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{{short description|Traditional peasant shoes in southeastern Europe}}
{{redirect|Opanci|the village near Lovreć|Opanci, Croatia}}
[[File:Opanci-ante josifovski.jpg|thumb|right|''Opanci'' with flat end, from North Macedonia]]
[[File:Traditional shoes.jpg|thumb|''Opinca'' from Romania]]
'''Opanci'''{{cref2|a}} are traditional peasant shoes worn in [[Southeastern Europe]] (specifically [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Croatia]], [[Montenegro]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Serbia]], and also [[Romania]] and [[Albania]]). The attributes of the opanci (name in plural) are a construction of [[leather]], lack of laces, durable, and various endings on toes. In Serbia, the design of the horn-like ending on toes indicates the region of origin, though this specific design is not exclusive to Serbia. The opanci are also considered as the traditional peasant footwear for people in the Balkan region. In Bulgaria they are referred to as "tsarvuli".

==Etymology==
[[Serbo-Croatian]] òpanak/о̀панак, as well as Bulgarian and Macedonian opinok/опинок, ultimately derive from [[Proto-Slavic]] word *opьnъkъ.<ref name="Skok">{{citation |title=Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika, knjiga druga: K-poni |first=Petar |last=Skok |author-link=Petar Skok |volume=2 |year=1972 |publisher=Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti |location=Zagreb |page=651}}</ref> Proto-Slavic *opьnъkъ is composed from the following parts:<ref name="Skok"/>
* the preposition/prefix *o(b)- "around, on, etc." with final *b [[assimilation (linguistics)|assimilated]] and the resulting geminated consonant cluster *pp simplified to *p
* *-pьn-, yielding Serbo-Croatian ''-pan-'' with [[Havlik's law|strong]] ''[[Yers|jer]]'' *ь vocalized to /a/. *pьn- is the [[ablaut]] form of the root of the verb *pęti (from earlier *pen-ti), originally meaning "to extend, stretch, strain" (cf. modern standard Serbo-Croatian verbs conveying the same notion such as nàpēti/на̀пе̄ти, pròpēti/про̀пе̄ти, ràspēti/ра̀спе̄ти, pòpēti/по̀пе̄ти..), but subsequently coming to mean "to climb" (whence the meaning of modern standard Serbo-Croatian pȇti/пе̑ти, pènjati/пѐњати).
* *-ъkъ, a Slavic suffix
So literally, ''òpanak'' would roughly mean "climbing footwear"<ref>{{cite book |title=Hrvatski enciklopedijski rječnik |volume=7 |year=2004 |author= V. Anić| isbn=953-6045-28-1 |publisher= [[Jutarnji list]] |location=[[Zagreb]]|display-authors=etal}}</ref> or "footwear made from stretched (animal hide)".

==History==
[[Trajan's Column]] in Rome features Dacians wearing this type of leather shoes. Archeological findings show that the local population was hunting wild game: foxes, deer, badgers, wolves, bears, whose skins were later manufactured. The nobility would wear game skin shoes, the poorer ones would wear calf or swine skin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://harlauletnografie.wordpress.com/2013/08/15/opinca-romanesca/|title=Opinca românescă|date=2013-08-15|website=Etnografie si folclor in zona Hârlău|access-date=2016-12-19}}</ref>{{better source|date=April 2018}} According to Wilkes, opanci were originally a leather [[moccasin]] worn by paleo-Balkan peoples as [[Illyrians]], [[Dacians]], [[Thracians]], etc., and later adopted by Slavs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilkes |first1=John |title=The Illyrians |date=1995 |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |location=United States of America |isbn=0631146717 |page=22}}</ref><ref>Ion Grumeza, Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe, University Press of America, 2009, p. 129,	{{ISBN|076184466X}}.</ref> In the past the traditional shoes were handcrafted out of leather processed at home. The piece of leather had to be larger than the sole, with holes on the side so that a thin string of leather can be filled in and it wraps the piece of leather around the foot, giving it the form of some footwear. The puckered form gave it a sharp tip. They would be worn over wool stockings or white pieces of clothing. Nowadays they are often used as part of the traditional costume by folk dance groups and folk artists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agerpres.ro/flux-documentare/2014/08/27/o-inventie-pe-zi-opincile-08-21-57|title=O INVENȚIE PE ZI Opincile – AGERPRES|website=www.agerpres.ro|access-date=2016-12-19}}</ref>
 [[File:Opinca Dacica Muzeul capitolini 1.JPG|thumb|[[Dacians|Dacian]] moccasins as seen in a statue at Museum Capitolini]]
Until 50 years ago, they were usually worn in rural areas of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Croatia]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Romania]] and [[Serbia]].<ref>Eliznik.org.uk, South East Europe costume, [http://www.eliznik.org.uk/EastEurope/Costume/opinci-sum.htm peasant sandals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405233610/http://www.eliznik.org.uk/EastEurope/Costume/opinci-sum.htm |date=2016-04-05 }}</ref> Nowadays, they are only used in folk costume, for folkloric dance ensembles, festivals, feast days or other cultural events.

The largest Opanak in the world, in the Guinness World Book since 2006, is the 3.2m shoe, size 450, weighing 222&nbsp;kg, made by ''opančar'' Slavko Strugarević, from [[Vrnjačka Banja]], [[Serbia]].<ref>Smedia.rs, [http://www.smedia.rs/vesti/vest/72438/Ginisov-rekord-Najveci-opanak-na-svetu-Napravio-najveci-opanak-na-svetu.html Napravio najveći opanak na svetu!] {{in lang|sr}}</ref>

==Regional varieties==

=== [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] ===
*''Glamočke''
*''Hercegovačke''

=== [[Bulgaria]] ===
*North - ''opinki'' or central and west ''tsârvouli'': leather sandals with blunt tips tied onto feet with long cords which formed a 'network' giving them the name ''vruvchanki''. These were worn over pieces of woollen cloth wrapped round legs.
*From the 2nd half of the 19th century woollen socks and leather shoes called ''eminii'', or ''kalevri'' were worn.
[[File:Hontianska parada 2003-DSC01294.JPG|thumb|right|220px|Slovak musicians wearing ''krpce'']]
=== [[Croatia]] ===

The ''opanci'' are part of some variations of the [[Croatian national costume]].

*[[Pannonian Basin|Pannonia]]
**Opanci made with a broad sole covering the foot with upper part covering the toes, originally tied round the foot and legs with long leather straps. In the inter-war period buckled opanky first appeared, and are still worn in some rural areas by men.
*[[Slavonia]]
**Leather sandals were worn by men and women throughout north Croatia but later replaced by light low embroidered shoes or boots (čižme). Peasant sandals went out of general use around 1900.
*[[Dinaric Alps]]
**''oputaši'' or ''pripletenjaci'' were made of untanned hide, cut and shaped on a wooden mould to make the shape of the sole of the foot, the edges folded upwards and laced using a lace made of sheep gut or thin strips of sheep hide called oputa. The top of the opanky was made by lacing together strips of gut or hide. At the heel the sole continues into the woven part ending in long leather laces which were used to tie the opanci to the foot. These were worn over stockings. Opanci were originally made at home, then by village makers, and later by specialist opanky makers in small towns.
**In Lika white cords were used instead of laces. These opanci were worn by men.
*[[Adriatic Croatia|Adriatic littoral]], [[Konavle]]
**Red leather slippers called ''kondure'' were worn by women in summer. Men wore these or ''opanci''-''optutaši'' (opanci with straps).
*[[Posavina|Sava valley]]
**Opanci worn with or without foot cloths for everyday wear, boots worn in winter, for wet weather and special occasions.

=== [[Greece]] ===
*''[[tsarouhi]]''

=== [[Montenegro]] ===
*In Nikšić white cords were used instead of laces. These opanci were worn by men.

=== [[North Macedonia]] ===
*[[Skopska Crna Gora]]
**''Opanci s's oputice'': with twisted hemp laces, made of oxhide or pigskin, tied on with twisted hemp laces.
**''Opanci s's remeni'': - with straps fastening over the instep, made of tanned leather by shoe makers and worn on festive occasions.

=== [[Romania]] ===
 [[File:Making moccasins.webm|thumb|The crafting of opinci, Romania, Maramureș, 2016]]
* In Romania, the shoes are known as ''Opinci''. Countryside “opinci” were made out of a rectangular piece of leather, tightened on the foot with the help of thin strings (“nojițe”). The handicraft of making ''opinci'' was passed on in the family from father to son. Before 1989 people could really make a living out of it.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cunoastelumea.ro/alexandru-gheorghe-ilinca-si-opincile-dacice|title=Alexandru Gheorghe Ilinca și opincile dacice|date=30 April 2015 }}</ref>

=== [[Serbia]] ===
Opanci are known as [[National symbols of Serbia|national symbol of Serbia]], and part of [[national costume of Serbia]].
[[File:Opanci.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A pair of opanci from [[Šumadija]] with horn-like endings]]
*[[Šumadija]]
**''Šumadijski opanak s kljunom'', also known as ''šiljkani'': shoes with peak at toes.
**''Šumadijski opanak bez kljuna'': shoes without peak at toes.
**''Kačerski opanak'' or ''Stariji Šumadijski opanak'' (Older Šumadijan opanak): with low back, curved peak at front, with woven front upper, a low back and leather ties.
*[[Šumadija and Western Serbia|Western Serbia]] and [[Vojvodina]]
**''Crveni opanci'' (Red opanci): made out of half tanned oxhide and dyed red by soaking the piece of skin in hot water with alder or birch bark, then the skin was shaped on a last, and a woven front made of strips of leather and tied to the foot with straps of leather. These were adopted from Bosnia in the mid-19th century and were worn throughout western and northern Serbia. Production was moved to workshops by 1900 and tanned leather was used. From 1870 onwards red opanci called ''donaši'' or ''Šabački opanci'' were most commonly worn.
[[File:Pester Plateau, Serbia - 4977.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Opanak in Serbia]]
*Other varieties
**''Vrnčani opanci'': made out of tanned leather and worn for work.
**''Opanci đonaši'': appeared at end of the 19th century, and were made of tanned leather in various yellow and brown shades depending on the plants used for tanning - oak apple, sumac, juniper bark. These have a sole (Serbian: ''đon''), top, pleated straps, and leather straps for tying footwear on.
**''Vlaški'' (Vlach opanci): piece of leather gathered round foot using a cord.
**''Kosmajski opanak'' ([[Kosmaj]] opanci): has curly front, woven upper and leather straps at back
**''Šopski'' ([[Shopi]] opanci)
**''Crvenjaši'' (Red ones)
**''Šabački'' (from [[Šabac]])
**''Valjevski'' (from [[Valjevo]])
**''Užički'' (from [[Užice]])
**''Kolubarski'' (from [[Kolubara]] region)
**''Moravski'' (from [[Velika Morava]] region)
**''Noske'' (Snouts)
**''Mrki'' (Brown ones)
**''Kilaši'' (Kilo ones {{what?|date=October 2017}})
**''Kukičari'' (Hooked ones)
**''Točkaši'' (Tire ones): made out of old tires, period after World War II

==See also==
*[[List of shoe styles]]
*[[Opinga]]
*[[Abarka]], traditional shoes of leather from [[Pyrenees]]
*[[Moccasin]], shoes of animal skins made by [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indians]]

==Notes==
{{Cnote2 Begin|liststyle=upper-alpha}}
{{Cnote2|a|It is known as ''Opanak'' ({{lang|sr|Опанак}}) in [[Serbo-Croatian]], ''Opinok'' ({{lang|mk|Опинок}}) in [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], in singular; ''Opanci, Opanke'' ({{lang|sr|Опанци, Опанкe}}) in Serbo-Croatian, ''Opinki'' ({{lang|bg|Опинки}}) in Bulgarian, ''Opinci'' ({{lang|mk|Опинци}}) in Macedonian, in plural. There are also other names such as Bulgarian ''tsarvuli'' ({{lang|bg|цървули}}), ''vryavchanki'' ({{lang|bg|връвчанки}}), ''kalevri'' ({{lang|bg|калеври}}). The word has also been adopted into [[Romanian language|Romanian]] as ''opincă'' and [[Albanian language|Albanian]] as ''opinga''.}}
{{Cnote2 End}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* Eliznik.org.uk, [http://www.eliznik.org.uk/EastEurope/Costume/opinci-sum.htm European peasant footwear - styles of leather sandals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405233610/http://www.eliznik.org.uk/EastEurope/Costume/opinci-sum.htm |date=2016-04-05 }}

{{footwear}}
{{National symbols of Serbia}}

[[Category:Shoes]]
[[Category:Folk footwear]]
[[Category:Bulgarian clothing]]
[[Category:Croatian fashion]]
[[Category:Macedonian clothing]]
[[Category:Serbian footwear]]

[[pl:Kierpce]]
[[cs:Krpce]]
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