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{{Short description|1947 forced ethnic population resettlement in Poland}}{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Operation Vistula
| place             = [[Bieszczady Mountains|Bieszczady]] and [[Low Beskids]]
| image             = Депортація українців у рамках акції «Вісла», квітень 1947 р.jpg
| image_size        = 300
| result            = {{ublist|Polish victory}}
* Complete liquidation of UPA in Polish territories
*        Mass deportations of Ukrainian civilians
| date              = 28 April – 31 July 1947
| combatant1        = {{flagdeco|Polish People's Republic|}} [[Polish People's Republic]]
| combatant2        = [[File:OUN-r Flag 1941.svg|23px|border|link]] [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]]
| commander1        = {{flagdeco|Polish People's Republic|}} '''[[Bolesław Bierut]]'''<br> {{flagdeco|Polish People's Republic|}} [[Stefan Mossor]]
| commander2        = Various local leaders
| casualties1       = Unknown
| casualties2       = 1,135 [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army|UPA]] soldiers {{Executed}}
| casualties        = 141,000 civilians deported<br>2,780 civilians were detained under suspicion of collaboration with UPA
| caption           = [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army|UPA]] soldiers captured by Polish soldiers{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}
| partof            = [[Polish–Ukrainian conflict (1939–1947)]]
}}
{{Redirect|Vistula Operation||Vistula Offensive (disambiguation)}}{{Campaignbox Polish-Ukrainian ethnic conflict}}
'''Operation Vistula''' ({{langx|pl|Akcja Wisła}}; {{langx|uk|Опера́ція «Ві́сла»}}) was the codename for the 1947 [[forced resettlement]] of close to 150,000 [[Ukrainians in Poland|Ukrainians]] (including [[Rusyns]], [[Boykos]], and [[Lemkos]]) from the southeastern provinces of [[People's Republic of Poland|postwar Poland]] to the [[Recovered Territories]] in the west of the country. The action was carried out by the Soviet-installed Polish [[Polish United Workers' Party|communist authorities]] to remove material support to the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]].<ref name="twojebieszczady">{{cite web |url=http://www.twojebieszczady.net/upa/upa5.php |title=Akcja "Wisła" (Wschód) przeciw UPA |publisher=Twoje Bieszczady |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="semper6">{{cite web|url=http://akcjawisla.semper.pl/rozdzial6.html |title=Akcja Wisła |work=Przebieg i statystyki wysiedleń (Introductory notes and tables of data per each voivodeship with index of reference books) |id=Sources: A. B. Szcześniak, W. Z. Szota, ''Droga do nikąd. Działalność organizacji ukraińskich nacjonalistów i jej likwidacja w Polsce'', MON, Warsaw 1973, 433 pages; G. Motyka, ''Łemkowie i Bojkowie'', and ''Tak było w Bieszczadach'', Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, nr 8-9/2001; Andrzej Kaczyński, ''U nas tu, u nas tam'', Rzeczpospolita, nr 106, 08.05.1997 |author1=Eugeniusz Misiło (Євген Місило) |author2=Wydział Polityczno-Wychowawczy |access-date=12 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060128000218/http://akcjawisla.semper.pl/rozdzial6.html |archive-date=January 28, 2006 }}</ref> The Ukrainian Insurgent Army continued its guerrilla activities until 1947 in [[Subcarpathian Voivodeship|Subcarpathian]] and [[Lublin Voivodeship]]s with no hope for any peaceful resolution; Operation Vistula brought an end to the hostilities.<ref name="Palski2008"/>

In a period of three months beginning on 28 April 1947 and with Soviet approval and aid about 141,000 civilians residing around [[Bieszczady Mountains|Bieszczady]] and [[Low Beskids]] were forcibly resettled to [[Former eastern territories of Germany|former German territories]], ceded to Poland at the [[Yalta Conference]] at the end of [[World War II]].<ref name="Palski2008"/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080222170612/http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/pol6_en.html The Euromosaic notes on the Ukrainian in Poland.] [[European Commission]], October 2006. Wayback Machine.</ref> The operation was named after the [[Vistula River]], {{Lang|pl|Wisła}} in Polish; some Polish and Ukrainian politicians as well as historians condemned the operation following the 1989 [[fall of communism]] in [[Eastern Europe]] and described it as [[ethnic cleansing]].<ref name="Snyder1999">[[Timothy Snyder]], [http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/journal_of_cold_war_studies/v001/1.2snyder.html ''To Resolve the Ukrainian Question Once and for All: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland, 1943-1947.''] Journal of Cold War Studies, Spring 1999.</ref><ref name="Bohdan, Kordan 1997. pp. 704-720">Bohdan S. Kordan (1997), "Making Borders Stick: Population Transfer and Resettlement in the Trans-Curzon Territories, 1944–1949". ''International Migration Review'' Vol. 31, No. 3., pp. 704-720 (in) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RG9dXs3-zQEC&q=482%2C000 Galicia: A Multicultured Land.]''</ref> Others argued that no other means of stopping the violence existed since partisans used to regroup outside Polish borders.<ref name="Palski2008"/>

At the same time the Soviet Union carried out a parallel action, [[Operation West]], in the [[Ukrainian SSR]]. Although both operations were coordinated from Moscow, there was a difference in their results.<ref name="Palski2008">{{cite journal|url=http://www.radiomaryja.pl/bez-kategorii/operacja-wisla-komunistyczna-akcja-represyjna-czy-obrona-konieczna-rzeczypospolitej/ |title=Operacja Wisła: komunistyczna akcja represyjna, czy obrona konieczna Rzeczypospolitej? (Operation Vistula: communist repressions, or the necessary defense of the new Polish Republic?) |publisher=Nasz Dziennik, [[Institute of National Remembrance]] |journal=Dodatek Historyczny IPN Nr. 5/2008 (12) |date=30 May 2008 |access-date=21 June 2018 |author=Dr Zbigniew Palski}}</ref> Operation West was conducted in [[West Ukraine]] by the Soviet NKVD and targeted the families of suspected UPA members. Over 114,000 individuals, mostly women and children, were deported to the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh SSR]] and Siberia and forced into [[extreme poverty]].<ref name="Palski2008"/> Of the 19,000 adult males deported by the NKVD, most were sent to coal mines and stone quarries in the north. None of those deported by the NKVD received any farms or empty homes to live in.<ref name="Palski2008"/>

==Background==

{{Further|Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine}}
[[File:Monument to Polish Soldiers killed by UPA in Jasiel 1946 at new cemetery in Zagórz-Wielopole sculpture.jpg|thumb|left|Monument to Polish soldiers killed by [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army|UPA]] in [[Jasiel, Podkarpackie Voivodeship|Jasiel]], south-eastern Poland, in 1946]]
The goal of the operation was to suppress the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] (UPA), which had been fighting the [[Polish People's Army]] (LWP) in the southeast of Poland.<ref name="semper6"/> The original codename of the operation was ''Akcja Wschód'' (Operation East), similar to Operation West (''Akcja Zachód'') conducted by the NKVD on the Soviet side of the border.<ref name="Palski2008"/> It is sometimes assumed that the cause for Operation Vistula was the assassination on 28 March 1947 of the Polish communist General [[Karol Świerczewski]] in an [[ambush]] set up by the UPA.<ref name="ipnbiuletyn11">[http://www.ipn.gov.pl/biuletyn11_46.pdf IPN Bulletin. Nr 11/46.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621190623/https://ipn.gov.pl/biuletyn11_46.pdf |date=2022-06-21 }} ''See:'' UPA ''Chrin'' and ''Stach'' ''[[sotnia]]s''.</ref>

[[File:1946 Bukowsko 1.jpg|thumb|The village of [[Bukowsko]] burned down by the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army|UPA]] in 1946]]
About 12 hours after the incident, the Polish Soviet-sponsored authorities made the decision to deport all Ukrainians and Lemkos. It is known that preparations for Operation Vistula had started in January 1947, if not earlier. On 10 September 1947 the [[Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union]] issued an Order No. 3214-1050, for the deportation of all Ukrainian families of alleged UPA members to Siberia.<ref>[http://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/usr_9363.htm Постановление Совмина СССР.] Подпункт "д" пункта 5 и пункт 7 Постановления Совета Министров СССР от 10 сентября 1947 г. N 3214-1050.</ref><ref name="Palski2008"/> Between 1945 and 1947 over 126,000 Ukrainians were apprehended by the NKVD and almost 32,000 of the Ukrainian underground were killed, attesting to the continuity of the same Soviet policy from before 1947.<ref name="Palski2008"/>

In the aftermath of the death of Karol Świerczewski, Lieutenant Colonel Wacław Kossowski, though concluding that the identity of the assailants responsible for Świerczewski's death was 'impossible to determine', nonetheless advised the Polish general staff on 11 April "As soon as possible, an Operational Group should be organized, which would elaborate a plan to include among other matters the complete extermination of the remnants of the Ukrainian population in the southeastern border region of Poland".<ref name="Snyder">{{Cite journal |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |date=November 2001 |title="To resolve the Ukrainian Question Once and For All": The Ethnic Cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland |url=https://cis.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/ToResolveTheUkrainianQuestion.pdf |journal=History Department Yale University}}</ref>

On April 16, 1947, the [[Ministry of Public Security (Poland)|Minister of Public Security (MBP)]] divisional general [[Stanisław Radkiewicz]] and Marshal [[Michał Rola-Żymierski]], the Minister of National Defence, issued the operative and organization plan for an operation named ''Akcja Wschód'' ('Operation East') articulating the goal of the operation as "To solve the Ukrainian problem in Poland once and for all" and instructing the participants to "Conduct evacuation from the southern and eastern border region of all the people of Ukrainian descent...and settle them in the north-western territories of Poland in the highest possible degree of scattering...".<ref name="Snyder"/>

==Action participants==
[[File:Układy republikańskie (1944)-ost strona.jpg|thumb|upright|Signature page of Polish-Ukrainian repatriation agreement signed by [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]], 1944]]
The operation was carried out by the Operational Group Vistula consisting of about 20,000 personnel commanded by General [[Stefan Mossor]].<ref name="twojebieszczady"/> The group included soldiers of the [[Polish People's Army]] and the [[Internal Security Corps]], as well as functionaries of the police [[Milicja Obywatelska]] and the Security Service [[Urząd Bezpieczeństwa]].<ref name="ipnbiuletyn11"/> At 4am on {{awrap|28 April}} 1947, six divisions of the Polish army surrounded the villages of southeastern Poland that were inhabited by Ukrainians. In a commensurate action, Soviet internal security forces and Czechoslovak border guards blocked the eastern and southern borders of Poland, preventing the deportees from fleeing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khomyk |first=Andriy |date=2017-04-28 |title=70 YEARS AGO – OPERATION "VISTULA" |url=https://www.lemko-ool.com/?p=3584 |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=Lemko-OOL |language=en-US}}</ref> Initially, the expellees comprised about 20,000 [[Ukrainians]]. With time, the total number grew to 80,000 and eventually to close to 150,000 inhabitants of [[Polesie]], [[Roztocze]], [[Pogórze Przemyskie]], [[Bieszczady Mountains|Bieszczady]], [[Low Beskid]], [[Beskid Sądecki]], and [[Ruś Szlachtowska]].<ref name="twojebieszczady"/>
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Jaworzno trahicznyj symwol.jpg|thumb|Memorial to those who perished at Jaworzno concentration camp]] -->
[[File:Operation Wisła.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Resettlement of Ukrainians in 1947]]

The expellees were resettled over a wide area in the Northern and Western Territories [[Former eastern territories of Germany|assigned to Poland]] by the [[Potsdam Agreement]] including [[Warmia]] and [[Masuria]].

A consequence of Operation Vistula was the almost total depopulation of [[Pogórze Przemyskie]], [[Bieszczady Mountains|Bieszczady]] and [[Beskid Niski]] coupled with the {{awrap|NKVD-led}} [[Expulsion of Ukrainians from Poland to the Soviet Union|forcible repatriation of Ukrainians from Poland]] to the Soviet Union (the [[Ukrainian SSR]] and [[Siberia]]) in 1944–46. The relocation of the population put the UPA forces in Poland in the most difficult position; deprived of human and other resources, the outnumbered Ukrainian partisans were unable to uphold their armed resistance against the communist forces. Nevertheless, the UPA remained active for a few more years. After the last relocations, UPA's activities on Polish territory died out. Some Ukrainian partisans fled to [[Western Europe]], notably to [[West Germany]], and the [[United States]].<ref name="JP71">{{cite book |title=Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA |author=John Prados |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2006 |isbn=1566635748 |pages=71–73 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JokJ7K3b5fMC&q=support+OUN&pg=PA71}}</ref>

== Process of deportation ==
A principle of 'collective responsibility' was applied–all Ukrainians within the indicted area of Poland were deported regardless of political leanings, alliances and historical affiliations. Polish authorities decided to resettle "every person of Ukrainian nationality". Mixed families, communities that did not support UPA, Lemkos returning from Red Army service, "even loyal party members trained in the Soviet Union, even communists who helped 'repatriate' Ukrainians in the previous wave, were forcible resettled". Nationality was not decided by 'individual choice' but by religion, language and "frequently by the letter 'U' in the [[Kennkarte]] Polish citizens received from the Nazi occupation during the war".<ref name="Snyder"/>

Those who resisted deportation were imprisoned in the [[Jaworzno concentration camp#Stalinist era|Jaworzno prison camp]] in Silesia.<ref name="Ency"/> In total 3,936 Ukrainians were imprisoned in Jaworzno camp, a war time affiliate of the [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz-Birkenau]] complex. Of the near 4,000 Ukrainians taken to Jaworzno camp, 823 were women and children. Torture, typhus epidemics and additional exigencies resulted in the several deaths and suicides in the camp. Military tribunals were also to judge civilians and sentenced to death 173 Ukrainians on the spot during Operation Vistula.<ref name="Snyder"/>

The Ukrainians were transported in compact cattle and box cars, sanitary conditions were poor and food supplies irregular, some deportees died during transit.<ref name="Ency"/> Ukrainians were packed into trains for Lublin or Oswiecim, where they were rerouted to their places of settlement. The final destination and degree of dispersal of groups was determined by the judgement of the intelligence officers, whose colleagues were waiting to receive their instruction in sealed envelopes at the end of the line.<ref name="Snyder"/>

==Events==
The deportations occurred in stages. Poland and the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet Ukraine]] conducted population exchanges resulting from bilateral agreements signed on {{awrap|9 September}} 1944 and 16 August 1945.<ref name="Bohdan, Kordan 1997. pp. 704-720"/> The first transfers occurred at the end of World War II. The Poles who resided east of the newly established borders were [[Polish population transfers (1944–46)|deported to new Poland over three years]]. In 1944 the expulsion from Ukraine involved 117,000 Poles officially. In 1945 the number swelled to 512,000 Poles. In 1946 the total was 158,500 Poles from the Ukrainian SSR alone.<ref name="Ther">{{cite book | author=Jerzy Kochanowski| title=Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944-1948 | year=2001 | editor=Philipp Ther, Ana Siljak | pages=138 | chapter=Gathering Poles into Poland. Forced Migration from Poland's Former Eastern Territories | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGmTs2SceAgC&q=1%2C517%2C983 | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | location=Lanham| isbn=978-0-7425-1094-4}}</ref>

Some 482,000 Ukrainians were deported to the Ukrainian SSR between September 1944 and April 1946,<ref name="Bohdan, Kordan 1997. pp. 704-720"/> although some 300,000 remained in their native settlements within the borders of Poland. Many Ukrainians as well as tens of thousands of Poles (ca. 200,000 persons or more) fled from southeastern Poland to central Poland between 1944 and 1945 independently of treaties due to the pacification campaign by the Bandera faction.<ref name="Palski2008"/>

Operation Vistula occurred within the Polish national borders. The transfer involved persons who were internally relocated as citizens of the country. The final relocation of Ukrainians and Poles between the state borders occurred in 1951, when Poland was [[1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange|forced by the Soviet Union to adjust the border]] in the upper [[San River]] area and in the [[Belz]] area for economic reasons. Poland gave up rich deposits of coal including the city of [[Bełz]] that was in Poland, and in exchange, was assigned a stretch of barren land with low quality soil and no natural resources east of the San River and south of [[Przemyśl]]. The new Soviet acquisitions went to Ukraine, and populations were exchanged.<ref name="Fertacz">Sylwester Fertacz, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090425133017/http://www.alfa.com.pl/slask/200506/s19.html Krojenie mapy Polski: Bolesna granica.] ''Alfa.'' Retrieved from the [[Internet Archive]] on 14 November 2011.</ref><ref name="Grenville">J.A.S. Grenville, [https://books.google.com/books?id=c5wOAAAAQAAJ&dq=15+February+1951+Poland+territorial+exchange&pg=PA365 ''The major international treaties, 1914–1973.''] A history with guide and text. ''Taylor & Francis.'' 572 pages.</ref> Following the transfer of land, the Soviets built large coal mines there with the total capacity of 15 million tons annually.<ref name="Kawałko">Bogdan Kawałko, [http://www.wszia.edu.pl/index.php?p=media-o-nas&artykul=524 "Prostowanie granicy."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127191021/http://www.wszia.edu.pl/index.php?p=media-o-nas&artykul=524 |date=2021-01-27 }} ''Dziennik Wschodni'', 2006-02-03. ''Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania i Administracji w Zamościu''.</ref>

== Conditions upon resettlement ==
Living standards were harsh for the deported Ukrainians, as deportees were refused compensation for the property and land they were forced to leave behind and because communities and families were separated across the four provinces of Olsztyn, Szczecin, Wrocław and Gdansk, carefully dispersed so that the Ukrainian deportees did not constitute more than 10% of the local population.<ref name="Ency">{{Cite web |title=Operation Wisła |url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CO%5CP%5COperationWisK5a.htm |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com}}</ref> The expedited plan approved by Civil Security Minister Brigadier General Radkevych and Marshal Zhymerski instructed "Conduct evacuation from the Southern and Eastern border region of all the people of Ukrainian descent...and settle them in the north-western territories of Poland in the highest possible degree of scattering...".<ref name="Snyder"/>

Ukrainians were faced with largely decrepit accommodations, as most habitable buildings in the 'recovered territories' had recently been moved into by newly repatriated Poles after the 1944 Polish-Soviet population transfers.<ref name="Ency"/>

They received financial credits and material help from the government, including grain shipments and other foodstuffs.<ref name="Palski2008" /> Dr Zbigniew Palski writes that new homes were renovated with public funds; in [[Olsztyn Voivodeship]] 2,427 houses were rebuilt by the state, in [[Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)|Szczecin Voivodeship]], only 717 although the needs were exponentially greater: reaching 10,000 households, far beyond the available state budget. Most of their personal debts, however, were remitted in the following years.<ref name="Palski2008" />

==Situation of Lemkos in Poland==
[[File:Chyża (budynek).jpg|thumb|Lemko house in [[Nowica, Lesser Poland Voivodeship|Nowica]]]]

Some five thousand Lemko families returned to their home regions in south-eastern Poland in 1957 and 1958.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lemko.org/rzeczpospolita/hladyk.html|title=Dostaną lasy albo pieniądze|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> While the Polish census of 2003 shows only 5,800 Lemkos (self-identification), there are estimates that up to 100,000 Lemkos in total live in Poland today, and up to 10,000 of them in the area known as [[Lemkivshchyna|Lemkovyna]].{{Ref|BN}} The largest communities of Lemkos live in the villages [[Łosie, Gorlice County|Łosie]], [[Krynica-Zdrój|Krynica]], [[Nowica, Lesser Poland Voivodeship|Nowica]], [[Zdynia]], [[Gładyszów]], [[Hańczowa]], [[Zyndranowa]], [[Uście Gorlickie]], [[Bartne]], [[Bielanka, Gorlice County|Bielanka]], and in the eastern part of Lemkovyna – [[Wysoczany]], [[Mokre, Sanok County|Mokre]], [[Morochów]], [[Szczawne]], [[Kulaszne]], [[Rzepedź]], [[Turzańsk]], [[Komańcza]]. They also live in the town of [[Sanok]] and the cities of [[Nowy Sącz]] and [[Gorlice]].

==Legacy==
{{Further|Ukrainians in Poland|Ukraine-Poland relations}}

On 3 August 1990, the [[Senate of Poland|Polish Senate]] adopted a resolution condemning the postwar Polish government's Operation Vistula. In response, the Ukrainian Parliament ([[Verkhovna Rada]]) adopted the statement of understanding of the Polish Senate resolution as a serious step towards the correction of the injustices towards the Ukrainians in Poland. In the same resolution the Rada condemned the criminal acts of the [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] regime towards the Polish people.

On 18 April 2002 in [[Krasiczyn]], Polish president [[Aleksander Kwaśniewski]] expressed regret over Operation Vistula. The president described the operation as the symbol of harm against Ukrainians committed by the communist authorities. "Speaking on behalf of the Republic of Poland I want to express regret to all those wronged by the operation" - Kwaśniewski wrote in a letter to the [[National Remembrance Institute]] (IPN) and participants in the conference on the 1947 Operation Vistula and openly rejected the notion that it should in any way be linked to earlier events in Volhynia. "It was believed for years that the Vistula operation was the revenge for slaughter of Poles by the UPA forces in the east in the years 1943-1944. Such attitude is wrong and cannot be accepted. The Vistula operation should be condemned."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polandembassy.org/News/Biuletyny_news/news_biuletyn_4_18.htm|title=POLANDEMBASSY.ORG|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924075053/http://www.polandembassy.org/News/Biuletyny_news/news_biuletyn_4_18.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2007, president of Poland [[Lech Kaczyński]] and president of Ukraine [[Viktor Yushchenko]] condemned the operation as a violation of [[human rights]].<ref>Office of President, [http://www.pis.org.pl/article.php?id=7233 Wspólne oświadczenie Prezydenta RP i Prezydenta Ukrainy z okazji 60-tej rocznicy Akcji „Wisła” Warszawa, 2007. Joint statement by Polish and Ukrainian Presidents.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928041233/http://www.pis.org.pl/article.php?id=7233 |date=2007-09-28 }}</ref> President Yushchenko also noted that the operation was executed by and was the responsibility of a "totalitarian communist regime".<ref>Office of President, [http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1356,wid,8840944,wiadomosc.html?ticaid=13a62 Juszczenko w rocznicę akcji "Wisła": Zrobili to komuniści.]</ref>

== See also ==
[[File:Akcja wisla cm01.jpg|thumb|Inscription in Polish and Ukrainian at a church in [[Beskid Niski]], Poland: "In memory of those expelled from [[Lemkivshchyna]], on the 50th anniversary of Operation Vistula, 1947–1997"]]
* [[Ukrainian nationalism]]
* [[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]]
* [[Historical demographics of Poland#Post-Second World War (1945-present)|Minorities in Poland after the Second World War]]
* [[Population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
* [[Jan Jacek Bruski]] (28 April 2002), ''"Unjustly exiled"'', [[Wprost]], [http://www.wprost.pl/ar/?O=12841 Polish original]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050404202106/http://inosmi.ru/translation/140615.html Russian translation].
* [[Rafał Wnuk]], ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20050209035835/https://www.columbia.edu/cu/sipa/REGIONAL/ECE/vol7no1/wnuk.pdf Recent Polish Historiography on Polish-Ukrainian Relations during World War II and its Aftermath.]'' (PDF), Columbia.

===Polish sources===
* PWN, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090829194414/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3996729 „Wisła”], [[Internetowa encyklopedia PWN|PWN Encyklopedia]]
* Eugeniusz Misiło, ''Akcja "Wisła"'', {{ISBN|83-900854-2-9}}.
* Robert Witalec, [http://www.ipn.gov.pl/biuletyn11_46.pdf ''Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej nr 11 ""Kos" kontra UPA"'']{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, {{ISSN|1641-9561}}, PDF format, last accessed 10 December 2005.
* Tomasz Kalbarczyk, [http://www.ipn.gov.pl/biuletyn1-2_48-49.pdf ''Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej nr 1-2 "Powrót Łemków"'']{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, {{ISSN|1641-9561}}, PDF format, last accessed 10 December 2005.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071229102546/http://akcjawisla.semper.pl/ Akcja Wisła.] Wydawnictwo Naukowe Semper.pl. Internet Archive.
* {{note|BN}} ''Beskid Niski'', Rewasz, Pruszków 1999 (in Polish) {{ISBN|83-85557-59-8}}.
* Władysław A. Serczyk, ''Historia Ukrainy'', 3rd ed., Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Wrocław 2001, {{ISBN|83-04-04530-3}}
* Andrzej L. Sowa, ''Stosunki polsko-ukraińskie 1939-1947'', Kraków 1998, {{OCLC|48053561}}
* [[Grzegorz Motyka]] (various authors), ''Służby bezpieczeństwa Polski i Czechosłowacji wobec Ukraińców (1945–1989)'', [[Instytut Pamięci Narodowej]], Warszawa 2005, {{ISBN|83-89078-86-4}}.

===Russian and Ukrainian sources===
* Roman Drozd, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014514/http://nslowo.free.ngo.pl/z_istoriji_kultury/jaworzno_trahicznyj_symwol.htm "Явожно– трагічний символ акції «Вісла»"] ("Jaworzno - the tragic symbol of Wisła Action") in "Наше слово" weekly magazine, number 18, 2004
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051125145950/http://www.ipn.gov.pl/index_ukr.html Subpage of Instytut Pamięci Narodowej] in Ukrainian
* Roman Drozd: Droga na zachód. Osadnictwo ludności ukraińskiej na ziemiach zachodnich i północnych Polski w ramach akcji «Wisła». Warszawa: 1997.
* Roman Drozd: Ukraińcy w najnowszych dziejach Polski (1918–1989). T. II: "Akcja «Wisła». Warszawa: 2005.
* Roman Drozd: Ukraińcy w najnowszych dziejach Polski (1918–1989). T. III: «Akcja "Wisła". Słupsk: 2007.
* Roman Drozd, Bohdan Halczak: Dzieje Ukraińców w Polsce w latach 1921–1989». Warszawa: 2010.
* Дрозд Р., Гальчак Б. Історія українців у Польщі в 1921–1989 роках / Роман Дрозд, Богдан Гальчак, Ірина Мусієнко; пер. з пол. І. Мусієнко. 3-тє вид., випр., допов. – Харків : Золоті сторінки, 2013. – 272 с.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060525111530/http://www.history.univ.kiev.ua/ukrbooks/1986-96.html#136 A statement of Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR of 9 September 1990, in response to the resolution of the Senate of the Republic of Poland of 3 September 1990, regarding the "Visla" action], in Ukrainian.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050227194310/http://ukrweekly.com/Archive/1997/219702.shtml "Polish, Ukrainian presidents sign concord declaration" in Ukrainian Weekly]
* {{cite book | author=Ярослав Грицак (Yaroslav Hrytsak) | title=Формування модерної української нації XIX-XX ст. (Formation of the Modern Ukrainian Nation in the late 19th–20th centuries) | location= [[Kyiv]] | publisher= Генеза (Heneza) | year=1996 | isbn=966-504-150-9}}. Available [https://web.archive.org/web/20050302102308/http://www.vesna.org.ua/txt/grytsakj/formuv/index.html online].
* Yuri Havrylyuk, "To solve conclusively the Ukrainian question in Poland", ''[[Zerkalo Nedeli]] (The Mirror Weekly)'', 28 April – 11 May 2007 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070501063356/http://www.zn.ua/3000/3150/56499/ in Russian], [https://web.archive.org/web/20070502060732/http://www.dt.ua/3000/3150/56499/ in Ukrainian]

===Lemko sources===
* [http://www.lemko.org/general.html About Operation Wisła on lemko.org].
* [http://www.lemko.org/books/best/9.html The Consequences of the Deportation of Lemkos and the process of Polish-Ukrainian Reconciliation].
* [http://www.infoukes.com/upa/series01/vol22.html Military Court of Operation Group "Wisla"]
* ''"Figures of the 20th century. Józef Piłsudski: the Chief who Created a State for Himself,"'' in [[Zerkalo Nedeli]] (the Mirror Weekly), 3–9 February 2001, available online [https://web.archive.org/web/20051126150005/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/329/29435/ in Russian] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20051107051914/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/329/29435/ in Ukrainian].

==External links==
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