View source for Operation Jacana

{{Short description|International Coalition Forces Operation}}
{{Refimprove|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Operation Jacana
| partof            = the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
| image             = A Chinook helicopter from 27 Squadron RAF launches after it has embarked troops at the Forward Operating Base. Afghanistan.03-05-2002 MOD 45140382.jpg
| image_size        = 300px
| caption           = A [[Boeing Chinook (UK variants)|Chinook helicopter]] from [[27 Squadron RAF]] launches after it has embarked troops at a [[Forward Operating Base]] (3 May 2002)
| date              = April 16–July 9, 2002
| place             = [[Khost province]], [[Paktia Province]], [[Afghanistan]]
| casus             = 
| result            = Coalition victory.
| combatant1        = '''Coalition:'''<br />{{flag|United Kingdom}}<br>{{flag|United States}}<br>{{flag|Australia}}<br>{{flag|Norway}}
| combatant2        = {{flag|Taliban}}<br>{{Flag|Al-Qaeda}}
| commander1        = 
| commander2        = 
| strength1         = {{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} 300 [[Royal Marines]]
| strength2         = Number unknown, probably light
| casualties1       = None
| casualties2       = None
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox US war in Afghanistan}}
| units1            = {{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[45 Commando]]<br>{{flagicon|United States}} [[US Special Forces]]<br>{{Flagicon|Australia}} [[Australian SAS]]<br>{{Flagicon|Norway}} [[Forsvarets Spesialkommando (FSK)|Forsvarets Spesialkommando]]
| units2            = Unknown
}}

'''Operation Jacana''' is the [[codename]] for a series of operations carried out by coalition forces in [[Afghanistan]]. The operations were carried out most notably by [[45 Commando]] [[Royal Marines]]. U.S. forces, [[Australian Special Air Service Regiment|Australian SAS]] and [[Norway|Norwegian]] [[Forsvarets Spesialkommando|FSK]] also participated.<ref name=elite>{{cite web|title=Royal Marines - Afghanistan|url=http://www.eliteukforces.info/royal-marines/operations/afghanistan.php|publisher=www.eliteukforces.info|access-date=14 September 2012}}</ref> The operation was a follow-up operation of [[Operation Anaconda]] and was meant to kill or capture the remaining [[Al-Qaeda]] and [[Taliban]] rebels.  The operation has been called a "mopping up" operation after [[Operation Anaconda]].  The operation is named after an African bird type, [[Jacanidae|jacana]], described in one manual as "shy, retiring, easily overlooked".

Operation Jacana includes the following operations:<ref name="elite"/>
* Operation Ptarmigan
* Operation Snipe
* Operation Condor
* Operation Buzzard

All these operations were meant to "clean up" the remaining Al-Qaeda and Taliban forces out of the area of operations.

==Events==

===Operation Ptarmigan===
On 16 April 2002, a Royal Marine taskforce had been deployed to [[Bagram Airfield|Bagram Airbase]] as part of Operation Ptarmigan: A 5-day operation with the aim to clear high mountain valleys (up to 11,000&nbsp;ft), southeast of [[Gardez]], searching for Taliban and Al-Qaeda forces and to destroy their bunkers and cave complexes. The Operation took place in coordination with Coalition forces conducting Operation Mountain Lion (whose objectives were the same) that began a day earlier. 400 troops from the Royal Marines reconnaissance troop supported by the RAF, discovered a number of previously unknown cave complexes, one of which contained over 20,000 rounds of anti-aircraft ammunition in the [[Shah-i-Kot Valley|Shah-i-Kot]] area, which was destroyed.<ref>Clements,  Frank A., '' Conflict in Afghanistan: An Encyclopedia (Roots of Modern Conflict)'',  ABC-CLIO, 2003 {{ISBN|1851094024}}  {{ISBN|978-1851094028}}</ref><ref name="elite"/><ref name="Last Marines arrive in Afghanistan">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1941370.stm|title=Last Marines arrive in Afghanistan|publisher=BBC|date=20 April 2002}}</ref><ref name="Marines end valley mission">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1936658.stm|title=Marines end valley mission|publisher=BBC|date=18 April 2002}}</ref><ref name="UK troops find al Qaeda arsenal">{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/09/afghan.caves/index.html?related?related|title=UK troops find al Qaeda arsenal|publisher=CNN|date=9 May 2002}}</ref>

More than 400 Royal Marines went into "action" alongside a small number of US and Afghan troops after the US requested help; they did not encounter either Taliban or al-Qaeda forces—supporting suspicions that many had fled across the nearby border to Pakistan—but there was evidence and indications that the facilities had been used and coalition troops seized a "great deal" of papers, maps, and radios in Shah-i-Kot area which was studied for intelligence information.<ref name="Marines end valley mission"/>

The operation ended on April 18, 2002.<ref>Clements,  Frank A., '' Conflict in Afghanistan: An Encyclopedia (Roots of Modern Conflict)'',  ABC-CLIO, 2003 {{ISBN|1851094024}}  {{ISBN|978-1851094028}}</ref> By 20 April 2002, a total of nearly 1,700 Royal Marines had been deployed as part of the task force.<ref name="Last Marines arrive in Afghanistan"/>

===Operation Snipe===
[[File:Afghanistan2002.jpg|thumb|right|May 10, 2002. Operation Snipe; this was reportedly the largest explosion by Royal Engineers since World War II]]
In May 2002, 600 Royal Marines and 400 Afghan soldiers supported by U.S. air power and U.S. special operations troops began Operation Snipe, a continuation of Operation Ptarmigan in Patika Province. The Royal Marine force carrying out the operation did not come across any al Qaeda or Taliban fighters (whilst moving into position the marines found small-arms ammunition hidden in a cave and some old defensive positions belonging to al-Qaeda), however on 9 May, the troops discovered caves and removed 30 truckloads of anti-aircraft, anti-tank ammunition and other heavy munitions and military equipment, including mortars, 2 Russian-made tanks were also found outside the cave. On 10 May, British troops destroyed "a vast arsenal of weaponry" (more than 20 truckloads of ammunition and weapons were destroyed in the biggest controlled explosion British forces have carried out since World War II) and al Qaeda or Taliban infrastructure by blowing up an enormous cache of weapons stored in a cave complex. The operation lasted 2 weeks (other sources say 16 days) and ended on 13 May 2002, the operation was part of a much larger operation led by the [[101st Airborne Division]] and designed to show the al-Qa'eda and Taliban fighters, the vast majority of whom were known to be in sanctuaries inside Pakistan, that they could not operate inside Afghanistan with impunity. One reason for the failure of not finding any al-Qaeda or Taliban militants was the refusal by Major-General [[Franklin L. Hagenbeck|Franklin Hagenbeck]], the US force commander, of several British requests for a blocking force of American troops from 101st Airborne Division to plug two valleys as the Marines moved through them.<ref name="UK troops find al Qaeda arsenal"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/central/05/13/afghan.marines/index.html|title=UK Marines end Operation Snipe|publisher=CNN|date=13 May 2002}}</ref><ref name="Ten dead in Afghan battle">{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/central/05/18/afghan.marines/index.html|title=Ten dead in Afghan battle|publisher=CNN|date=18 May 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/10/uk.afghancaves/index.html?related|title=Afghan arms cache to be destroyed|publisher=CNN|date=10 May 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/may/05/terrorism.afghanistan|title=British-led Operation Snipe mounts big push and heads for the hills|publisher=the guardian|date=5 May 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1985433.stm|title=Marines hail Afghan 'success'|publisher=BBC|date=13 May 2002}}</ref><ref name="the telegraph">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/1394616/Marines-tell-of-major-battle.-MoD-say-they-have-not-engaged-the-enemy.-Who-is-right.html|title=Marines tell of major battle. MoD say they have not engaged the enemy. Who is right?|publisher=the telegraph|date=18 May 2002}}</ref><ref name="telegraph.co.uk">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/1394675/Marines-chief-under-fire-for-Afghan-farce.html|title=Marines' chief under fire for Afghan 'farce'|publisher=the telegraph|date=19 May 2002}}</ref>

===Operation Condor===
On 17 May 2002, coalition forces began Operation Condor following an incident in Patika province the previous day: On May 16, an Australian SAS patrol came under fire for five hours from heavy mortars and machine guns and was chased by 20 to 60 suspected al-Qaeda and Taliban militants, Apache helicopter gunships and AC-130 gunship carried out airstrikes killing about 10 people, the rest of fighters are thought to have dispersed into small groups and blended in with local residents or fled across the border to neighbouring Pakistan. The next day, other coalition forces were deployed to assist them where a 1,000-strong coalition force (500-800 were Royal Marines) led by the Royal Marines surrounded the Khost-Paktia region. American, British, and Australian forces were in "blocking" positions as the British Royal Marines swept the area, supported by US attack helicopters and gunships who bombarded the area; the operation was conducted at heights of between 6,000 and 8,000 feet. On 17 May Brigadier Roger Lane, the top British commander in the coalition forces was supposedly battling a "substantial force" of suspected al Qaeda and Taliban fighters in the mountains, but British Royal Marines spokesman Lieutenant-Colonel Ben Curry said on 18 May: "There has been no combat, we have established a forward operating base and are now clearing the area," Coalition jets and helicopters supported ground troops throughout the day. Coalition troops searched the area without meeting any resistance, but a small amount of ammunition including two 120&nbsp;mm rockets. It later emerged that the militants who attacked the Australians were not Taliban or Al-Qaeda fighters, but rather local tribal militias. Small-scale skirmishes between rival warlords were a common occurrence in Afghanistan's deeply tribal [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] culture. It appeared the militia forces had simply mistaken the Australians for their tribal rivals. Once again, coalition forces deployed without finding any signs of Taliban or al-Qaeda presence. On 20 May, Brigadier Roger Lane, the commander of the Royal Marine force in Afghanistan was replaced by Brigadier [[James Dutton (Royal Marines officer)|Jim Dutton]], relations between Lane and the head of the US military were said to be poor after US General [[Tommy Franks]] allegedly found out about the Royal Marines' Operation from CNN rather than from Brig Lane. He also contradicted the US defence secretary, [[Donald Rumsfeld]], by saying the war in Afghanistan would be over in a few weeks. Mr Rumsfeld publicly disagreed; he reportedly lost the confidence of his men and his junior commanders, and his tactical decisions came across as increasingly "desperate for some success".<ref name="Ten dead in Afghan battle"/><ref name="the telegraph"/><ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1992553.stm|title=Coalition troops in Afghan battle|publisher=BBC|date=17 May 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/may/20/afghanistan.military|title=Marines commander removed|publisher=he guardian|date=20 May 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1994974.stm|title=Afghan search operation moves on|publisher=BBC|date=19 May 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Farrell |first1=Theo |title=Unwinnable: Britain’s War in Afghanistan |date=7 September 2017 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4735-2240-4 |pages=111-112 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PiitDQAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>

===Operation Buzzard===
On 28 or 29 May 2002, the Royal Marines began Operation Buzzard: the aim of the operation was to "prevent freedom of movement of al-Qa'eda and Taliban and to deny them sanctuary from which to operate" according to Royal Marine Lieutenant-Colonel Ben Curry. 45 to 300 British Marines from Taskforce Jacana and local Afghan soldiers were deployed into Khost close to the Afghan-Pakistan border, accompanied by several US civil affairs officials on a "hearts and minds" operation; amid fears that al-Qaeda and Taliban forces were plotting terrorist attacks from across the frontier. The Marines conducted patrols in populated and rural areas using a mixture of helicopter, foot, and vehicle patrols and setting up checkpoints; this new method was to be "unpredictable, operating in smaller sub-unit attachments operating in an area sometimes covertly and introducing that unpredictability and doubt into the minds of the al-Qaeda and Taliban."<ref>Clements,  Frank A., '' Conflict in Afghanistan: An Encyclopedia (Roots of Modern Conflict)'',  ABC-CLIO, 2003 {{ISBN|1851094024}}  {{ISBN|978-1851094028}}</ref><ref name="elite"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1395696/British-troops-in-new-Afghan-operation.html|title=British troops in new Afghan operation|publisher=the telegraph|date=28 May 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2014774.stm|title=UK Marines in new Afghan mission|publisher=bbc|date=29 May 2002}}</ref>

Caves and bunkers containing arms, [[ammunition]] and [[Materiel|supplies]] were found and destroyed.<ref name=mod>{{cite web|title=Operations in Afghanistan: Background Briefing 1|url=http://www.blogs.mod.uk/defence_news/files/factsheets.htm|publisher=www.blogs.mod.uk|access-date=14 September 2012}}</ref> Over 100 [[mortar (weapon)|mortar]]s, a hundred [[anti-tank]] weapons along with hundreds of [[Rocket-propelled grenade|RPG]]s, [[anti-personnel mine]]s, [[rocket]]s and [[artillery]] shells and thousands of rounds of [[small-arms]] and [[anti-aircraft]] ammunition. Two British marines confronted nine armed insurgents and made them surrender. However, just like in the previous Condor operation, these turned out to be local militias who had mistaken the Royal Marines for a rival tribal force and opened fire.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Farrell |first1=Theo |title=Unwinnable: Britain’s War in Afghanistan |date=7 September 2017 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4735-2240-4 |page=112 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PiitDQAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
The operation came to an end on 9 July 2002, the operation had shown that al-Qaeda and the Taliban had abandoned a large-scale presence in the region.<ref>Clements,  Frank A., '' Conflict in Afghanistan: An Encyclopedia (Roots of Modern Conflict)'',  ABC-CLIO, 2003 {{ISBN|1851094024}}  {{ISBN|978-1851094028}}</ref> [[Madeleine Bunting]] criticized the operation, writing in an article for ''The Guardian'' newspaper that "Afghanistan is in danger of becoming the most embarrassing chapter in the recent history of British military engagements."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bunting |first1=Madeleine |title=This futile campaign |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/may/20/afghanistan.comment1 |work=The Guardian |date=20 May 2002}}</ref> In the end, the Royal Marines had encountered only trigger-happy Afghan militias, with no signs of the terrorists that they had been deployed to fight. Nonetheless, the operation did have one lasting impact; it highlighted the need to disarm such militias. This set plans in motion in Washington to build up a national [[Afghan Army|Afghan army]] to replace such local militias.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Farrell |first1=Theo |title=Unwinnable: Britain’s War in Afghanistan |date=7 September 2017 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4735-2240-4 |page=113 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PiitDQAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Faryab4.jpg|thumb|A Norwegian Soldier on patrol in Afghanistan - their expertise in altitude and climate became indispensable]]
[[45 Commando]] had been chosen for this operation due to their expertise in high-altitude warfare, for which they train regularly in the Norwegian mountains; despite this experience, [[altitude sickness]] still became a problem with some of the marines, who needed to be airlifted out due to this condition. Norwegian special forces were also specifically asked by NATO to operate in these highland areas because of their experience in high altitudes and cold weather.

==Sources==
* ''Special Forces: War Against Terrorism'' by Eric Micheletti. {{ISBN|2-913903-90-8}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Military operations in the war in Afghanistan}}
{{War on Terror}}

{{coord missing|Afghanistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jacana}}
[[Category:Military operations of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
[[Category:Military operations of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Military operations of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) involving the United States]]
[[Category:Military operations of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) involving Australia]]
[[Category:Military operations of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) involving Norway]]
[[Category:2002 in the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]]
[[Category:History of Khost Province]]
[[Category:History of Paktia Province]]