View source for Operation Bulbasket

{{Short description|1944 UK operation in World War II}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict       =Operation Bulbasket
|partof         = [[Western Front (World War II)|Western Front]]
|image          =
|caption        =
|date           =6 June – 24 July 1944
|place          =[[Poitiers]], [[Vienne (department)|Vienne department]] France
|casus          =
|territory      =
|result         = British victory<ref>The terms of reference given in SAS Amended Instruction No. 6 included "strategic operations against the enemy lines of communication from the south of France to the Neptune area as occasion may occur ...". This objective was fulfilled.</ref>
|combatant1     = {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|combatant2     = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]
|commander1     = {{flagicon|UK}} [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]] [[John Tonkin (British Army officer)|John Tonkin]]
|commander2     = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Brigadeführer]] [[Heinz Lammerding]]
|strength1      = 1st [[Special Air Service]]
* 'B' Squadron (40 men)
A small team from the [[Special Operations Executive]]<br />
9 [[French Resistance]] fighters
|strength2      = Elements of the:<br>[[2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich|2nd SS Panzer Division ''Das Reich'']]<br />[[17th SS Panzergrenadier Division Götz von Berlichingen|17th ''SS Panzergrenadier Division'' Götz von Berlichingen]]
|casualties1    = 34 Special Air Service men captured and executed<br />
1 US Army Air Forces pilot captured and executed<br />
7 French Resistance fighters captured and executed
|casualties2    = 150 German troops and an unknown number of [[Milice]] (estimated)
|campaignbox={{Campaignbox Normandy}}
}}

'''Operation Bulbasket''' was an operation by 'B' Squadron, [[Special Air Service|1st Special Air Service]] (SAS), behind the German lines in [[German occupation of France during World War II|German occupied France]], between June and August 1944. The operation was located to the east of [[Poitiers]] in the [[Vienne (department)|Vienne]] department of south west France; its objective was to block the Paris to [[Bordeaux]] railway line near [[Poitiers]] and to hamper German reinforcements heading towards the [[Normandy landings|Normandy beachheads]], especially the [[2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich|2nd SS Panzer Division – ''Das Reich'']].

During the course of the operation amongst other things, the SAS men discovered the whereabouts of a petrol supply train, which was destined for the 2nd SS Panzer Division. The supply train was destroyed by [[Royal Air Force]] bombers the same night.

The Special Air Service team had made their base near [[Verrières, Vienne|Verrieres]], the location of which was betrayed to the Germans. In the follow-up attack on their camp, 33 men from the Special Air Service were captured and later executed together with a [[United States Army Air Forces]] (USAAF) pilot who had fallen in with them, after bailing out of his P-51. Seven captured [[Maquis (World War II)|''Maquisards'']] were also executed in the woods after the attack. Three other SAS men, who had been wounded in the fight and taken to hospital, were executed by lethal injections while in their hospital beds.<ref>Outrage at this execution of prisoners by the Germans should be tempered with the knowledge that the SAS was instructed not to take prisoners. Hastings, page 207.</ref>

==Background==
{{further|History of the Special Air Service}}
The men involved in Operation Bulbasket were part of the [[Special Air Service]]. This was a unit of the [[British Army during the Second World War|British Army]], formed in July 1941 by [[David Stirling]] and originally called 'L' Detachment, Special Air Service Brigade; 'L' being an attempt at deception, implying the existence of numerous such units.<ref name=m22>Molinari, p.22</ref><ref name=ha39>Haskew, p.39</ref> It was conceived as a [[commando]] type force intending to operate behind enemy lines in the [[North African Campaign]].<ref>Thompson, p.7</ref>

In 1944, the [[Special Air Service Troops|Special Air Service Brigade]] was formed and consisted of the British 1st and 2nd Special Air Service, the [[1st Airborne Marine Infantry Regiment|French 3rd and 4th SAS]] and the [[5 SAS|Belgian 5th SAS]].<ref name=sb15/> They were to undertake parachute operations behind the German lines in France<ref>Shortt & McBride, p.16</ref> and then carry out operations supporting the Allied advance through Belgium, the Netherlands and eventually into Germany.<ref name=sb15>Shortt & McBride, p.15</ref>

[[File:Vienne-Position.svg|thumb|alt=Blue coloured map of France showing the different departments of France highlighted by white lines|Map of France, with the Vienne department highlighted in red]]

In May 1944 the [[Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force]] (SHAEF) had issued an order for the Special Air Service Brigade to carry out two operations in France, [[Operation Houndsworth|''Houndsworth'']] in the area of [[Dijon]] for 'A' Squadron and ''Bulbasket'', near [[Poitiers]], which was given to 'B' Squadron.<ref name=rbl/>

The focus of both operations would be the disruption of German reinforcements from the south of France to the Normandy beachheads. To carry out the operation the men were to destroy supply dumps, block the Paris to [[Bordeaux]] railway line near [[Poitiers]] and attack railway sidings and fuel trains. One formation they especially wanted to delay was the 2nd SS Panzer Division - ''Das Reich'' which was based in the area around [[Toulouse]] in the south of France. The intelligence experts at SHAEF responsible for planning the Normandy landings, had estimated it would take three days for the [[panzer division]] to reach [[Normandy]].<ref name=rbl>{{cite web|access-date=26 June 2010|publisher=[[Royal British Legion]]|title=Operation Bulbasket|url=http://www.rbl-linazay-france.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52&Itemid=61|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727202303/http://www.rbl-linazay-france.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=52&Itemid=61|archive-date=27 July 2011}}</ref>

The officer in command of 'B' Squadron was Captain [[John Tonkin (British Army officer)|John Tonkin]] of the 1st [[Special Air Service|SAS]] with [[Second Lieutenant]] Richard Crisp as his [[second in command]]; both men were briefed on the operation by SHAEF in London 1 June 1944. Over the next two days they spent time at the headquarters of the [[Special Operations Executive]] which had [[secret agent|agents]] of 'F' section operating in the operational area under the command of [[Amédée Maingard]], code named 'Samuel'. Maingard had links with the two main [[French Resistance]] groups in the area, the [[Francs-Tireurs et Partisans – Main-d'Œuvre Immigrée|Francs tireurs et Partisans]] and the [[Armée Secrète]]. Tonkin was also given a list of rail targets by Headquarters Special Air Service.<ref name=rbl/>

==Mission==
[[File:An SAS jeep manned by Sergeant Schofield and Trooper Jeavons of 1st SAS near Geilenkirchen, Germany, 18 November 1944. B11921.jpg|thumb|left|alt=two men in a machine gun armed Jeep, the rear of the vehicle is overloaded with equipment|A Special Air Service [[Willys MB|Jeep]] armed with [[Vickers K machine gun]]s of the type used during Operation Bulbasket]]
The advance party for Operation Bulbasket, including Tonkin, were flown to France by a [[Handley Page Halifax]] belonging to 'B' Flight, [[No. 161 Squadron RAF]], the special duties squadron. Their [[drop zone]] was an area of the Brenne marsh {{convert|19|mi}} south west of [[Châteauroux]], which they reached at 01:37 hours on 6 June 1944, a few hours before the beginning of the [[D-Day]] invasion by the [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]] of [[Normandy]]. With the advance team on the flight was Captain William Crawshay and the "Hugh" [[Jedburghs|Jedburgh]] team. Crawshay was not pleased with the task of supporting Bulbasket "mistrusting the SAS men's ability to operate effectively and not compromise security."<ref name="Ford">{{cite book |last1=Ford |first1=Roger |title=Steel from the Sky |date=2004 |publisher=Cassell Military Paperbacks |location=London |isbn=0304367079 |pages=31–33}}. Crawshay would later call the SAS "Sad Athletic Sacks."</ref>  

The next morning Tonkin, the advance team, and Crawshay met with their SOE contact, 'Samuel' (Maingard) and [[:fr:Paul Mirguet|Paul Mirguet]], commander of the [[Armée secrète]], one of the two armed resistance organizations in the area. They reached an agreement that Bulbasket would operate in the west in [[Vienne (department)|Vienne]] Department near the city of [[Poitiers]] and the Jedburghs, SOE, and the Armée secrète in [[Indre]] Department to the east, each with a major railroad in their district leading north toward Normandy.{{sfn|Ford|2004|page=34}} The principal objective of Bulbasket was to delay German reinforcements from reaching Normandy. The 2nd SS Panzer Division (Das Reich) with 15,000 men and 1,400 vehicles in southern France began its journey of {{convert|800|km|mile}} to Normandy on 8 June.     
<ref name="Hastings">{{cite book |last1=Hastings |first1=Max |title=Das Reich |date=2013 |publisher=Zenith Press |location=Minneapolis |isbn=9780760344910 |page=79}}</ref>

Two additional groups of SAS personnel from 'B' Squadron were parachuted in, one on 7 June and the second on 11 June. Also dropped at the same time were [[Vickers K machine gun]] armed [[Willys MB|Jeeps]].<ref name=rbl/> Once on the ground, the SAS Squadron set about preventing German reinforcements reaching Normandy. They attacked the rail network, laid mines, conducted vehicle patrols in their Jeeps and trained members of the French Resistance.

On 10 June a French railwayman informed Tonkin that a train composed of at least eleven petrol tankers was parked at the rail sidings at [[Châtellerault]]. These were the fuel reserves for the advancing 2nd SS Panzer Division. To confirm their location, Tonkin sent [[Lieutenant]] Tomos Stephens on a reconnaissance of the area. Travelling alone by bicycle, Stephens made the {{convert|74|mi}} round trip - returning on 11 June. He confirmed the location of the petrol train. He also reported that it was too heavily guarded for the SAS squadron to deal with. Tonkin contacted England and requested an air attack on the train. That night a force of 12 [[Royal Air Force]] [[de Havilland Mosquito]] bombers, six each from [[No. 138 Wing RAF]], based at [[RAF Lasham]] and [[No. 140 Wing RAF|140 Wing]], based at [[Gravesend Airport|Gravesend]] in Kent, attacked the train in its sidings.<ref>Kiras, p.98.</ref> The mission was a success.<ref name=rbl/>

To prevent their camp being located or compromised by German radio direction finding equipment or informers, Tonkin regularly moved its location. The location of new camps had to be close to water and a drop zone for parachute supply. The camp located near to Verrières was near to their drop zone at [[Usson-du-Poitou|La Font d'Usson]] and had an adequate water supply. The SAS Squadron had been at Verrières between 25 June and 1 July. The local population had also become aware of the camp and Tonkin was warned by Maingard that if the locals knew, informers would soon tell the Germans.

Tonkin ordered the squadron to move to a new camp just to the south west in the Bois des Cartes. This new camp was also close to their drop zone at La Font d'Usson where they were expecting a supply drop over the night of 3/4 July. On their arrival at the new camp at Bois des Cartes, the water supply from the well failed and due to this Tonkin decided to return to Verrières until a more suitable camp site could be found.<ref name=rbl/>

===German attack===
The German [[Sicherheitsdienst|SS Security Police]] had been informed that the SAS camp was located in a forest near Verrières. On 1 July they had sent agents into the forest to attempt to locate the camp and assembled an attacking force based on the reserve battalion of the [[17th SS Panzergrenadier Division Götz von Berlichingen|17th ''SS Panzergrenadier Division Götz von Berlichingen'']] which was based at [[Bonneuil-Matours]]. With the arrival of the SAS Squadron back at their old base camp, Tonkin set out on 2 July to try to locate a new camp. He returned in the early hours of 3 July just before the Germans attacked, who had managed to surround the camp during the night. The force in the forest camp consisted of 40 SAS men, the USAAF P-51 pilot, Second Lieutenant Lincoln Bundy, who had been shot down on 10 June 1944 and attached himself to the SAS, and nine men from the [[French Resistance]].<ref name=rbl/>

The Germans attacked at dawn and it was all over by 14:00. As the Germans searched the forest the SAS men tried to break out. A party of 34 were moving down a forest track when they were ambushed and captured.<ref>Foot, p.409</ref> The leader of the party, Lieutenant Tomos Stephens, was beaten to death by a German officer using a rifle butt, and seven captured ''Maquisards'' were executed in the woods. Their fate was determined by the issue of the [[Commando Order]] by [[Adolf Hitler]] which called for the execution of all captured commandos. The decision of who was going to execute them was the cause of an argument between the German Army and the SS, which the army won.

On 7 July, the surviving prisoners of war, 30 SAS men and Second Lieutenant Bundy, were taken into the woods near to St Sauvant, forced to dig their own graves then executed by a German firing squad at dawn. Their bodies were then buried in three separate graves. Three Special Air Service men who had been wounded and hospitalized were killed by the administration of lethal injections.<ref name="Ford (2)">{{cite book |last1=Ford |first1=Roger |title=Fire from the Forest |date=2003 |publisher=Cassell Military Paperbacks |location=London |isbn=0304363367 |page=71}}</ref>{{sfn|Ford|2004|page=71}}<ref>Outrage at the execution of British prisoners may be tempered by the fact that SAS teams parachuted into France were ordered not to take any prisoners. Hastings, Max, ''Das Reich'' (2013), Minneapolis: Zenith Press, page 207.</ref>

===Reprisal attack by the RAF===
Jedburgh team Hugh, operating in the area, reported back to Special Forces HQ, requesting a reprisal attack on the headquarters of the 17th SS ''Panzergrenadier'' Division in [[Bonneuil-Matours]]. On receipt of this request, Special Forces HQ passed it on to SAS Brigade HQ, who contacted [[No. 2 Group RAF]], part of the RAF's [[Second Tactical Air Force]]. 2 Group's [[Air Officer Commanding]], [[Air Vice-Marshal]] [[Basil Embry]] assigned the reprisal attack operation to [[No. 140 Wing RAF]], which had already responded to ''Bulbasket'''s request for the attack on the supply trains in Châtellerault in the previous month.

By this time, No. 140 Wing was operating out of [[RAF Thorney Island]] in [[West Sussex]], where, on 14 July 1944, Embry personally briefed the 14 crews selected for this operation. The plan of attack called for four phases: four Mosquitos would drop [[Explosive material#High explosives|high explosive]] bombs; following them, six aircraft would drop US AN-M76 [[Napalm]]-filled [[Incendiary device|incendiary bombs]];<ref>Note: This use of the [AN-]M76 incendiary marks the first use of a [[Napalm]]-type jellied gasoline incendiary weapon in a tactical bombing operation in World War II, preceding its employment at [[Coutances]] by three days (it had already been employed in a strategic context against Berlin on 6 March 1944, see Kleber and Birdsell, p. 158). The incendiary thickening agent used in the AN-M76 was "PT1" (Pyrotechnic mix 1), which was similar to Napalm but contained added magnesium powder and burned at an even higher temperature.</ref> the remaining aircraft would then drop more HE bombs and finally the aircraft would return to strafe the target before returning to base.

The Mosquitos left Thorney Island at about 21:00 hours, met up with an escort of 12 [[North American P-51 Mustang variants#P-51B and P-51C|Mustang Mk. IIIs]] for the daylight crossing, at low level, of enemy-held territory in Northern France and reached the target at approximately 21:00 local time, when the German troops were eating their evening meal. The attack went as planned and all seven barrack blocks were destroyed; local estimates of the number of German troops killed varied from 80 to about 200. All aircraft safely returned to Thorney Island in the early hours of 15 July.<ref>Details of this operation from McCue, P., pp.99-105 and the No. 487 Squadron 'Operations Record Book' available at the UK National Archive, ref. no. AIR 27/1935/38</ref>

===Withdrawal===
Tonkin and the remainder of the SAS Squadron (altogether eight survivors of the attack and three others, who had been away on a smaller operation at the time)<ref>McCue, p.94</ref> escaped, regrouped and carried on with the mission until the order to cease operations was received on 24 July 1944.<ref name=rbl/> During the period between 10 June and 23 July, the SAS Squadron had attacked railway targets 15 times; the main roads [[Route nationale 10]] south of [[Vivonne]] and the [[Route nationale|Route nationale N147]] between [[Angers]]– Poitiers–[[Limoges]] were mined. They also had some success attacking targets of opportunity. Over the night of 12/13 June 1944 Lieutenant Crisp, one of those later executed, was in command of a patrol that laid mines on the N147 in the Forêt du Défant, just before the 2nd SS Panzer Division arrived in the area.<ref name=rbl/>

The 2nd SS Panzer Division, during their advance to Normandy, was responsible for the [[Tulle murders]] on 9 June 1944 and the massacre at the village of [[Oradour-sur-Glane]] on 10 June.{{sfn|Hastings|2013|page=184}} The 2nd SS Panzer Division was responsible for the capture of the Special Operations Executive agent [[Violette Szabo]] on 10 June 1944. They handed her over to the ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' security police in Limoges; she was later executed.{{sfn|Hastings|2013|page=175}}

==Aftermath==
In December 1944, after the German Army had been driven from the area, men working in the forest near St Sauvant discovered an area of broken branches and disturbed earth. They started to examine the site and discovered what remained of a number of bodies. The [[Gendarmerie|local police force]] were informed and on 18 December started excavating the grave. A number of corpses were still wearing Allied uniform; most of their identity tags had been removed but two remained which identified them as members of Operation Bulbasket, while another was identified by his name inside the battle dress tunic. A further body in civilian clothing was identified as that of Second Lieutenant Bundy.<ref name=rbl/>

The bodies of the 31 executed men were taken to [[Rom, Deux-Sèvres|Rom]] and reburied with full military honours in the village cemetery. The body of Lieutenant Stephens, who had been beaten to death, is in the village cemetery in Verrières.<ref name=rbl/> The bodies of the three men executed in the hospital, despite not being found, were commemorated with a memorial plaque which was erected beside the Special Air Service graves in Rom cemetery.{{sfn|Ford|2004|pages=71-72}}

==Summary of the operation==
In an analysis of the achievements of Operation Bulbasket,<ref>McCue, p.179.</ref> the author [[Paul McCue]] lists the following:
# The initiation of four air attacks and a possible fifth, killing upwards of 150 German troops and an unknown number of ''[[Milice]]''
# Responsibility for the destruction of crucial petrol stocks, delaying the progress of the 2nd Panzer Division towards the Normandy landing area
# The delay of the 226th Infantry Division from [[Bayonne]]
# The delay of the 227th Infantry Division from [[Carcassonne]]
# Execution of 23 successful road and rail sabotage operations

Operation Bulbasket: Timeline
* 1 June 1944; Two officers of 'B' Squadron, 1st Special Air Service, Captain John Tonkin and Second Lieutenant Richard Crisp, were briefed on the operation by SHAEF in London
* 6 June; Their drop zone was an area of the Brenne marsh 19 miles (31&nbsp;km) south west of Châteauroux, which they reached at 01:37 hours
* 7 June; further group from 'B' Squadron were parachuted in
* 9/10 June; move to 'Sazas' farm south of Montmorillon
* 11 June; further group from 'B' Squadron were parachuted in
* 11 June; location of petrol train confirmed. Tonkin contacted England and requested an air attack. That night a force of 12 [[de Havilland Mosquito]] bombers of  [[No. 464 Squadron RAAF]] and [[No. 487 Squadron RNZAF]], based at RAF Gravesend in Kent, attacked the train in its sidings. The mission was a success, destroying the fuel reserves for the 2nd SS Panzer Division ''Das Reich''.
* 12/13 June; Lieutenant Crisp, one of those later executed, was in command of a patrol that laid mines on the N147 in the Forêt du Défant, just before the 2nd SS Panzer Division arrived in the area.
* 13 June; move to Nerignac
* 19 June; move to Pouillac
* 21 June; move to Persac
* 25 June 1944; The SAS Squadron move to Verrières.
* 1 July; move to a new camp just south in the Bois des Cartes.
* 2 July; return to Verrieres. The force in the forest camp consisted of 40 SAS men, a P-51 Mustang pilot, Second Lieutenant Lincoln Bundy and nine men from the French Resistance.
* 3/4 July: attack on Verrieres
* 5 July; survivors move to Foret de Plessac
* 6/7 July; men executed at St Sauvant
* 9 July; move to Charroux
* 14 July; move to Asnieres sur Blour or Forêt de Défant
* Subsequently, near Luchapt, Tonkin and the remainder of the Squadron (altogether eight survivors of the attack and three others), regrouped and carried on with the mission
* 24 July 1944; order to cease operations was received
* 28 July; move to north of Montmorillon
* 6/7 August; survivors extracted

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist}}

;Bibliography
* {{cite book | last = Foot | first = Michael Richard Daniel | author-link =M R D Foot| title = SOE in France: An Account of the Work of the British Special Operations Executive in France, 1940-1944 | publisher = [[Office of Public Sector Information|HMSO]] | year = 1968 | location =London| isbn = 0-415-40800-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Haskew|first=Michael E|title=Encyclopaedia of Elite Forces in the Second World War|publisher=Pen and Sword|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84415-577-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Hastings|first=Max|author-link=Max Hastings|year=2009|title=Das Reich: The March of the 2nd SS Panzer Division Through France, June 1944|publisher=Pan Macmillan|isbn=978-0-330-50998-5}}
* {{cite book
 |title=Special Operations and Strategy From World War II to the War on Terrorism
 |last= Kiras |first= James D. |year= 2006 |publisher= Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group |location= Abingdon, Oxford, England |isbn=0-415-70212-7 |page=98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Uiju-K8DGMC&q=Bulbasket+487&pg=PA98
 }}
* {{Cite book
  | title = The Chemical Warfare Service: Chemicals in Combat
  |author1=Kleber, Brooks E.  |author2=Birdsell, Dale
   |name-list-style=amp
  | publisher = Center of Military History, United States Army
  | series = United States Army in World War II / The Technical Services
  | volume = CMH Pub 10-3
  | year = 1990
  | orig-year = 1966
  | location= Washington, USA
  | pages = 697
  | url = http://de.scribd.com/doc/48257221/115/The-Incendiary-Bomb-The-Strategic-Weapon
  }}
* {{cite book
 |title= SAS Operation Bulbasket: Behind the Lines in Occupied France
 |last= McCue
 |first= Paul
 |author-link=Paul McCue
 |year=2009
 |publisher= Pen and Sword Books Ltd.
 |location= Barnsley, S. Yorks, UK
 |isbn= 978-1-84884-193-2
 |pages= 232
 }}
* {{cite book|last=Molinari|first=Andrea|title=Desert Raiders: Axis and Allied Special Forces 1940-43|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84603-006-2}}
* {{cite book|title=The Special Air Service|url=https://archive.org/details/specialairservic0000shor|url-access=registration|last1=Shortt|first1=James|author-link=James Shortt|last2=McBride|first2=Angus|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=1981|isbn=0-85045-396-8}}
* {{cite book|title=SAS: Great Britain's Elite Special Air Service|first=Leroy|last= Thompson|publisher=Zenith Imprint|year=1994|isbn=0-87938-940-0}}

{{coord missing|France}}
{{British Commando raids of the Second World War}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bulbasket, Operation}}
[[Category:Special Air Service operations]]
[[Category:Operation Overlord]]
[[Category:Military operations of World War II involving Germany]]
[[Category:World War II British Commando raids]]
[[Category:Violations of medical neutrality during World War II]]