40&nbsp;million, while Oracle claimed that they are at least $1.65&nbsp;billion. The awarded amount is one of the 10 or 20 largest jury verdicts in U.S. legal history. SAP said they were disappointed by the verdict and might appeal.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Levine |first=Dan |date=November 23, 2010 |title=SAP to pay Oracle $1.3&nbsp;billion in landmark decision |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6AL4IN20101124 |access-date=November 23, 2010}}</ref> On September 1, 2011, a federal judge overturned the judgment and offered a reduced amount or a new trial, calling Oracle's original award "grossly" excessive.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 1, 2011 |title=Judge overturns Oracle's $1.3B award against SAP |url=http://www.itworld.com/it-managementstrategy/199445/bulletin-judge-overturns-oracles-13b-award-against-sap |access-date=September 5, 2011 |website=[[ITworld]]}}</ref> Oracle chose a new trial.

On August 3, 2012, SAP and Oracle agreed on a judgment for $306 million in damages, pending approval from the U.S. district court judge, "to save time and expense of [a] new trial". After the accord has been approved, Oracle can ask a federal appeals court to reinstate the earlier jury verdict. In addition to the damages payment, SAP has already paid Oracle $120 million for its legal fees.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 3, 2012 |title=Oracle Says SAP to Pay $306 Million in Copyright Deal |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-08-02/oracle-says-sap-to-pay-306-million-in-copyright-deal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803200435/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-08-02/oracle-says-sap-to-pay-306-million-in-copyright-deal |archive-date=August 3, 2012 |access-date=August 6, 2012}}</ref>

===Slogans===
* "Information driven"<ref>{{cite web |last=Aryal |first=Mina |date=2015-05-24 |title=Best Slogans of Information Technology Companies |url=https://ictframe.com/slogans-of-it-companies/ |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=ICT Frame Technology |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2014-06-12 |title=A List of 120+ Slogans of Information Technology Companies |url=https://advergize.com/marketing/120-list-of-slogans-from-information-technology-companies/ |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=Advergize |language=en-US}}</ref>
* For the Oracle Database: "Can't break it, can't break in"<ref>{{cite web |last=Lemos |first=Robert |date=February 6, 2002 |title=Guru says Oracle's 9i is indeed breakable |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1001-831142.html |access-date=October 5, 2011 |publisher=CNET News}}</ref> and "Unbreakable"<ref>{{cite web |last=Davidson |first=Mary Ann |author-link=Mary Ann Davidson |date=February 2002 |title=Unbreakable: Oracle's Commitment to Security |url=http://www.cgisecurity.com/database/oracle/pdf/unbreak3.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2010 |series=An Oracle White Paper |publisher=Oracle Corporation |location=Redwood Shores, California |page=2 |quote=Beginning in November 2001, Oracle began a marketing campaign: Unbreakable. The security portions of the campaign reference Oracle's 14 independent security evaluations [...]}}</ref>
* "Enabling the Information Age"<ref>{{Cite journal |date=September 15, 1997 |title=Oracle8 Database Messaging |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQYAAAAAMBAJ&q=oracle+enabling+the+information+age&pg=PA7 |journal=CIO |volume=10 |issue=21 |page=7}}</ref>
* "Enabling the Information Age Through Network Computing"<ref>{{cite web |title=Oracle Discoverer User Guide |url=http://gkmc.utah.edu/ebis_class/2003s/Oracle/DISCVR31/USER/titlcpy.htm |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=gkmc.utah.edu |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806022056/http://gkmc.utah.edu/ebis_class/2003s/Oracle/DISCVR31/USER/titlcpy.htm }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hummeltenberg |first=Wilhelm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wjKBgAAQBAJ&q=%22Enabling+the+Information+Age+Through+Network+Computing%22&pg=PA201 |title=Information Management for Business and Competitive Intelligence and Excellence: Proceedings der Frühjahrstagung Wirtschaftsinformatik '98 |date=2013-04-09 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-322-84950-2 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Developer/2000 Guidelines for Building Applications |url=http://sqltech.cl/doc/dev2000/guide21/gd21titl.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418024953/http://sqltech.cl/doc/dev2000/guide21/gd21titl.htm |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref>
* {{As of| 2008 | alt = As of 2008}}: "The Information Company"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farber |first=Dan |date=December 9, 2004 |title=Oracle joins or refashions the information age |work=ZDNet |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/oracle-joins-or-refashions-the-information-age/ |access-date=October 9, 2014}}</ref>
* As of 2010: "Software. Hardware. Complete."<ref>{{cite web |date=2010-07-14 |title=Oracles introduces new 10GbE products. Software. Hardware. Complete? |url=https://www.ecnmag.com/news/2010/07/oracles-introduces-new-10gbe-products-software-hardware-complete |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=Electronic Component News |publisher=Yankee Group |language=en |archive-date=February 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219152627/http://www.eeworldonline.com/news/2010/07/oracles-introduces-new-10gbe-products-software-hardware-complete }}</ref>
* As of late 2010: "Hardware and Software, Engineered to Work Together"<ref>{{cite web |date=2012-09-26 |title=Oracle Engineered Systems-The Newest Flavor of IT Systems |url=http://www.dbta.com/Editorial/Think-About-It/Oracle-Engineered-Systems-The-Newest-Flavor-of-IT-Systems-84891.aspx |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=Database Trends and Applications |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=July 17, 2014 |title=Hardware and Software, Engineered to Work Together |url=http://www.oracle.com/us/assets/openworld-march2014-2245394.pdf |access-date=January 19, 2019}}</ref>
* As of mid 2015: "Integrated Cloud Applications and Platform Services"<ref>{{cite web |title=Oracle Brand {{!}} Oracle Tagline Lockup |url=https://www.oracle.com/webfolder/s/brand/identity/tagline-lockup/index.html |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=www.oracle.com}}</ref>

== Corporate affairs ==

=== Finances ===
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+Sales by region (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle Corporation: Business Segments and Geographical Breakdown of Revenue |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/ORACLE-CORPORATION-13620698/finances-segments/ |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=www.marketscreener.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
!Region
!share
|-
|United States
|55.9%
|-
|United Kingdom
|4.5%
|-
|Germany
|3.2%
|-
|Japan
|3.1%
|-
|Other countries
|33.4%
|}
Oracle was ranked No. 82 in the 2018 [[Fortune 500]] list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made the List |url=http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110190356/http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/ |archive-date=November 10, 2018 |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=Fortune |language=en-US}}</ref> According to Bloomberg, Oracle's CEO-to-employee pay ratio is 1,205:1. The CEO's compensation in 2017 was $108,295,023. Oracle is one of the approved employers of [[Association of Chartered Certified Accountants|ACCA]] and the median employee compensation rate was $89,887.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Melin |first1=Anders |title=Oracle's $108 Million Comp for Hurd and Catz Distorts CEO Pay Ratio |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/ceo-pay-ratio/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005230822/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/ceo-pay-ratio/ |archive-date=October 5, 2018 |access-date=2018-11-13 |website=Bloomberg |language=en-US}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable float-left" style="text-align: right;"
|+Development since 2005<ref>{{cite web |title=Oracle Net Income 2006-2018 {{!}} ORCL |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/ORCL/oracle/net-income |access-date=2018-10-22 |publisher=Macrotrends}}</ref>
!Year
!Revenue<br />in million US$
!Net Income<br />in million US$
! EOY adj price per<br />share in US$
!Employees
|-
|2005
|11,799
|2,886
|9.98
|
|-
|2006
|14,380
|3,381
|14.01
|
|-
|2007
|17,996
|4,274
|18.46
|
|-
|2008
|22,430
|5,521
|14.49
|
|-
|2009
|23,252
|5,593
|20.20
|
|-
|2010
|26,820
|6,135
|25.98
|
|-
|2011
|35,622
|8,547
|21.44
|
|-
|2012
|37,121
|9,981
|28.25
|
|-
|2013
|37,180
|10,925
|32.68
|122,000
|-
|2014
|38,275
|10,955
|38.88
|122,000
|-
|2015
|38,226
|9,938
|32.02
|132,000
|-
|2016
|37,047
|8,901
|34.23
|136,000
|-
|2017
|37,728
|9,335
|42.76
|138,000
|-
|2018
|39,831
|3,825
|41.33
|137,000
|-
|2019
|39,506
|11,083
|49.32
|136,000
|-
|2020
|39,068
|10,135
|61.26
|135,000
|-
|2021
|40,479
|13,746
|83.85
|132,000
|-
|2022
|42,440
|6,717
|79.95
|143,000
|-
|2023
|49,954
|8,503
|104.69
|164,000
|-
|2024
|52,961
|10,467
|165.26
|159,000
|-
|2025
|57,399
|12,443
|
|162,000
|}

=== Personnel ===
* [[Larry Ellison]]: ex-executive chairman and CTO (since September 2014), co-founder of the company, previously CEO (1977–2014),<ref name="nytimes-ellison-step-down">{{Cite news |last=Hardy |first=Quentin |date=September 18, 2014 |title=Larry Ellison to Step Down as Oracle's Chief |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/19/technology/larry-ellison-steps-down-as-chief-of-oracle.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=September 19, 2014 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> previously chairman (1990–2004). As of September 2021, he owned 42% of the company.<ref name="toc162163_22" /> As of 2025 Ellison remains a top executive but no longer CEO.<ref name="pbs">{{Cite news |date=September 23, 2025 |title=TikTok's algorithm to be licensed to U.S. joint venture led by tech giant Oracle and investment firm Silver Lake |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/tiktoks-algorithm-to-be-licensed-to-u-s-joint-venture-led-by-tech-giant-oracle-and-investment-firm-silver-lake |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref>
* [[Safra Catz]]: CEO (since September 2014),<ref name="nytimes-ellison-step-down" /> previously co-president (since 2004) and CFO.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hickens |first=Michael |date=March 21, 2013 |title=New Rivals Clip Oracle's Wings |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324103504578374884239534960 |access-date=March 23, 2013 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |pages=B1–2 |type=paper}}</ref> In 2016, she was ranked tenth on ''[[Fortune Magazine|Fortune's]]'' Most Powerful Women list.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-08 |title=Safra Catz |url=http://fortune.com/most-powerful-women/safra-catz-10/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505004954/http://fortune.com/most-powerful-women/safra-catz-10/ |archive-date=May 5, 2019 |access-date=2017-09-14 |work=Fortune |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Jeff Henley]]: vice chairman (since September 2014), previously chairman (2004–2014) and CFO (1991–2004).
* [[Mark Hurd]]: former CEO (2014–2019),<ref name="nytimes-ellison-step-down" /> previously co-president (2010–2014). In 2007, Mark Hurd was ranked {{Numero|16}} on ''Fortune''{{'}}s list of the 25 Most Powerful People in Business.<ref>{{cite web |title=25 most powerful people in business |url=https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0711/gallery.power_25.fortune/16.html |access-date=2015-04-17 |website=Fortune}}</ref> He died in 2019.
* [[Charles Phillips (businessman)|Charles Phillips]]: former co-president and director (2003–2010); replaced by [[Mark Hurd]].
* [[Bob Miner]]: co-founder of the company and co-architect of [[Oracle Database]]. Led product design and development for Oracle Database (1977–1992). Spun off a technology group within Oracle in 1992. Oracle board member until 1993.  He died in 1994.
* [[Ed Oates]]: co-founder of the company. Retired from Oracle in 1996.
* [[Umang Gupta]]: former vice president and general manager (1981–1984). Wrote the first business plan for the company. He died in 2022.
* Bruce Scott: The first hired employee (after the co-founders; employee number 4) at Oracle (then Software Development Laboratories). Scott served as the co-author and co-architect of the Oracle database up to Version 3.  He left Oracle in 1982.<ref name="founders" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-09-08 |title=Scott/Tiger in Oracle |url=https://oralytics.com/2012/09/08/scotttiger-in-oracle/ |access-date=2020-02-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Marc Benioff]]: former protégé of Ellison and the youngest to be promoted to vice president at the time; left to found and lead [[Salesforce]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kim |first=Eugene |date=August 12, 2015 |title=The epic 30-year bromance of billionaire CEOs Larry Ellison and Marc Benioff |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/larry-ellison-marc-benioff-relationship-2015-8 |website=Insider}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=February 5, 2004 |title=Larry ups the ante |url=https://www.economist.com/business/2004/02/05/larry-ups-the-ante |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref>

==== Board of directors ====
{{As of|2025|9}}, the company's [[Board of directors|board]] consisted of the following directors:<ref>[https://www.oracle.com/corporate/executives/board-of-directors/ Oracle Board of Directors]</ref>

* [[Larry Ellison]], executive chairman and CTO
* [[Safra Catz]], CEO 
* [[Jeff Henley]], vice chairman
* Awo Ablo, President of Programs and Strategy
* Jeffrey S. Berg, chairman of Northside Services and former CEO of [[International Creative Management]]
* [[Michael Boskin]], Professor of Economics and [[Hoover Institution]] Senior Fellow at [[Stanford University]]
* [[Bruce Chizen|Bruce R. Chizen]], Senior Adviser to Permira Advisers and Former CEO of [[Adobe Systems|Adobe]]
* [[George Conrades|George H. Conrades]], former CEO of [[Akamai Technologies]]
* [[Rona Fairhead, Baroness Fairhead]], former UK [[minister of state]] at the [[Department for International Trade]]
* [[Charles Moorman|Charles Wick Moorman IV]], former CEO of [[Amtrak]] and the [[Norfolk Southern Railway]]
* [[Leon Panetta]], former [[CIA director]] and [[United States Secretary of Defense]]
* [[William G. Parrett]], former CEO of [[Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu]]
* Naomi O. Seligman, Senior Partner at Ostriker von Simson

==Controversies==
===Trashgate===
In 2000, Oracle attracted attention from the [[computer industry]] and the press after hiring [[private investigator]]s to dig through the trash of organizations involved in an [[United States v. Microsoft Corp. (2001)|antitrust trial against Microsoft]].<ref>On July 3, 2007, SAP admitted that TomorrowNow employees had made "inappropriate downloads" from the Oracle support web site. However, it claims that SAP personnel and SAP customers had no access to Oracle intellectual property via TomorrowNow. SAP's CEO Henning Kagermann stated that "Even a single inappropriate download is unacceptable from my perspective. We regret very much that this occurred." Additionally, SAP announced that it had "instituted changes" in TomorrowNow's operational oversight
[https://archive.today/20120730204255/http://www.eweek.com/article2/0,1895,1580029,00.asp Oracle Rethinks Its Dumpster-Diving Ways ] April 29, 2004, Lisa Vaas, eweek.com</ref> The Chairman of Oracle Corporation, Larry Ellison, staunchly defended his company's hiring of an East Coast detective agency to investigate groups that supported rival Microsoft Corporation during its antitrust trial, calling the snooping a "public service". The investigation reportedly included a $1,200 offer to janitors at the Association for Competitive Technology to look through Microsoft's trash. When asked how he would feel if others were looking into Oracle's business activities, Ellison said: "We will ship our garbage to Redmond, and they can go through it. We believe in full disclosure."<ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-6447631_ITM Swing Shift Column], ''San Jose Mercury News'' (San Jose, California) (via Knight-Ridder/Tribune Business News) (December, 2000)</ref>

==="Can't break it, can't break in"===
In 2002, Oracle Corporation marketed many of its products using the slogan "Can't break it, can't break in", or "Unbreakable".<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 7, 2002 |title=Bugs bust open 'unbreakable' Oracle 9i |work=ZDNet |url=http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/application-development/2002/02/07/bugs-bust-open-unbreakable-oracle-9i-2103903/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308164139/http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/application-development/2002/02/07/bugs-bust-open-unbreakable-oracle-9i-2103903/ |archive-date=March 8, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> This signified a claim of [[information security]]. Oracle Corporation also stressed the reliability of networked databases and network access to databases as major selling points.

However, two weeks after its introduction, [[David Litchfield]], Alexander Kornbrust, Cesar Cerrudo and others demonstrated a whole suite of successful attacks against Oracle products.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 16, 2002 |title=Oracle security claim |work=The Register |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/01/16/oracle_security_claim/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 7, 2002 |title=How to hack unbreakable Oracle |work=The Register |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/02/07/how_to_hack_unbreakable_oracle/}}</ref> Oracle Corporation's chief security officer [[Mary Ann Davidson]] said that, rather than representing a literal claim of Oracle's products' impregnability, she saw the campaign in the context of fourteen independent security evaluations<ref>{{cite web |title=Oracle list of major Security certifications |url=http://www.oracle.com/technology/deploy/security/seceval/pdf/seceval_matrix.pdf |publisher=Oracle Corporation}}</ref> that Oracle Corporation's database server had passed.

===Relationship with John Ashcroft===
In 2004, then-[[United States Attorney General]] [[John Ashcroft]] sued Oracle Corporation to prevent it from acquiring a multibillion-dollar intelligence contract. After Ashcroft's resignation from government, he founded a lobbying firm, [[The Ashcroft Group]], which Oracle hired in 2005. With the group's help, Oracle went on to acquire the contract.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 10, 2006 |title=Ashcroft breaks with tradition by lobbying, has earned $269,000 |work=Chicago Tribune |url=http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/2006/jan/1275410.htm}}</ref>

===Expeditionary Combat Support System===
[[Computer Sciences Corporation]], as the prime contractor, reportedly spent a billion dollars developing the [[Expeditionary Combat Support System]] for the [[United States Air Force]]. It yielded no significant capability, because, according to an Air Force source, the prime contractor "was simply not up to the task of adapting" the Oracle software, on which the system was based, to meet the specialized performance criteria.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 2012 |title=How the Air Force blew $1B on a dud system |url=http://www.airforcetimes.com/news/2012/11/fed-how-airforce-blew-one-billion-dud-112612w/ |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20130215172420/http://www.airforcetimes.com/news/2012/11/fed-how-airforce-blew-one-billion-dud-112612w/ |archive-date=February 15, 2013 |access-date=April 17, 2015 |website=[[Air Force Times]]}}</ref>

===Cover Oregon Healthcare Exchange===
Oracle Corporation was awarded a contract by the State of Oregon's [[Oregon Health Authority]] (OHA) to develop [[Cover Oregon]], the state's healthcare exchange website, as part of the U.S. [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]]. When the site tried to go live on October 1, 2013, it failed, and registrations had to be taken using paper applications until the site could be fixed.

On April 25, 2014, the State of Oregon voted to discontinue Cover Oregon and instead use the federal exchange to enroll Oregon residents.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 7, 2014 |title=Cover Oregon: State moves to federal exchange, but Oracle technology lives on |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/health/index.ssf/2014/05/cover_oregon_state_moves_to_fe.html |access-date=April 17, 2015 |website=The Oregonian}}</ref> The cost of switching to the federal portal was estimated at $5 million, whereas fixing Cover Oregon would have required another $78 million.

Oracle president [[Safra Catz]] responded to Cover Oregon and the OHA in a letter claiming that the site's problems were due to OHA mismanagement, specifically that a third-party [[systems integrator]] was not hired to manage the complex project.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 17, 2014 |title=Oracle blasts Oregon for spreading Cover Oregon 'false narrative' |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/health/index.ssf/2014/04/oracle_blasts_oregon_for_sprea.html |access-date=April 17, 2015 |website=The Oregonian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=December 14, 2013 |title=Oregon health exchange technology troubles run deep due to mismanagement, early decisions |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/health/index.ssf/2013/12/oregon_health_exchange_technol.html |access-date=April 17, 2015 |website=The Oregonian}}</ref>

In August 2014, Oracle Corporation sued Cover Oregon for breach of contract,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manning |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2014 |title=Cover Oregon: Oracle comes out swinging, files lawsuit, accuses Kitzhaber of 'campaign' |work=Oregon Live |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2014/08/oracle_cover_oregon_lawsuit.html |access-date=August 27, 2014}}</ref> and then later that month the state of Oregon sued Oracle Corporation, in a civil complaint for breach of contract, fraud, filing false claims and "[[racketeering]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gallagher |first=Sean |date=August 25, 2014 |title=Oregon Attorney General sues Oracle for 'racketeering activity' |work=[[Ars Technica]] |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2014/08/oregon-attorney-general-sues-oracle-for-racketeering-activity/ |access-date=August 27, 2014}}</ref> In September 2016, the two sides reached a settlement valued at over $100 million to the state, and a six-year agreement for Oracle to continue modernizing state software and IT.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foden-Vencil |first=Kristian |date=September 15, 2016 |title=Oregon, Oracle Reach $100 Million Settlement Over Cover Oregon Healthcare Exchange. News {{!}} OPB |work=Oregon Public Broadcast |url=http://www.opb.org/news/article/oregon-oracle-cover-oregon-healthcare-exchange/ |access-date=September 16, 2016 |archive-date=September 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916193627/http://www.opb.org/news/article/oregon-oracle-cover-oregon-healthcare-exchange/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lucas |first=Dan |title=Who's to blame for the Cover Oregon failure? |url=https://eu.statesmanjournal.com/story/opinion/columnists/dan-lucas/2016/05/31/blame-cover-oregon-failure/85174300/ |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=Statesman Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Budnick and Manning |first=Nick and Jeff |date=March 19, 2014 |title=Oracle's Contracts for Cover Oregon Health Insurance Exchange Bypassed Standard Rules, Lacked Teeth |url=https://www.govtech.com/health/Oracles-Contracts-for-Cover-Oregon.html |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=www.govtech.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Turner |first=Grace-Marie |title=Oregon's Failed ObamaCare Exchange Is A Warning For Other States |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gracemarieturner/2015/03/31/oregons-failed-obamacare-exchange-is-a-warning-for-other-states/?sh=fd5221425fdf |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

{{Anchor|tracking class action}}

===Class action tracking lawsuit===
In August 2022, a [[Class-action lawsuit|class action lawsuit]] was filed against Oracle by the law firm [[Lieff Cabraser]]. The lawsuit alleges that Oracle engaged in "deliberate and purposeful surveillance of the general population via their digital and online existence", specifically focusing on Oracle operating a surveillance machine which tracks in real-time and records indefinitely the personal information of hundreds of millions of people. The litigants argue that through such surveillance, the company violates the [[Electronic Communications Privacy Act|Federal Electronic Communications Privacy Act]], [[Constitution of California|California's state constitution]], the California Invasion of Privacy Act, competition law, and [[Law of California|California Common Law]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Class-Action Lawsuit Accuses Oracle of Tracking 5 Billion People |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/oracle-faces-class-action-lawsuit-over-tracking-5-billion-people |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=PCMAG |date=August 23, 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Oracle Earns Billions Illegally Selling Net User Data, Suit Says - Law360 |url=https://www.law360.com/articles/1523379/oracle-earns-billions-illegally-selling-net-user-data-suit-says |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=www.law360.com |language=en}}</ref>

The lawsuit was settled in July 2024 when Oracle paid $115 million to some of its customers and agreed to stop tracking users.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schuman |first=Evan |title=Oracle's $115 million privacy settlement could change industry data collection methods |url=https://www.cio.com/article/3476784/oracles-115-million-privacy-settlement-could-change-industry-data-collection-methods.html |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=CIO |language=en}}</ref>

=== Heritage Foundation database of employees for Republican administration ===
In 2023, Oracle was contracted by conservative think tank [[The Heritage Foundation|Heritage Foundation]] to construct a database of conservative employees to help staff a prospective Republican presidency in 2025, part of the Foundation's [[Project 2025]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Swan |first1=Jonathan |last2=Haberman |first2=Maggie |date=2023-04-20 |title=Heritage Foundation Makes Plans to Staff Next G.O.P. Administration |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/20/us/politics/republican-president-2024-heritage-foundation.html |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hosseini |first=Raheem |date=2024-08-15 |title=Why is Oracle assembling a secret database of Trump loyalists? |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/tech/article/project-2025-oracle-19654875.php |website=San Francisco Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

=== Violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ===

==== Africa ====
In August 2011, ''The Wall Street Journal'' reported that Oracle was being investigated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation for paying bribes to government officials in order to win business in Africa, in contravention of the [[Foreign Corrupt Practices Act]] (FCPA).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farrar |first=James |date=August 31, 2011 |title=Oracle under fire over ethics again: Feds investigating bribery for business in Africa |url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/sustainability/oracle-under-fire-over-ethics-again-feds-investigating-bribery-for-business-in-africa/1596 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926144026/http://www.zdnet.com/blog/sustainability/oracle-under-fire-over-ethics-again-feds-investigating-bribery-for-business-in-africa/1596 |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 26, 2011 |access-date=June 15, 2013 |work=ZDNet}}</ref>

==== India ====
In 2012 Oracle agreed to pay about $2 million to the U.S. [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC). The SEC at the time alleged that the company's Indian subsidiary structured transactions with foreign governments in a way that enabled them to hold about $2.2 million of the proceeds inside funds that could be used for unauthorized purposes and therefore was a violation of the FCPA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SEC.gov {{!}} SEC Charges Oracle Corporation With FCPA Violations Related to Secret Side Funds in India |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2012-2012-158htm |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=www.sec.gov}}</ref>

==== India, Turkey, United Arab Emirates ====
In September 2022, Oracle settled with the U.S. [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC) without admitting or denying its findings, by agreeing to pay $23 million to settle the charges. The SEC announced that Oracle violated the FCPA between 2014 and 2019 when its subsidiaries in India, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) created slush funds to bribe foreign officials in order to win business.<ref>{{cite news |last=Stempel |first=Jonathan |date=September 27, 2022 |title=Oracle to pay about $23 mln to resolve a second SEC bribery case |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/official-oracle-pay-about-23-mln-resolve-second-sec-bribery-case-2022-09-27/ |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kunert |first=Paul |title=Oracle pays $23 million to the SEC to settle bribery charges |url=https://www.theregister.com/2022/09/27/oracle_fined_23_million_sec/ |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=www.theregister.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== South African National Treasury contract and corruption probe ====
In 2017, a whistleblower notified the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|SEC]] and [[United States Department of Justice|US Department of Justice]], alleging possible violations of the [[Foreign Corrupt Practices Act]] in awarding of a {{ZARConvert|1|b|lk=on|year=2015}} contract by [[National Treasury (South Africa)|National Treasury]] in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-11 |title=Oracle 'no comment' on IFMS corruption allegations - TechCentral |url=https://techcentral.co.za/oracle-no-comment-on-treasury-corruption-allegations/178481/ |access-date=2024-04-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In March 2024, South Africa's [[Special Investigating Unit]] found that there were conflicts of interest, irregular processes, and non-compliance with policies and legislation, and said it would petition to blacklist Oracle in South Africa, cancel the contract and recover the money paid.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-28 |title=SIU takes aim at Oracle in treasury corruption probe - TechCentral |url=https://techcentral.co.za/siu-takes-aim-oracle-treasury-corruption/242189/ |access-date=2024-04-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Ownership of JavaScript trademark ===
In November 2024, [[Deno (software)|Deno Land]] filed a petition with the [[US Patent and Trademark Office]] to cancel Oracle's registered trademark for "JavaScript" because it is "a generic term that Oracle has never controlled and thus isn't eligible under the law for trademark protection", "Oracle abandoned the JavaScript trademark because it doesn't actually use the term in any of the products or services it sells", and because Oracle made false statements when Oracle applied for the trademark.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Claburn |first=Thomas |date=26 November 2024 |title=Deno to USPTO: Drop Oracle's grip on 'JavaScript' trademark |url=https://www.theregister.com/2024/11/26/cancel_oracles_javascript_trademark_deno/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119193436/https://www.theregister.com/2024/11/26/cancel_oracles_javascript_trademark_deno/ |archive-date=January 19, 2025 |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=[[The Register]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Claburn |first=Thomas |date=17 September 2024 |title=Oracle urged again to surrender JavaScript trademark |url=https://www.theregister.com/2024/09/17/oracle_urged_to_surrender_javascript_trademark/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212182718/https://www.theregister.com/2024/09/17/oracle_urged_to_surrender_javascript_trademark/ |archive-date=February 12, 2025 |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=[[The Register]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Holterhoff |first=Kate |date=2024-12-16 |title=A RedMonk Conversation: Ryan Dahl on the Deno v Oracle Petition |url=https://redmonk.com/blog/2024/12/16/rmc-ryan-dahl-on-the-deno-v-oracle-petition/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=RedMonk |language=en-US}}</ref> In February 2025, Oracle denied all three claims.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 5, 2025 |title=Oracle lays mines in JavaScript trademark battle |url=https://www.theregister.com/2025/02/05/oracle_dismissal_javascript_trademark_fraud/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211222821/https://www.theregister.com/2025/02/05/oracle_dismissal_javascript_trademark_fraud/ |archive-date=February 11, 2025 |access-date=2025-02-17 |work=[[The Register]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Reaction to the Israel-Hamas war 2023-2025 ===
Following the 2023–2025 [[Gaza genocide]] by Israel, Oracle’s top executives, including Safra Catz and Larry Ellison, publicly aligned the company with Israel’s military operations. They issued statements of solidarity, paid double salaries to Israeli employees, and donated to organizations connected to Israel’s wartime response. Critics argue that these moves demonstrate corporate complicity in the suffering of Palestinian civilians and reflect a broader normalization of support for military action under the guise of “corporate values.”<ref name="Ynet2025">{{cite news|url= https://www.ynetnews.com/tech-and-digital/article/h1w11pj11aee |author= Ayala Or-El |date=2025-10-18 |title= 'We don't mind losing customers': Oracle execs stand with Israel, redefining corporate values |work= [[Ynet]] |access-date= 2025-10-20}}</ref>

==Events==

===Acquisition of Sun Microsystems===
{{Main|Acquisition of Sun Microsystems by Oracle Corporation}}
In January 2010, Oracle completed its acquisition of [[Sun Microsystems]]—valued at more than $7&nbsp;billion—a move that transformed Oracle from solely a software company to a manufacturer of both software and hardware. The acquisition was delayed for several months by the [[European Commission]] because of concerns about [[MySQL]], but was unconditionally approved in the end.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Mergers: Commission clears Oracle's proposed acquisition of Sun Microsystems |date=January 21, 2010 |publisher=European Commission |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/10/40 |access-date=April 17, 2015}}</ref> In September 2011, U.S. State Department Embassy [[United States diplomatic cables leak|cables were leaked to WikiLeaks]]. One cable revealed that the U.S. pressured the [[E.U.]] to allow Oracle to acquire Sun.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mick |first=Jason |date=September 1, 2011 |title=U.S. Pressured EU to Approve the Oracle's Acquisition of Sun |url=http://www.dailytech.com/US%20Pressured%20EU%20to%20Approve%20the%20Oracles%20Acquisition%20of%20Sun/article22581.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118215252/http://www.dailytech.com/US%20Pressured%20EU%20to%20Approve%20the%20Oracles%20Acquisition%20of%20Sun/article22581.htm |archive-date=January 18, 2012 |access-date=September 2, 2011 |website=Daily Tech |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The Sun acquisition was closely watched by [[free software]] users and some companies, due to the fear that Oracle might end Sun's traditional support of [[Free software|free]] projects.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vance |first=Ashlee |author-link=Ashlee Vance |date=September 21, 2010 |title=Oracle Growth Plans Worry Rivals and Customers |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/22/technology/22oracle.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Widenius |first=Monty |author-link=Monty Widenius |title=Save MySQL! |url=http://www.helpmysql.org |access-date=January 31, 2010 |quote=[Signer hereby asks] competition authorities around the world to block Oracle's acquisition of Sun unless one of the structural solutions selected by [signer] below is put in place as a legally binding requirement: (select at least one; all combinations are possible) MySQL must be divested to a suitable third party that can continue to develop it under the GPL. Oracle must commit to a linking exception for applications that use MySQL with the client libraries (for all programming languages), for plugins and libmysqld. MySQL itself remains licensed under the GPL. Oracle must release all past and future versions of MySQL (until December 2012) under the Apache Software License 2.0 or similar permissive license so that developers of applications and derived versions (forks) have flexibility concerning the code.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Paul |first=Ryan |date=April 20, 2009 |title=Oracle buys Sun: understanding the impact on open source |url=https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2009/04/oracle-acquires-sun-ars-explores-the-impact-on-open-source.ars |access-date=March 6, 2011 |website=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Fiveash |first=Kelly |date=March 9, 2010 |title=Open source boss quits Oracle |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/03/09/simon_phipps_quits_sun_oracle/ |website=The Register}}</ref> Since the acquisition, Oracle has discontinued [[OpenSolaris]] and [[StarOffice]], and sued [[Google]] over the [[Java (programming language)|Java]] patents Oracle acquired from Sun.<ref name="arsjava2">{{cite web |last=Paul |first=Ryan |date=August 14, 2010 |title=Oracle's Java lawsuit undermines its open source credibility |url=https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2010/08/oracles-java-lawsuit-undermines-its-open-source-credibility.ars |access-date=March 6, 2011 |website=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Weintraub |first=Seth |date=August 12, 2010 |title=Oracle files suit over Android's use of Java |publisher=CNN |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2010/08/12/oracle-files-suit-over-androids-use-of-java/ |access-date=January 31, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119081751/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2010/08/12/oracle-files-suit-over-androids-use-of-java/ |archive-date=November 19, 2010}}</ref>

===Fraud Accusations by the US Department of Justice===
On July 29, 2010, the [[United States Department of Justice]] (DoJ) filed suit against Oracle Corporation alleging fraud. The lawsuit argues that the government received deals inferior to those Oracle gave to its commercial clients. The DoJ added its heft to an already existing whistleblower lawsuit filed by Paul Frascella, who was once senior director of contract services at Oracle.<ref>{{cite web |last=Skillings |first=Jon |date=July 30, 2010 |title=Justice Department sues Oracle, alleging fraud |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/justice-department-sues-oracle-alleging-fraud/ |access-date=2021-11-02 |website=CNET |language=en}}</ref> It was settled in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gross |first=Grant |date=2011-10-06 |title=Oracle to pay $199.5 million in gov't contracting settlement |url=https://www.networkworld.com/article/2181875/oracle-to-pay--199-5-million-in-gov-t-contracting-settlement.html |access-date=2021-11-02 |website=Network World |language=en}}</ref>

===Lawsuit against Google===
{{main|Oracle v. Google}}

==== Background ====
Oracle, the plaintiff, acquired ownership of the Java computer programming language when it acquired [[Sun Microsystems]] in January 2010.<ref name="ReutersJune2011" /> The Java software includes sets of pre-developed software code to allow programs and apps to accomplish common tasks in a consistent manner. The pre-developed code is organized into separate "[[Package manager|packages]]" which each contain a set of "[[Class (programming)|classes]]". Each class contains numerous [[Method (computer programming)|methods]], which instruct a program or app to do a certain task. Software developers "became accustomed to using Java's designations at the package, class, and method level".<ref name="Quimbee">{{cite web |title=Oracle America, Inc. v. Google, Inc. |url=https://www.quimbee.com/cases/oracle-america-inc-v-google-inc |access-date=2018-01-29 |website=Quimbee |language=en}}</ref>

Oracle and [[Google]] (the defendant) tried to negotiate an agreement for Oracle to license Java to Google, which would have allowed Google to use Java in developing programs for mobile devices using the [[Android (operating system)|Android]] [[operating system]]. However, the two companies never reached an agreement. After negotiations failed, Google created its own programming platform, which was based on Java, and contained 37 copied Java packages as well as new packages developed by Google.<ref name="Quimbee" />

==== First trial ====
In 2010, Oracle sued Google for [[copyright infringement]] for the use of the 37 Java packages.<ref name="Quimbee" /><ref name="ReutersJune2011">{{Cite news |date=2011-06-18 |title=Oracle seeks up to $6.1 billion in Google lawsuit |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oracle-google-lawsuit/oracle-seeks-up-to-6-1-billion-in-google-lawsuit-idUSTRE75H0FP20110618 |access-date=2018-01-29|last=Levine|first=Dan|editor-first=Todd|editor-last=Eastham}}</ref> The case was handled in [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California|U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California]] and assigned to Judge [[William Alsup]] (who taught himself how to code computers<ref name="verge" />).<ref name="ReutersJune2011" /> In the lawsuit, Oracle sought between $1.4 billion and $6.1 billion.<ref name="ReutersJune2011" /> In June 2011 the judge had to force Google through a judicial order to make public the details about Oracle's claim for damages.<ref name="ReutersJune2011" />

By the end of the first jury trial (the legal dispute would eventually go on to another trial) the arguments made by Oracle's attorneys focused on a Java function called "rangeCheck":<blockquote>The argument centered on a function called rangeCheck. Of all the lines of code that Oracle had tested—15 million in total—these were the only ones that were 'literally' copied. Every keystroke, a perfect duplicate. – ''The Verge'', 10/19/17<ref name="verge">{{Cite news |last=Jeong |first=Sarah |date=2017-10-19 |title=How the judge on Oracle v. Google taught himself to code |work=The Verge |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/19/16503076/oracle-vs-google-judge-william-alsup-interview-waymo-uber |access-date=2018-01-29}}</ref></blockquote>Although Google admitted to copying the packages, Judge Alsup found that none of the Java packages were covered under copyright protection, and therefore Google did not infringe.<ref name="Quimbee" />

==== First appeal ====
After the case was over, Oracle appealed to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit]] (750 F.3d 1339 (2014)).<ref name="Quimbee" /><ref name="eff-org">{{Cite news |date=2013-05-22 |title=Oracle v. Google |language=en |work=Electronic Frontier Foundation |url=https://www.eff.org/cases/oracle-v-google |access-date=2018-01-29}}</ref> On May 9, 2014, the appeals court partially reversed Judge Alsup's decision, finding that Java APIs are copyrightable. API stands for "application programming interface" and are how different computer programs or apps communicate with each other. However, the appeals court also left open the possibility that Google might have a "[[fair use]]" defense.<ref name="eff-org" />

==== Supreme Court petition ====
On October 6, 2014, Google filed a petition to appeal to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]], but the Supreme Court denied the petition.<ref name="eff-org" />

==== Second trial ====
The case was then returned to the U.S. District Court for another trial about Google's fair use defense.<ref name="eff-org" /> Oracle sought $9 billion in damages.<ref name="ZDNet">{{Cite news |last=Tung |first=Liam |date=2017-02-13 |title=Just as you thought Java-Android row was over, it all kicks off again |language=en |work=ZDNet |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/oracle-vs-google-just-as-you-thought-java-android-row-was-over-it-all-kicks-off-again/ |access-date=2018-01-29}}</ref> In May 2016, the trial jury found that Google's use of Java's APIs was considered fair use.<ref name="eff-org" />

==== Second appeal ====
In February 2017, Oracle filed another appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.<ref name="eff-org" /> This time it was asking for a new trial because the District Court "repeatedly undermined Oracle's case", which Oracle argued led the jury to make the wrong decision. According to ZDNet, "For example, it [Oracle] says the court wrongly bought Google's claim that Android was limited to smartphones while Java was for PCs, whereas Oracle contends that Java and Android both compete as platforms for smart TVs, cars, and wearables."<ref name="ZDNet" />

===Discontinuation of OpenSolaris===
On August 13, 2010, an internal Oracle memo leaked to the Internet cited plans for ending the [[OpenSolaris]] operating system project and community.<ref>{{cite web |last=Stallion |first=Steven |date=August 13, 2010 |title=OpenSolaris is Dead. |url=http://sstallion.blogspot.com/2010/08/opensolaris-is-dead.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033546/http://sstallion.blogspot.com/2010/08/opensolaris-is-dead.html |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |access-date=September 7, 2011 |publisher=Iconoclastic Tendencies}}</ref> With Oracle planning to develop [[Solaris (operating system)|Solaris]] only in a closed source fashion, OpenSolaris developers moved to the [[Illumos]] and [[OpenIndiana]] project, among others.<ref name="Phoronix">{{cite web |last=Larabel |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Larabel |date=September 10, 2010 |title=OpenIndiana – Another OpenSolaris Fork – Coming Next Week |url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=ODU4OA |access-date=September 13, 2010 |publisher=Phoronix}}</ref>

===Discontinuation of OpenSSO===
As Oracle completed their acquisition of Sun Microsystems in February 2010, they announced that OpenSSO would no longer be their strategic product.<ref name="HttpwwwonlinecomopennewsitemOraclekillsOpenSSOExpressForgeRockstepsinhtml">{{cite web |date=February 24, 2010 |title=Oracle kills OpenSSO Express – ForgeRock steps in |url=http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Oracle-kills-OpenSSO-Express-ForgeRock-steps-in-939634.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208131331/http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Oracle-kills-OpenSSO-Express-ForgeRock-steps-in-939634.html |archive-date=December 8, 2013 |access-date=July 7, 2011 |publisher=The H Open Source – H-online.com}}</ref> Shortly after, OpenSSO was forked to [[OpenAM]],<ref name="HttpwwwonlinecomopennewsitemOraclekillsOpenSSOExpressForgeRockstepsinhtml" /> and will continue to be developed and supported by [[ForgeRock]].

===Mark Hurd as president===
On September 6, 2010, Oracle announced that former [[Hewlett-Packard]] CEO [[Mark Hurd]] was to replace [[Charles Phillips (businessman)|Charles Phillips]], who resigned as Oracle co-president. In an official statement made by Larry Ellison, Phillips had previously expressed his desire to transition out of the company. Ellison had asked Phillips to stay on through the integration of [[Sun Microsystems|Sun Microsystems Inc.]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Charles Phillips Resigns as President of Oracle |url=http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/170531 |access-date=2017-09-14 |website=www.oracle.com}}</ref> In a separate statement regarding the transition, Ellison said "Mark did a brilliant job at HP and I expect he'll do even better at Oracle. There is no executive in the IT world with more relevant experience than Mark."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Robertson |first=Jordan |title=Oracle names ex-HP CEO Mark Hurd co-president |language=en-US |work=sandiegouniontribune.com |agency=AP Technology |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-oracle-names-ex-hp-ceo-mark-hurd-co-president-2010sep06-story.html |access-date=2017-09-14}}</ref>

On September 7, 2010, HP announced a civil lawsuit against Mark Hurd "to protect HP's trade secrets",<ref name="scribd.com">{{cite web |title=Court Filing: HP Civil Complaint Against Mark Hurd |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/37053792/Court-Filing-HP-Civil-Complaint-Against-Mark-Hurd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909011607/http://www.scribd.com/doc/37053792/Court-Filing-HP-Civil-Complaint-Against-Mark-Hurd |archive-date=September 9, 2010 |via=[[Scribd]]}}</ref> in response to Oracle hiring Hurd. On September 20, Oracle and HP published a joint press release announcing the resolution of the lawsuit on confidential terms and reaffirming commitment to long-term strategic partnership between the companies.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=HP and Oracle Reaffirm Commitment to Long-term Strategic Partnership |date=September 20, 2010 |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100920007050/en/HP-Oracle-Reaffirm-Commitment-Long-term-Strategic-Partnership |access-date=September 5, 2011}}</ref>

===OpenOffice.org issue===
A number of [[OpenOffice.org]] developers formed [[The Document Foundation]] and received backing by Google, Novell, Red Hat, and Canonical, as well as some others, but were unable to get Oracle to donate the brand OpenOffice.org, causing a fork in the development of OpenOffice.org with the foundation now developing and promoting [[LibreOffice]]. Oracle expressed no interest in sponsoring the new project and asked the OpenOffice.org developers that started the project to resign from the company due to "conflicts of interest". On November 1, 2010, 33 of the OpenOffice.org developers gave their letters of resignation.<ref name="And So The Exodus Begins 33 OpenOffice.org Developers Leave Oracle">{{cite web |date=November 1, 2010 |title=And So The Exodus Begins – 33 Developers Leave OpenOffice.org |url=http://digitizor.com/2010/11/01/and-so-the-exodus-begins-33-developers-leave-openoffice-org/ |access-date=July 7, 2011 |publisher=Digitizor.com}}</ref> On June 1, 2011, Oracle donated OpenOffice.org to the [[Apache Software Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web |date=June 1, 2011 |title=Oracle Donates OpenOffice to the Apache Software Foundation |url=http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/oracle_donates_openoffice_to_the_apache_software_f.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902023720/http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/oracle_donates_openoffice_to_the_apache_software_f.php |archive-date=September 2, 2011 |access-date=September 5, 2011 |publisher=ReadWriteWeb |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

===HP and Oracle lawsuit===
On June 15, 2011, HP filed a lawsuit in California Superior Court in Santa Clara, claiming that Oracle had breached an agreement to support the Itanium microprocessor used in HP's high-end enterprise servers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Jack |date=June 16, 2011 |title=HP unleashes lawyers on Oracle over Itanium support |url=http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/business-of-it/2011/06/16/hp-unleashes-lawyers-on-oracle-over-itanium-support-40093131/ |access-date=June 17, 2011 |publisher=ZDNet UK}}</ref> Oracle called the lawsuit "an abuse of the judicial process"<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 7, 2011 |title=HP, Oracle exchange court jabs in escalating Itanium support showdown |work=ZDNet |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/hp-oracle-exchange-court-jabs-in-escalating-itanium-support-showdown/ |access-date=September 5, 2011}}</ref> and said that had it known [[SAP AG|SAP]]'s [[Léo Apotheker]] was about to be hired as HP's new CEO, any support for HP's Itanium servers would not have been implied.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 30, 2011 |title=Oracle fires back at HP in Itanium suit, doesn't mince words |work=ZDNet |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/oracle-fires-back-at-hp-in-itanium-suit-doesnt-mince-words/ |access-date=September 5, 2011}}</ref>

On August 1, 2012, a California judge said in a tentative ruling that Oracle must continue porting its software at no cost until HP discontinues its sales of Itanium-based servers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gallagher |first=Sean |date=August 1, 2012 |title=HP wins judgment in Itanium suit against Oracle |work=Ars Technica |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/08/hp-wins-judgement-in-itanium-suit-against-oracle/ |access-date=July 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=McMillan |first=Robert |date=August 1, 2012 |title=HP Wins Big Victory Over Oracle in Battle of the Itanium |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2012/08/hp-itanium-2/ |access-date=August 6, 2012}}</ref> HP was awarded $3 billion in damages against Oracle in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bright |first=Peter |date=June 30, 2016 |title=HP awarded $3B in damages from Oracle over Itanium database cancelation |work=Ars Technica |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/06/hp-awarded-3b-in-damages-from-oracle-over-itanium-database-cancellation/ |access-date=July 1, 2016}}</ref> HP argued Oracle's canceling support damaged HP's Itanium server brand. Oracle had announced that it would appeal both the decision and damages, but the decision stayed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brittain |first=Blake |date=June 15, 2021 |title=Oracle loses bid to upend HP's $3 billion win |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/transactional/oracle-loses-bid-upend-hps-3-billion-win-2021-06-14/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Quach |first=Katyanna |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Oracle really does owe HPE $3b after Supreme Court snub |url=https://www.theregister.com/2022/05/17/hp_oracle_supreme_court/ |website=[[The Register]]}}</ref>

===GSA business bidding ban===
On April 20, 2012, the US General Services Administration banned Oracle from the most popular portal for bidding on GSA contracts for undisclosed reasons. Oracle has previously used this portal for around four hundred million dollars a year in revenue.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hoover |first=J. Nicholas |date=2012-04-20 |title=Feds Banish Oracle From Popular Contract Vehicle |url=https://www.informationweek.com/regulations/feds-banish-oracle-from-popular-contract-vehicle/d/d-id/1103982 |access-date=2017-10-04 |website=InformationWeek}}</ref> Oracle previously settled a lawsuit filed under the [[False Claims Act]], which accused the company of [[overbilling]] the US government between 1998 and 2006. The 2011 settlement forced Oracle to pay $199.5 million to the [[General Services Administration]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 7, 2011 |title=Oracle to Pay $199.5 Million to Settle Overbilling Charges |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/07/business/oracle-agrees-to-pay-to-settle-an-overbilling-claim.html |agency=Bloomberg News |url-access=subscription |access-date=September 16, 2013}}</ref>

=== Cerner acquisition ===
{{Main|Oracle Health}}
On December 20, 2021, Oracle announced that it had entered into an agreement to acquire [[Cerner|Cerner Corporation]] (now ''Oracle Health'' and ''Oracle Life Sciences'') for approximately {{USD|28.3 billion}}, creating a dedicated Industry Business Unit within the company. Cerner is the largest international supplier of health information technology, such as [[electronic health record]]s (EHR), [[Revenue cycle management|revenue cycle]] solutions, and biomedical device integration platforms, and has its headquarters in Kansas City, Missouri, US.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=20 December 2021 |title=Oracle Buys Cerner |url=https://www.oracle.com/au/news/announcement/oracle-buys-cerner-2021-12-20/ |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Oracle}}</ref> The deal closed in early July 2022 after receiving final approval from European regulators, making it Oracle's largest acquisition and one of the largest in corporate history.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Landi |first=Heather |date=7 June 2022 |title=Oracle closes $23B deal to buy EHR giant Cerner |url=https://www.fiercehealthcare.com/health-tech/oracle-gets-european-approval-28m-cerner-deal-set-close-next-week |access-date=1 October 2024 |work=Fierce Healthcare}}</ref>

Oracle's purchase of Cerner is part of an effort to introduce Oracle products into the healthcare market, particularly in the United States although Oracle plans to expand Cerner's global operations.<ref name=":3" /> It mirrors closely to expansions of other large information technology companies such as Google, Microsoft and Amazon into the healthcare sector. Cerner already used Oracle solutions for its "largest business and most important clinical system", and Oracle announced its intention to integrate autonomous solutions such as the Oracle Voice Digital Assistant into Cerner clinical solutions. Oracle additionally has shared its plans to improve the usability and user experience of Cerner solutions.<ref name=":2" />

While the acquisition was originally met with mixed reactions by industry and investors, some industry experts have developed a more positive perception of the purchase. Cerner won a major contract in 2017 to supply its EHR software to the US Department of Defense and [[Veterans Administration Hospital]]s, which resulted in Cerner "leaving its traditional base of hospital systems high and dry" with delays in resolving issues and implementing innovations. Oracle's acquisition allows for the larger corporation to support Cerner's operations, with the goal of "addressing basic operational issues... improving resiliency and usability" in the short-term.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=John |date=17 March 2023 |title=Re-evaluating Oracle's acquisition of Cerner - in a positive light |url=https://www.healthdatamanagement.com/articles/re-evaluating-oracles-acquisition-of-cerner-in-a-positive-light |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=HealthData Management}}</ref> Some opinions have expressed longer-term concern, with Oracle Health expecting a decline in US-based sales in 2024, although an increase in global sales. Additionally, clients of Cerner have reported minimal improvements to the core system and a focus by Oracle on future advancements over resolving current issues.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2024 |title=Report: Oracle Health Facing Challenges Modernizing Outdated Systems |url=https://www.pymnts.com/healthcare/2024/report-oracle-health-facing-challenges-modernizing-outdated-systems/ |access-date=1 October 2024 |work=Pymnts}}</ref>

A September 2024 announcement by Oracle listed "tens of thousands of engineering hours and millions of dollars" of investments in the core clinical operations, and the release of the highly anticipated Oracle Clinical Digital Assistant, a generative AI system that automatically creates consultation documentation and proposes orders.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Greenwood |first=Stephanie |date=18 September 2024 |title=Oracle Delivers New Electronic Health Record Innovations |url=https://www.oracle.com/news/announcement/oracle-delivers-new-electronic-health-record-innovations-2024-09-18/ |access-date=1 October 2024 |work=Oracle News}}</ref>

=== Oracle Health data breach ===
In March 2025, a threat actor claimed to have stolen 6 million data records from Oracle Health (formerly [[Cerner]]), affecting 140,000 patients.<ref>{{cite news | last=Jones |first=David | date = 28 March 2025 | title = Cybersecurity firms brace for impact of potential Oracle Cloud breach | url=https://www.cybersecuritydive.com/news/cybersecurity-providers-oracle-cloud-breach/743857/ | access-date=2025-09-13 | work=Cybersecurity Dive}}</ref> Oracle has denied the breach despite multiple online reports and legal complaints filed.<ref>{{cite news | last=Diaz | first=Naomi |date =14 April 2025 | title=Oracle Health sued over alleged data breach affecting US hospitals | url=https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/legal-regulatory-issues/oracle-health-sued-over-alleged-data-breach-affecting-us-hospitals/ | access-date=2025-09-13 | work=Becker's Hospital Review}}</ref> In April 2025, the [[Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency]] (CISA) issued a warning to Oracle customers to secure their environments, despite no public acknowledgment of the breach by Oracle.<ref>{{cite news | last=Jones |first=David | date = 17 April 2025 | title = CISA warns companies to secure credentials amid Oracle Cloud breach claims | url=https://www.cybersecuritydive.com/news/cisa-secure-credentials-oracle-cloud-data/745613/ | access-date=2025-09-13 | work=Cybersecurity Dive}}</ref>

=== U.S. TikTok's operations ===
On September 13, 2020, [[Bloomberg News]] reported that Oracle won a bidding war with other U.S.-based companies to take over social media company TikTok's operations in the United States following the company's pressure to forcibly be shut down by the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]]. Oracle was described as a "trusted tech partner" by [[TikTok]], suggesting the deal may not be as structured as an outright sale.<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-09-13 |title= Oracle Wins Deal for TikTok's U.S. Operations |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-13/oracle-is-said-to-gain-advantage-in-deal-for-tiktok-in-u-s |url-access=subscription |first1=Shelly |last1=Banjo |first2=Dina |last2=Bass |first3=Saleha |last3=Mohsin |access-date=2020-09-14 |website=Bloomberg }}</ref> On September 19, 2020, the Trump administration approved of the sale of TikTok's US operations to Oracle "[delaying] — by one week — restrictions that were originally to take effect" on September 20 as indicated by the [[United States Department of Commerce]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2020-09-19 |title=Trump says he has approved a deal for purchase of TikTok |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/19/tech/donald-trump-tiktok-deal-approval/index.html |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=CNN |first1=Brian |last1=Fung }}</ref>

On February 10, 2021, The Wall Street Journal reported, citing a source familiar with the matter, the [[Biden administration]] would be backing off from banning TikTok and shelving the sale of TikTok indefinitely, as the U.S. Commerce Department began reviewing whether or not Trump's claims about TikTok can justify the attempts to ban it.<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-02-10 |title=Biden backs off on TikTok ban in review of Trump China moves |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-jen-psaki-ca5e68d8b23cb26a0e964b3ea5fe826d |first1=Tali |last1=Arbel |first2=Matt |last2=O'Brien |access-date=2021-02-11 |website=AP NEWS}}</ref>
On February 27, 2023, Biden changed his "indefinite" stance on TikTok as he echoed Trump's 2020 claims of disapproval. Biden said Federal agencies have thirty days to remove TikTok from all federal devices. Federal contractors must meet the same standard in ninety days. On March 8, 2024, Biden said he would sign a bipartisan bill banning TikTok in the United States if the Chinese company ByteDance didn't divest.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

As of the 25th September 2025, TikTok was bought by [[Silver Lake (investment firm)|Silver Lake]] and [[MGX Fund Management Limited|Abu Dhabi’s MGX]]. Oracle will own 45% of the app in the US, and ByteDance 35% after delays with the ban for the 4th time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Levy |first=Ari |date=2025-09-25 |title=Oracle, Silver Lake and MGX will be main investors in TikTok U.S., sources say |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/25/oracle-silver-lake-mgx-tiktok.html |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lindner |first1=Lauren Hirschemmett |last2=Maheshwari |first2=Sapna |date=2025-09-16 |title=Trump Delays TikTok Ban Again as a Deal Takes Shape |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/16/technology/tiktok-fourth-delay.html |access-date=2025-09-27 |language=en}}</ref>

Oracle will store data of US TikTok users on its [[cloud computer]]s,<ref name="reuters">{{Cite news |last1=Mason |first1=Jeff |last2=Shepardson |first2=David |last3=Mason |first3=Jeff |date=September 22, 2025 |title=Trump team says TikTok deal nears, with Oracle, Silver Lake among investors |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/trump-will-sign-order-declaring-tiktok-deal-meets-2024-law-requirements-2025-09-22/ |access-date=2025-09-25 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> and it will be involved in the new TikTok spinoff's cybersecurity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 23, 2025 |title=TikTok's algorithm to be licensed to U.S. joint venture led by tech giant Oracle and investment firm Silver Lake |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/tiktoks-algorithm-to-be-licensed-to-u-s-joint-venture-led-by-tech-giant-oracle-and-investment-firm-silver-lake |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref>

==Offices==
Since December 2020, Oracle Corporation's world headquarters has been located in Austin, Texas. Oracle has plans to build its largest office hub, with 8,500 jobs, in [[Nashville, Tennessee]] within the next few decades.

Oracle has a large office complex located on the [[San Francisco Peninsula]] in the [[Redwood Shores, California|Redwood Shores]] area of [[Redwood City, California|Redwood City]]. This complex was home to Oracle world headquarters from 1989 to 2020.  It is located on the former site of [[Marine World/Africa USA]], which moved from Redwood Shores to [[Vallejo, California|Vallejo]] in 1986. Oracle Corporation originally leased two buildings on the Oracle Parkway site, moving its finance and administration departments from the corporation's former headquarters on Davis Drive, [[Belmont, California]]. Eventually, Oracle purchased the complex and constructed four additional buildings.

The distinctive Oracle Parkway buildings, nicknamed the Emerald City,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rich |first=Laura |date=July 23, 2010 |title=When it comes to {{sic|nolink=y|acqui|stion|expected=acquisition}} plans, it's Oracle vs Oracle |publisher=CNNMoney.com |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2010/07/23/is-oracle-spending-big-on-acquisitions/ |access-date=March 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827184259/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2010/07/23/is-oracle-spending-big-on-acquisitions/ |archive-date=August 27, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> served as sets for the futuristic headquarters of the fictional company "NorthAm Robotics" in the [[Robin Williams]] film ''[[Bicentennial Man (film)|Bicentennial Man]]'' (1999).<ref>{{cite web |title=Trivia for Bicentennial Man |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0182789/trivia |access-date=March 27, 2011 |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]}}</ref> The campus also represented the headquarters of [[Cyberdyne Systems]] in the movie ''[[Terminator Genisys]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web |title=Trivia for Terminator Genisys |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1340138/trivia |access-date=July 9, 2015 |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]}}</ref>

{{wide image|Oracle Redwood City February 2013 panorama.jpg|1200px|Oracle offices and former headquarters in Redwood Shores, California}}

<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="200">
File:Oracle Redwood City May 2011 001.jpg|300 Oracle Parkway in Redwood Shores
File:Oracle HQ3.jpg|Oracle offices in Redwood Shores, with Oracle Plaza building in left foreground
File:Oracle Conference Center, Oracle HQ.JPG|Oracle Conference Center in Redwood Shores
File:Oracle Fountain (6532480).jpg|Fountain in the Oracle lake, Redwood Shores
File:Oracle at Thames Valley Park.jpg|Oracle has a major business campus at [[Thames Valley Park]] in [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] in England
File:Oracle Aoyama Center 01.JPG|Oracle Aoyama Center Building, with Lexus International Gallery [[Aoyama, Minato, Tokyo|Aoyama]]
File:OracleMarkham.JPG|Oracle in [[Markham, Ontario]]
File:Oracle office in Melbourne.jpg|Oracle office in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]
</gallery>

== Corporate structures ==
Oracle Corporation operates in multiple markets and has acquired many companies to help it do so. In some cases these companies became the starting points for global business units (GBUs) targeting particular vertical markets., including:<ref name="Sanati-18Dec2017">{{Cite news |last=Sanati |first=Cyrus |date=16 August 2016 |title=Inside Oracle's Acquisition Machine |work=Fortune |url=http://fortune.com/2016/08/15/oracle-acquisition-machine/ |access-date=18 December 2017}}</ref> 

* Communications
* Construction and engineering—formerly the Primavera GBU
* Energy and Water
* Financial services
* Food and Beverages
* Health sciences
* Hospitality
* Retail

==Sponsorships==
[[File:German Sailing Grand Prix 2006 Oracle-2.jpg|thumb|BMW Oracle Racing USA-71, at the German Sailing Grand Prix Kiel 2006. It was moored at Oracle headquarters in Redwood Shores, California, until 2014.]]

On October 20, 2006, the [[Golden State Warriors]] and the Oracle Corporation announced a 10-year agreement in which the Oakland Arena would become known as the [[Oracle Arena]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 20, 2006 |title=Golden State Warriors, Oracle Reach Arena Naming Rights Agreement |work=Warriors.com |publisher=NBA Media Ventures, LLC |url=http://www.nba.com/warriors/news/Oracle_Naming_Rights_Agreement.html |access-date=June 14, 2019}}</ref> The agreement ended after the 2018–2019 NBA season when the Warriors relocated to the [[Chase Center]] in San Francisco.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harrington |first=Jim |date=September 3, 2019 |title=With Warriors gone, the new name of Oracle Arena in Oakland is… |work=The Mercury News |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/09/03/with-warriors-gone-the-new-name-of-oracle-arena-is/ |access-date=October 17, 2020}}</ref>

Larry Ellison's sailing team competes as [[Oracle Team USA]]. The team has won the [[America's Cup]] twice, in 2010 (as BMW Oracle Racing)<ref>{{cite web |last=Shankland |first=Stephen |date=February 16, 2010 |title=Ellison's team wins long-sought sailing trophy |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-10453845-264.html |website=[[CNET]] |access-date=October 5, 2010 |archive-date=March 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313031533/http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-10453845-264.html }}</ref> and in 2013,<ref>{{cite web |date=September 25, 2013 |title=Oracle Team USA stages massive comeback to win 34th America's Cup |url=http://www.americascup.com/en/34th-americas-cup/18441_final-preview-barker-vs-spithill-for-winner-take-all-race-at-1315.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312213827/http://www.americascup.com/en/34th-americas-cup/18441_final-preview-barker-vs-spithill-for-winner-take-all-race-at-1315.html |archive-date=March 12, 2014 |access-date=March 12, 2014 |publisher=America's Cup |df=mdy-all}}</ref> despite being penalized for cheating.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 3, 2009 |title=Oracle hit with stiff penalty |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2013/09/03/oracle-hit-with-stiff-penalty-over.html |access-date=2019-11-14 |website=www.bizjournals.com |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=CNBC |date=August 26, 2013 |title=Did Larry Ellison cheat in the America's Cup? |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2013/08/26/did-larry-ellison-cheat-in-the-americas-cup.html |website=[[CNBC]]}}</ref>

[[Sean D. Tucker|Sean Tucker]]'s "Challenger II" stunt biplane is sponsored by Oracle and performs frequently at air shows around the US.<ref>{{cite web |title=Team Oracle Sponsors and Suppliers |url=http://www.oracle.com/cluboracle/teamoracle/sponsors.html |publisher=Oracle Corporation}}</ref>

In January 2019, the [[San Francisco Giants]] entered into a 20-year agreement to rename their stadium [[Oracle Park]].<ref>{{cite web |date=January 10, 2019 |title=Giants' home has been renamed Oracle Park |url=http://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/25724823 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref>

From the [[2022 Formula One World Championship|2022 Formula One season]], Oracle signed a five-year deal worth $500m to become title sponsors of [[Red Bull Racing]], after already being a sponsor effective from the [[2021 Formula One World Championship|2021 season]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-02-09 |title=Red Bull F1 clinches new $500M title sponsorship with Oracle |url=https://apnews.com/article/sports-technology-business-auto-racing-max-verstappen-800371ff9393347d9dd73618cd6fb6f7 |access-date=2022-02-09 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> In 1994 and 1995, Oracle sponsored [[Benetton Formula|Benetton]]. It was revealed in July 2022 that [[NASCAR Cup Series|NASCAR]]'s [[Joe Gibbs Racing]] team tried to sign a sponsorship with Oracle after [[Mars Inc.]] would announce they would leave JGR after the 2022 season, but the deal reportedly fell through.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fair |first=Asher |url=https://beyondtheflag.com/2022/07/26/nascar-potential-joe-gibbs-racing-sponsor-revealed/ |title=NASCAR: Potential Joe Gibbs Racing sponsor revealed |publisher=Beyondtheflag.com |date=2022-07-26 |access-date=2022-08-18}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|San Francisco Bay Area|Companies|Telecommunication|Electronics|Technology}}
* [[Cover Oregon website failure|Cover Oregon]]
* [[Oracle Applications]]
* [[Oracle Certification Program]]
* [[Oracle Clinical]]
* [[Oracle Database]]
* [[Oracle Linux]]
* [[Oracle User Group]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |last=Mendelsohn |first=Andrew |date=April–June 2013 |title=The Oracle Story: 1984–2001 |journal=[[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]] |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=10–23 |doi=10.1109/MAHC.2012.56 |bibcode=2013IAHC...35b..10M |id=INSPEC Accession Number 13640647 |s2cid=17907189}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
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* {{OpenSecrets}}
{{Finance links
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| symbol = ORCL 
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| google = ORCL:NYSE
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* {{OpenCorp|Oracle}}

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