View source for Operation Market Time

{{Short description|Campaign of the Vietnam War}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict    = Operation Market Time
| sea battle of      = the [[Vietnam War]]
| image       = US Navy Market Time patrol areas in Vietnam 1966.png
| image_size  = 300px
| caption     = 
| place       = [[South Vietnam]]
| result      = Successful blockade by South Vietnam.
| combatant1  = {{flag|South Vietnam}}<br/>{{flag|United States}}<br/>{{flag|Australia}}
| combatant2  = {{flag|North Vietnam}}<br/>{{Flagicon image|FNL Flag.svg}} [[Viet Cong]]
| commander1  = 
| commander2  = 
| strength1   = 
| strength2   = 
| casualties1 = 
| casualties2 = 
}}
{{Campaignbox Vietnam War}}

'''Operation Market Time''' was the [[United States Navy]], [[Republic of Vietnam Navy]] and [[Royal Australian Navy]] operation begun in 1965 to stop the flow of troops, war material, and supplies by sea, coast, and rivers, from [[North Vietnam]] into parts of South Vietnam during the [[Vietnam War]]. Also participating in Operation Market Time were [[United States Coast Guard]]'s [[Coast Guard Squadron One|Squadron One]] and Squadron Three. The U.S. Coast Guard operated, under U.S. Navy command, heavily armed {{convert|82|ft|m|adj=on}} patrol boats and large cutters armed with [[5-inch/38-caliber gun|5-inch naval guns]], which were used in battle and gunfire support.

Radar picket escort ships, based in [[Guam]] or [[Pearl Harbor]], provided long-term presence at sea offshore to guard against [[Naval trawler|trawler]] infiltration. Originally built for [[World War II]] convoy duty, and then modified for distant early warning ("DEW") duty in the North Atlantic, their sea keeping capability made them ideal for long-term presence offshore where they provided support for [[Patrol Craft Fast]] (PCF) boats, pilot rescue and [[sampan]] inspection. There were two or three on station at all times. Deployments were seven-months duration, with a four- or five-month turn-around in Pearl. When off station, they alternated duty as [[United States Taiwan Defense Command|Taiwan Defense Patrol]], with stops in [[U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay|Subic]] and [[United States Fleet Activities Sasebo|Sasebo]] for refit mid-deployment.

Operation Market Time was one of six Navy duties begun after the [[Tonkin Gulf Incident]], along with [[Operation Sea Dragon (Vietnam War)|Operation Sea Dragon]], [[Operation Sealords]], [[Yankee Station]], [[PIRAZ]], and [[naval gunfire support]].

==Background==
When a trawler was intercepted landing arms and ammunition at [[Vung Ro Bay]] in northern [[Khánh Hòa Province]] on 16 February 1965, it provided the first tangible evidence of the North Vietnamese supply operation. This became known as the [[Vung Ro Bay Incident]].<ref name=Noble>Noble</ref> Operation Market Time was established by the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff at the request of General [[William C. Westmoreland]], commanding general of [[Military Assistance Command Vietnam]]. He requested that the U.S. Navy establish a naval blockade of the vast South Vietnam coastline against North Vietnamese gun-running trawlers.<ref name=Larzelere6>Larzelere, p 6</ref> The trawlers, usually {{convert|100|ft}} long Chinese-built steel-hulled coastal freighters, could carry several tons of arms and ammunition in their hulls. Not flying a national ensign that would identify them, the ships would maneuver "innocently" out in the South China Sea, waiting for the cover of darkness to make high-speed runs to the South Vietnam coastline. If successful, the ships would off load their cargoes to waiting [[Việt Cộng]] (VC) or [[People's Army of Vietnam]] (PAVN) forces.

At the time of inception, the Coast Guard contributed seventeen {{convert|82|ft}} [[Point-class cutter]]s while the Navy added approximately fifty ships known as [[Patrol Craft Fast]] (PCFs or Swifts) that could reach a maximum speed of 28 knots.<ref name=Cutler82-85>Cutler, pp 82-85</ref> In detail, on 16 April 1965 [[United States Secretary of the Navy]] [[Paul Nitze]] requested Coast Guard assistance with Market Time. On 6 May 1965, the seventeen Point-class cutters were loaded as deck cargo on merchant ships in [[New York City]], [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]], [[New Orleans]], [[Galveston]], [[San Pedro, Los Angeles|San Pedro]], [[San Francisco]] and [[Seattle]] for transport to [[U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay]]. At Subic Bay each of the cutters was armed with an 81&nbsp;mm mortar and five [[M2 Browning|.50 caliber machine guns]]. Coast Guard Squadron One was organized into Division Eleven with eight of the cutters and Division Twelve with nine of the cutters. Division Twelve sailed on 15 July 1965 and arrived at [[Đà Nẵng]] on 20 July. Division Eleven sailed on 20 July and arrived at [[An Thoi Naval Base|An Thoi]] on 31 July. An additional nine cutters were provided to form Division Thirteen at [[Vũng Tàu]] in early 1966. Each cutter with an eleven-man crew would spend four days on patrol followed by two days alongside a support ship. All 26 cutters were turned over to South Vietnamese crews between 16 May 1969 and 15 August 1970.<ref name=Noble/>

==Operations==
===Coastal surveillance centers===
In an effort to coordinate all coastal interdiction activities, coastal surveillance centers (CSC) were established at Da Nang, Qui Nhon, Nha Trang, Vung Tau and An Thoi and were manned by [[Republic of Vietnam Navy]] (RVNN) and U.S. Navy watchstanders. Reports of possible sightings of suspect vessels from aircraft and watercraft were reported to the CSC's and the appropriate response vessels and aircraft were dispatched to the scene by CSC personnel.<ref name=Cutler79>Cutler, p 79</ref><ref name=Scotti18>Scotti, p 18</ref>

===Watercraft===
[[File:USCGC Owasco (WHEC-39) refuels from USS Guadalupe (AO-32) during a Market Time patrol off Vietnam, in 1968-1969 (6309).jpg|thumb|right|The United States Coast Guard cutter {{USCGC|Owasco|WHEC-39|2}} refueling during a Market Time patrol.]]
The objective of Operation Market Time focused on preventing communist ships from infiltrating the South Vietnamese coast to resupply PAVN/VC forces. Beginning officially on 11 March 1965, Market Time featured a picket line of ships along over {{convert|1,000|mi}} of South Vietnamese coast including forces from the U.S. Coast Guard, the U.S. Navy and the RVNN.<ref name=Olson433>Olson, p 433</ref> The operation was originally placed under the control of the Vietnam Patrol Force (Task Force 71). Command shifted to the [[Commander, Naval Forces Vietnam]] on 31 July 1965 and designated as Task Force 115.<ref name=Summers239>Summers, p 239</ref> Operation Market Time was originally planned to acquire 54 Swift boats, but that number increased to a total of 84 in September 1965 to thoroughly guard the coast of South Vietnam. These Swift boats were further separated into five groups and assigned to different areas of operation including Division 101 located at An Thoi (working alongside Coast Guard Division 11), Division 102 at Da Nang (with Coast Guard Division 12), Division 103 at [[Cat Lo Naval Base|Cat Lo]] (with Coast Guard Division 13), Division 104 based at [[Cam Ranh Base|Cam Ranh Bay]] and Division 105 at [[Qui Nhon]].<ref>Cutler, pp. 85–86.</ref>

Seaplane tenders {{USS|Currituck|AV-7|6}}, {{USS|Pine Island|AV-12|6}} and {{USS|Salisbury Sound|AV-13|6}} served as flagships for Market Time.

U.S. Navy [[Martin P5M Marlin|Martin P-5 Marlin]] seaplane patrol squadrons, [[destroyer]]s, ocean [[minesweeper]]s, PCFs and United States Coast Guard cutters performed the operation. Also playing a key role in the interdictions were the Navy's [[Asheville-class gunboat|patrol gunboats]] (PGs). The PG was uniquely suited for the job because of its ability to go from standard [[Diesel engine|diesel]] propulsion to [[gas turbine]] ([[turboshaft]]) propulsion in a matter of a few minutes. The lightweight aluminum and fiberglass ships were fast and highly maneuverable because of their [[Variable-pitch propeller (marine)|variable-pitch propeller]]s. Most of the ships operated in the coastal waters from the Cambodian border around the south tip of Vietnam up north to Đà Nẵng. Supply ships from the Service Force, such as oilers, would bring mail, movies and fuel.

A significant [[Action of 1 March 1968|action]] of Market Time occurred on 1 March 1968, when the North Vietnamese attempted a coordinated infiltration of four gun-running trawlers. Two of the four trawlers were destroyed by allied ships in gun battles, one trawler crew detonated charges on board their vessel to avoid capture, and the fourth trawler turned tail and retreated at high speed into the South China Sea. LT Norm Cook, the patrol plane commander of a [[VP-17]] [[Lockheed P-2 Neptune|P-2H Neptune]] patrol aircraft operating from Cam Ranh Bay, was awarded a [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]] for discovering and following two of the four trawlers in the action.

Of the many vessels involved in Operation Market Time, one of the more notable was the {{ship|USCGC|Point Welcome|WPB-82329|6}} which, on 11 August 1966, was brought under fire by a number of [[United States Air Force]] aircraft. This incident of a [[friendly fire|"blue-on-blue"]] engagement killed two members of the cutter's crew (one of whom was the commanding officer) and wounded nearly everyone on board.<ref name=Larzelere24>Larzelere, p 24</ref>

===Aircraft===
[[File:SP-5B VP-40 on Vietnam patrol 1965.jpg|thumb|right|A [[List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons|VP-40]] [[Martin P5M Marlin|SP-5B ''Marlin'']] on patrol in 1965]]
To stop these infiltrations, Market Time was established as a coordinated effort of long range patrol aircraft for broad reconnaissance and tracking. These aircraft, initially SP-5B seaplanes, later P-2 Neptunes and [[Lockheed P-3 Orion]]s, were armed with [[AGM-12 Bullpup|Bullpup]] air-to-surface missiles were capable of engaging these craft directly. Under normal conditions, U.S. and allied surface forces intercepted suspect ships that crossed inside South Vietnam's 12-mile coastal boundary. On the aviation side, some of the patrol squadrons that were involved and flying from South Vietnam, Thailand, or Philippine bases were: [[VP-1]], [[VP-2]], [[VP-4]], [[VP-6]], [[VP-8]], [[VP-9]], [[VP-16]], VP-17, [[VP-19]] [[VP-22]], [[VP-26]], [[VP-28]], [[VP-40]], [[VP-42]], [[VP-45]], [[VP-46]], VP-47, [[VP-48]], [[VP-49]] and [[VP-50]].

Aircraft flew constant and monotonous patrols along {{convert|1,200|mi}} of coast during Operation Market Time departing from bases ranging from Vietnam ([[Tan Son Nhut Air Base|Tan Son Nhut Airbase]] and [[Cam Ranh Bay Air Base|Cam Ranh Bay]]) to the Philippines ([[Naval Station Sangley Point|Sangley Point]]) and Thailand ([[U-Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield|Utapao Airbase]]). Although the air support missions received little press coverage, their importance to the overall operation cannot be denied. Planes had the ability to cover large expanses of water in a relatively short time and could monitor suspicious vessels lingering in international waters waiting to make a dash for the coast.<ref>Cutler, p 92</ref> By October 1967 air surveillance expanded to monitor traffic bound to and from [[Cambodia]] as at this point it had become apparent that communist supplies were being shipped to [[Sihanoukville Autonomous Port|Sihanoukville]] which were then transported over to the South Vietnamese border in large convoy trucks.<ref name =Schreadley100>Schreadley, p 100</ref>

==Aftermath==
Market Time, which operated day and night, fair weather and foul, for eight and a half years, denied the North Vietnamese a means of delivering tons of war materials into South Vietnam by sea. Nonetheless, assessing the overall effectiveness of Operation Market Time is problematic for several reasons. The operation cannot be considered a failure in any sense, but debate over its success continues. The Navy's Operations Evaluation Group stated that in the case of trawler infiltration after the implementation of Operation Market Time just one out of every twenty trawlers were able to reach the South Vietnamese coast undetected.<ref name=Cutler133>Cutler, p 133</ref> 

This number is certainly encouraging, yet it does not fully reflect all possible cases in which craft reached shore unbeknownst to American intelligence. Similar to the high body count numbers in accordance with the doctrine of [[Attrition warfare|attrition]], scholars fear that boarding and inspection numbers were also inflated by soldiers and commanders.<ref name=Cutler133-134>Cutler, pp 133-134</ref> Even considering all of these factors, Market Time had an undeniable effect on infiltration into South Vietnam. Throughout the course of 1966 alone allied forces detected 807,946 watercraft, visually inspected 223,482 of them, and boarded 181,482. Forces also engaged in a total of 482 firefights, killed 161 VC soldiers, and captured 177 while experiencing 21 friendly deaths and 97 other casualties.<ref name=Schreadley99>Schreadley, p 99</ref> 

A study by the BDM Corporation concluded that at the very least the operation forced the VC to drastically alter its logistic operations. The company also stated that at the beginning of 1966 almost 75% of enemy resupply came from the sea along the South Vietnamese coast. By early 1967 this number had been reduced to just 10%.<ref name=Cutler134>Cutler, p 134</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Notes==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===References used===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Cutler|first=Thomas J.|author-link=Thomas J. Cutler|title=Brown Water, Black Berets|year=1988|publisher= United States Naval Institute|location=Annapolis, MD|isbn=0-87021-011-4|oclc=17299589}}
* {{cite book|last=Kelley|first=Michael P.|title=Where We Were in Vietnam|year=2002|publisher=Hellgate Press, Central Point, Oregon|isbn=978-1-55571-625-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Larzelere|first=Alex|title=The Coast Guard at War, Vietnam, 1965–1975|year=1997|publisher=Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-55750-529-3}}
* {{cite journal |last=Noble |first=Dennis L. |year=1984 |title=Cutters and Sampans |journal=[[Proceedings (magazine)|Proceedings]] |volume=110 |issue=6 |pages=46–53 |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute]]}}
* {{cite book|last=Olson|first=James S.|title=In Country: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War|year=2008|publisher=Metro Books|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4351-1184-4|oclc= 317495523}}
* {{cite book|last=Schreadley|first=R. L.|title=From the Rivers to the Sea: The U.S. Navy in Vietnam|year=1992|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, MD|isbn=0-87021-772-0|oclc=23902015}}
* {{cite book|last=Scotti|first=Paul C.|title=Coast Guard Action in Vietnam: Stories of Those Who Served|year=2000|publisher=Hellgate Press, Central Point, Oregon|isbn=978-1-55571-528-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Summers Jr.|first=Harry G.|title=Historical Atlas of the Vietnam War|year=1995|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co., New York, New York|isbn=978-0-395-72223-7}}
{{Refend}}

==Other references not cited in article==
* Steffes, James ENC Retired, "Swift Boat Down, The Real Story of the Sinking of PCF-19", Xlibris, 2006, {{ISBN|1-59926-612-1}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}
* Steffes, James ENC Retired, "Operation Market Time, The Early Years 1965-66", Xlibris, 2009, {{ISBN|978-1-4415-9049-7}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}

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[[Category:Campaigns of the Vietnam War|Market Time]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1965|Market Time]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1966|Market Time]]