View source for Olympic marmot

{{short description|Rodent in the squirrel family from the U.S. state of Washington}}
{{featured article}}
{{speciesbox
| image = My Friend the Marmot (4241532773) flipped.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref =<ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Cassola, F. |date=2016 |title=''Marmota olympus'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T42459A22257452 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T42459A22257452.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Marmota
| parent = Marmota (Petromarmota)
| species = olympus
| authority = ([[Clinton Hart Merriam|Merriam]], 1898)
| synonyms = ''Arctomys olympus'' <small>Merriam, 1898</small>
| synonyms_ref =<ref name=Edelman />
| range_map = Olympic Marmot range.png
| range_map_alt = Distribution map
| range_map_caption = Range
}}

The '''Olympic marmot''' ('''''Marmota olympus''''') is a [[rodent]] in the [[squirrel]] family, Sciuridae. It occurs only in the U.S. state of [[Washington (state)|Washington]], at the middle elevations of the [[Olympic Peninsula]]. The closest relatives of this [[species]] are the [[hoary marmot]] and the [[Vancouver Island marmot]]. In 2009, it was declared the official [[List of U.S. state mammals|endemic mammal]] of Washington state.

This marmot is about the size of a [[domestic cat]], typically weighing about {{convert|8|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in summer. The species shows the greatest [[sexual dimorphism]] found in marmots, with adult males weighing on average 23% more than females. It can be identified by a wide head, small eyes and ears, stubby legs, and a long, bushy tail. Its sharp, rounded claws aid in digging [[burrow]]s. The [[coat (animal)|coat]] color changes with the season and with age, but an adult marmot's coat is brown all over with small white areas for most of the year.

The species has a diet consisting mainly of a variety of [[herbivore|meadow flora]], including dry grasses, which it also uses as bedding in burrows. It is [[predation|preyed on]] by various terrestrial [[mammal]]s and avian [[raptor (bird)|raptors]], but its main predator today is the [[coyote]]. However, the complex system of communication through [[whistling]] means most marmots remain safe for their entire life.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barash |first1=David Philip |title=The Social Biology of the Olympic Marmot |journal=Animal Behaviour Monographs |date=January 1973 |volume=6 |pages=171–245 |doi=10.1016/0003-3472(73)90002-X }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/S0065-3454(07)37008-3 |title=The Evolution, Function, and Meaning of Marmot Alarm Communication |series=Advances in the Study of Behavior |date=2007 |last1=Blumstein |first1=Daniel T. |volume=37 |pages=371–401 |isbn=978-0-12-004537-2 }}</ref> The Olympic marmot is rated a species of the [[least concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]]. It is protected by law in the [[Olympic National Park]], which contains most of its habitat.

The burrows of this marmot are made in [[colony (biology)|colonies]], which are found in various mountain locations and differ in size. A colony may contain as few as one marmot family or multiple families with up to 40 marmots. Olympic marmots are very sociable animals which often engage in play fighting and vocalize four different whistles to communicate. During [[hibernation]], which begins in September, they are in a deep sleep and do not eat, causing them to lose half their body mass. Adults emerge in May and their young in June. Female marmots reach sexual maturity at three years of age and produce [[litter (animal)|litters]] of 1–6 every other mating season.

==Taxonomy==
[[File:Clinton Hart Merriam cph.3b44758.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Clinton Hart Merriam]], the first to describe the Olympic marmot]]
American [[zoology|zoologist]] and [[ethnography|ethnographer]] [[Clinton Hart Merriam]] first [[species description|formally described]] the Olympic marmot in 1898, as ''Arctomys olympus'', from a specimen he and [[Vernon Orlando Bailey]] collected on the [[Sol Duc River]].<ref name=Edelman>{{cite journal |last1=Edelman |first1=Andrew J. |title=Marmota olympus |journal=Mammalian Species |date=December 2003 |volume=736 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1644/736 |s2cid=198129914 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Merriam |first1=C. Hart |title=Descriptions of Three New Rodents from the Olympic Mountains, Washington |journal=Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia |date=1898 |volume=50 |pages=352–353 |jstor=4062425 }}</ref> The genus, ''Arctomys'', is from the Greek for "bear-mouse". The species name, ''olympus'' (Olympic in [[Ancient Greek|Greek]]), was given because this species is native to the [[Olympic Peninsula]].<ref name=Edelman /> The species now is [[biological classification|classified]] with all other [[marmot]]s in the [[genus]] ''Marmota''. Zoologist R. L. Rausch classified the Olympic marmot as the [[subspecies]] ''olympus'' of ''Marmota marmota'' (he included all North American marmots in this species, which now only includes the Eurasian [[Alpine marmot]]) in 1953, but it has usually been treated as a distinct species, a classification supported by [[Linnaean taxonomy|taxonomic]] reviews starting with that of zoologist Robert S. Hoffmann and colleagues in 1979.<ref name=MSW /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hoffmann|first=Robert S.|author2=Koeppl, James W. |author3=Nadler, Charles F. |title=The relationships of the amphiberingian marmots (Rodentia: Sciuridae)|issue=83|journal=Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas|location= Lawrence, Kansas|year=1979|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4138352#page/243/mode/1up}}</ref>

Within ''Marmota'', the Olympic marmot is grouped with species such as the [[hoary marmot]] (''M. caligata'') in the [[subgenus]] ''Petromarmota''.<ref name=MSW>{{MSW3 Sciuridae|id= 12400966|heading= Species ''Marmota (Petromarmota) olympus''|page = 802}}</ref> Among this grouping, [[mitochondrial DNA]] analyses suggest that the Olympic marmot could be the most [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steppan |first1=Scott J. |last2=Akhverdyan |first2=Mikhail R. |last3=Lyapunova |first3=Elena A. |last4=Fraser |first4=Darrilyn G. |last5=Vorontsov |first5=Nikolai N. |last6=Hoffmann |first6=Robert S. |last7=Braun |first7=Michael J. |title=Molecular Phylogeny of the Marmots (Rodentia: Sciuridae): Tests of Evolutionary and Biogeographic Hypotheses |journal=Systematic Biology |date=October 1999 |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=715–734 |doi=10.1080/106351599259988 |doi-access=free |pmid=12066297 }}</ref> The Olympic marmot is thought to have originated during the [[last glacial period]] as an isolated relict population of the hoary marmot in the [[Pleistocene]] ice-free [[Last Glacial Maximum refugia|refugia]].<ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Mammals of Washington|last1= Dalquest|first1= Walter M.|year= 1948|publisher= University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History|volume= 2|page= 63|url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3278015|access-date= December 29, 2011}}</ref> As of October 2011, molecular data based upon the taxonomy of the Olympic Marmot was able to approximate the initial immigration of the species from Russia to their current location of the state of Washington, also known as the trans-Beringian exchange. Contrary to initial thought, this species of Marmot is thought to have crossed the Bering Strait 4.6 million years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Steppan |first1=Scott J. |last2=Kenagy |first2=G. J. |last3=Zawadzki |first3=Christopher |last4=Robles |first4=Rafael |last5=Lyapunova |first5=Elena A. |last6=Hoffmann |first6=Robert S. |title=Molecular data resolve placement of the Olympic marmot and estimate dates of trans-Beringian interchange |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |date=14 October 2011 |volume=92 |issue=5 |pages=1028–1037 |doi=10.1644/10-mamm-a-272.1 |s2cid=17270868 }}</ref>

The Olympic marmot deviates from the typical ''Petromarmota'' marmots in the shape and large size of its [[mandible]] (jawbone), in differences of the [[dorsum (anatomy)|dorsal]] (back) region, and having 40 [[chromosome]]s instead of 42, all of which are characteristics that resemble the subgenus ''Marmota''. Some of the differences of the Olympic marmot's jawbone from the typical ''Petramarmota'' are also evident in the [[Vancouver Island marmot]] (''M. vancouverensis''), which evolved separately, but also occurs in a restricted range with a small population.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cardini |first1=Andrea |title=The Geometry of the Marmot (Rodentia: Sciuridae) Mandible: Phylogeny and Patterns of Morphological Evolution |journal=Systematic Biology |date=April 2003 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=186–205 |doi=10.1080/10635150390192807 |pmid=12746146 |doi-access=free |hdl=11380/690287 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Description==
[[File:OlympicMarmot1.jpg|thumb|The lighter fur patches characteristic of the Olympic marmot in summertime]]
The Olympic marmot's head is wide with small eyes and ears; the body is stocky with stubby legs and sharp, rounded claws that facilitate digging;<ref name="Wildlife" /><ref>{{cite web | title = Olympic Marmot – ''Marmota olympus'' | publisher = New Hampshire Public Television NatureWorks | year = 2011 | url = http://www.nhptv.org/natureworks/olympmarmot.htm | access-date = December 13, 2011}}</ref> the tail is bushy and ranges from {{convert|18|to|24|cm|in|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=Edelman /> The Olympic marmot is about the size of a [[domestic cat]]; adults typically weigh from {{convert|2.7|to|11|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and are from {{convert|67|to|75|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length, with the average being {{convert|71|cm|in|abbr=on}}. This species may have the most pronounced [[sexual dimorphism]] found in marmots, with adult males weighing on average {{convert|4.1|to|9.3|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, post emergence in spring and at peak weights in autumn, respectively, and adult females weighing {{convert|3.1|to|7.1|kg|lb|abbr=on}} at the same times.<ref name=Barash7 /><ref name= Edelman /> Going on published weights, the Olympic marmot is the largest of the six marmot species found in [[North America]], averaging slight heavier in mean body mass than [[hoary marmot]] and [[Vancouver marmot]]. Mean linear dimensions suggest the Olympic species is about 7% larger on average than these other two large North America species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Braun |first1=Janet K |last2=Eaton |first2=T. Scott |last3=Mares |first3=Michael A |title=Marmota Caligata (Rodentia: Sciuridae) |journal=Mammalian Species |date=21 January 2011 |volume=43 |pages=155–171 |doi=10.1644/884.1 }}</ref> The species rivals some lesser-studied Asian species as the largest marmots and largest members of the squirrel family, with similar body masses attainable by some species such as the [[Tarbagan marmot]] and the [[Himalayan marmot]].<ref name=Barash7 /><ref name= Edelman /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Murdoch |first1=James D. |last2=Munkhzul |first2=Tserendorj |last3=Buyandelger |first3=Suuri |last4=Reading |first4=Richard P. |last5=Sillero-Zubiri |first5=Claudio |title=The Endangered Siberian marmot Marmota sibirica as a keystone species? Observations and implications of burrow use by corsac foxes Vulpes corsac in Mongolia |journal=Oryx |date=July 2009 |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=431 |doi=10.1017/S0030605309001100 |doi-broken-date=4 March 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chaudhary |first1=Vipin |last2=Tripathi |first2=R. S. |last3=Singh |first3=Surjeet |last4=Raghuvanshi |first4=M. S. |title=Distribution and population of Himalayan Marmot Marmota himalayana (Hodgson, 1841) (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae) in Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, India |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |date=26 November 2017 |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=10886 |doi=10.11609/jott.3336.9.11.10886-10891 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The coat is double-layered, consisting of soft thick underfur, for warmth, and coarser outer hairs. Infant marmots' fur is dark gray in color; this changes in the yearling period to grayish brown with lighter patches. The adult coat is brown on the body with some smaller white or pale brown patches for most of the year, becoming darker overall as the year progresses. The first [[moulting|molt]] of the year occurs in June, commencing with two black patches of fur forming on the back of the shoulders.<ref name=Barash7>{{harvnb|Barash|1989|p=7}}</ref> This black coloration then spreads to the rest of the body, and by the fall the coat is almost black. A second molt is thought to occur during [[hibernation]],<ref name=Edelman /> and upon emergence from hibernation in the spring Olympic marmots may be tan or yellowish.<ref name="NPS">{{cite web | title = Olympic Marmot | publisher = National Park Service | url = https://www.nps.gov/olym/learn/nature/olympic-marmot.htm | access-date = December 4, 2011 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120130191508/http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/olympic-marmot.htm | archive-date = January 30, 2012}}</ref> The Olympic marmot's [[snout|muzzle]] is almost always white, with a white band in front of the eyes.<ref name=WorldSquirrels /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kays|first1=R. W.|first2=Don E.|last2=Wilson|year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|title=Mammals of North America|edition=2nd|isbn=978-0-691-14092-6|page=52}}</ref>

This species can be readily distinguished from the hoary marmot, with which it shares almost every other physical trait, by the lack of contrasting black feet and a black spot on the head.<ref name=MarmotBurrow>{{cite web | title = Olympic Marmot | last = Blumstein | first = Daniel T. | author-link=Daniel T. Blumstein | website = UCLA Marmot Burrow | year = 2008 | url = http://www.marmotburrow.ucla.edu/olympic.html | access-date = December 17, 2011 | publisher= University of California, Los Angeles}}</ref> The Vancouver Island marmot has a similar coat color—chocolate brown with white patches.<ref>{{cite book |title=Vancouver Island Marmot |last1= Bryant |first1= Andrew A. |last2= Blood |first2 = Donald A. |year= 1999 |publisher= British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks |isbn= 978-0-7726-7670-2 |url= http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/marmot.pdf|access-date=December 30, 2011 | location=Victoria, British Columbia | series= Wildlife at Risk in British Columbia}}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==
[[File:HurricaneRidge 7392t.jpg|thumb|left|Typical Olympic marmot habitat: a slope on Hurricane Ridge in Olympic National Park]]

Olympic marmots are native to the [[Olympic Mountains]] in the Olympic Peninsula of [[Washington (state)|Washington state]].<ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021" /> About 90% of Olympic marmots' total habitat is located in [[Olympic National Park]], where they are often sighted, especially on [[Hurricane Hill]].<ref name=Griffin /> Marmots are in decline in some areas of the park due to the [[temporal encroachment|encroachment]] of trees into meadows as well as predation by coyotes, and they are seldom seen in the wetter southwestern part.{{sfn|Griffin|2008|pp=24, 96, 97}}

Within the park, Olympic marmots inhabit lush sub-alpine and alpine meadows, fields, and montane [[scree]] slopes.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowers|first1= N.|last2= Bowers|first2= R. |last3= Kaufman|first3= K. |year=2007|title=Kaufman Field Guide to Mammals of North America|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|location=Boston|isbn= 978-0-618-95188-8 |edition=12th}}</ref> They live in colonies spread out in various locations in the mountains and containing the burrows of differing numbers of marmot families. Some meadows can contain as few as one marmot family, and some can have multiple families adding up to 40 marmots. There is a higher risk of [[inbreeding]] and death from random events in meadows with fewer marmots, making [[animal migration|migration]] essential to the survival of the species.<ref name="NPSpdf" /> Burrows can be found at elevations ranging from {{convert|920|m|ft|abbr=on}} to {{convert|1990|m|ft|abbr=on}}; they are most often found in the range of {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}} to {{convert|1750|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021" /> Burrows are more frequently located on south-facing slopes, which generally receive more [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]], {{convert|75|cm|in|abbr=on}} per year (mostly snow), and thus have more available flora.<ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021" /><ref>{{cite web|title= Weather and climate|year= 2011|publisher= National Park Service|url= http://www.nps.gov/olym/planyourvisit/upload/weather.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080210073515/http://www.nps.gov/olym/planyourvisit/upload/weather.pdf|url-status= dead|archive-date= February 10, 2008|access-date= December 30, 2011}}</ref> The home range of a family of marmots usually covers from half an acre to five acres (0.2–2&nbsp;hectares).<ref name=NPS /> The Olympic marmot is well-adapted to its generally cold natural habitat, where there is snowfall almost every month of the year on the mountain slopes and barren [[grassland]]s.<ref name=NPSpdf />

==Ecology==
===Feeding===
[[File:Lupinus latifolius 6013.JPG|thumb|alt=Photograph|Lupine, a major part of the Olympic marmot's diet, near Hurricane Ridge]]
Olympic marmots eat meadow flora such as [[Erythronium montanum|avalanche]] and [[Erythronium grandiflorum|glacier]] lilies, [[Ericaceae|heather]] blossoms, [[Lupinus arcticus|subalpine lupine]], [[Bistorta bistortoides|mountain buckwheat]], [[Campanula rotundifolia|harebells]], [[Cyperaceae|sedges]], and [[moss]]es.<ref name=Edelman /><ref name=NPSpdf /> They prefer green, tender, flowering plants over other sources of food, but roots are a large part of their diets in the early spring when other plants have not yet appeared.<ref name=Barash40 /> During May and June, they may resort to gnawing on trees for food.<ref name=NPS /> They also occasionally eat [[frugivore|fruits]] and [[insectivore|insects]].<ref name=WorldSquirrels>{{cite book|pages=286–287|title=Squirrels of the World| first1=Richard W. Jr. |last1= Thorington|first2=John L. |last2=Koprowski|first3=Michael A. |last3=Steele|first4=James F. |last4=Whatton|year=2012|publisher= JHU Press|location=Baltimore, Maryland|isbn= 978-1-4214-0469-1}}</ref> Their water requirements are met from the juice in the vegetation they eat and [[dew]] on the plants' surfaces.<ref name=Barash40 />

When snowfall covers vegetation, marmots have a more [[carnivore|carnivorous]] diet, consuming [[carrion]] encountered while digging for roots and possibly killing late hibernating [[chipmunk]]s (''[[Neotamias townsendii]]'').<ref name=Barash40>{{harvnb|Barash|1989|p=40}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Marmota_olympus/ | title=Marmota olympus (Olympic marmot) | website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] }}</ref> At this time, they also obtain water from melted snow.<ref name=Edelman /> Hibernating Olympic marmots do not keep food in their burrows; instead, they gain fat before hibernating and can double their body weight to survive eight months without eating.<ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021" /><ref name=NPS />

===Predation===
[[File:Coyote by Rebecca Richardson.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The coyote is the Olympic marmot's main predator.]]
The Olympic marmot's [[predation|predators]] are mostly terrestrial mammals such as [[coyote]]s, [[cougar]]s, and [[bobcat]]s;<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Witczuk|first1=Julia|last2=Pagacz|first2=Stanisław|last3=Mills|first3=L. Scott|title=Disproportionate predation on endemic marmots by invasive coyotes|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=94|issue=3|pages=702–713|doi=10.1644/12-MAMM-A-199.1|year=2013|doi-access=free}}</ref> however, it is also preyed on by avian raptors such as [[golden eagle]]s.{{sfn|Griffin|2008|p=90}} [[American black bear|Black bears]] probably rarely prey on marmots, as evidenced by the fact that their presence close to colonies generally does not generate alarm calls{{sfn|Griffin|2008|p=99}} unless the bear advances to within {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}} of the colony.<ref name=Barash48 /> The coyote is the primary predator and studies have shown that marmots make up approximately 20% of coyotes' diet during the summer months. During a study in the Olympic Mountains, 36 coyote droppings were collected and two of them contained marmot hairs.<ref name=Barash48 />

In common with all other marmots, Olympic marmots use the trill as an alarm call to alert other marmots to predators. Continuing alarm calls indicate that a predator is close, and thus increase vigilance in the marmots; a single alarm call results in the marmots curiously looking around for the predator. Sightings of land predators, coyotes in particular, receive more alarm calls than aerial predators.<ref name="Blumstein" /> [[Fisher (animal)|Fishers]] are viewed as predators by Olympic marmots, eliciting alarm calls when just passing by a colony. It has also been observed that these trills can be used as a mechanism to trick and frustrate predators.<ref name=Barash48 /> An additional behavior that takes place when a marmot becomes nervous or bothered by a predator is that it retracts its top lip to show its upper [[incisor]]s. It is almost like a greeting for predators.{{sfn|Barash|1989|p=80}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blumstein |first1=Daniel |title=Alarm Calling in Three Species of Marmots |journal=Behaviour |date=1999 |volume=136 |issue=6 |pages=731–757 |doi=10.1163/156853999501540 }}</ref>

[[David P. Barash]] reported that when hunting Olympic marmots as prey, coyotes and cougars approach the marmot within about {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=on}}, advance to an alpine [[fir]] close to the victim, and then chase the marmot downhill to its colony. If the marmot is able to flee into a burrow and sound an alarm call, other marmots will scurry to their burrows for safety. But the predator does not stop here; it is usually persistent and will scratch outside the entrance to try to dig out its prey. Minutes later, when a marmot from a nearby burrow peers out to see if the predator has gone, it will sometimes sound another alarm call, which summons the predator to its burrow. It dives back underground and the predator usually remains frustrated as these alarm calls continue and force it to run around from burrow to burrow, getting tired and aggravated, and finally giving up.<ref name=Barash48>{{harvnb|Barash|1989|p=48}}</ref>

As humans in the Olympic National Park do not hunt the marmot, but simply observe them, they do not pose a threat. When researchers intrude on colonies to observe behavior, the families living in burrows there initially vocalize ascending calls, showing surprise, but later adjust to the presence of humans, allowing studies to proceed.<ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021" />

The [[parasite]]s of the Olympic marmot include the [[Cestoda|cestode]] ''[[Diandrya composita]]'', and [[flea]]s of the genus ''[[Oropsylla]]''.<ref name=Edelman />

==Behavior==
===Colonies===
[[File:Marmota olympus (1).jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph|280px|Olympic marmot sunbathing at Hurricane Ridge]]

Olympic marmots are [[Social animal|gregarious]] burrowing animals, living in colonies typically containing multiple burrows. Activity varies with the weather, time of day, and time of year; owing to rainfall and fog cover during June, July, and August, the marmots spend most of the day inside their burrows, and forage for food mostly in the morning and evening. In between these times, Olympic marmots can sometimes be found lying on rocks where they sun themselves for warmth, grooming each other, playing, chirping, and feeding together.<ref name=NPS /><ref name=Barash1973>{{cite journal|last= Barash|first=D. P. |year=1973|title=The social biology of the Olympic marmot|journal=Animal Behaviour Monographs |volume=6|pages=171–249|doi= 10.1016/0003-3472(73)90002-X}}</ref> Burrows are multi-purpose structures, used for hibernation, protection from bad weather and predators, and to raise newborn pups.<ref name=NPSpdf />

A typical colony of marmots consists of a male, two to three females, and their young, sometimes living in groups of more than a dozen animals; young marmots stay with their family for at least two years, so a burrow is often home to a newly born litter and a litter of two-year-olds.<ref name=Barash1973 /> Marmots seldom move to other colonies with the exception of sub-adults of two to three years old, which may leave the home colony to start a new family elsewhere;<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Griffin |first1=Suzanne C. |last2=Griffin |first2=Paul. C. |last3=Taper |first3=Mark L. |last4=Mills |first4=L. Scott |title=Marmots on the Move? Dispersal in a Declining Montane Mammal |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |date=2 June 2009 |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=686–695 |doi=10.1644/08-MAMM-A-159R1.1 }}</ref> females move only a few hundred meters, though males often move several kilometers away from their birth burrow.<ref name=NPSpdf />

A colony may have a subordinate or "satellite" male, smaller and younger than the colony male, who may take over as the dominant male if the incumbent dies.<ref name=Edelman /> The satellite male lives in a separate burrow, {{convert|55|to|150|m|ft|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} away from the rest of the colony. After emergence from hibernation, if the satellite male and the colony male are both still living in the same colony, the dominant colony male may chase the satellite around multiple times per day.<ref name=Barash146 /> The satellite male's feeding area is limited to areas far from the rest of the marmots in the colony, and he must stay away from the other marmots' burrows as long as the colony male is near. While the satellite male does not approach the other marmots in the colony, they sometimes make trips over to the satellite male's burrow, often about two times an hour. After more time has passed since hibernation, males will become less hostile towards each other, and less avoidance and chasing will occur. Male-male competition ends around the same time that the reproductive season does. The diminution of hostile behavior is only temporary, as the satellite male becomes assigned to its subordinate status again the following spring after emergence from hibernation and the ritual begins again.{{sfn|Barash|1989|pp=141, 147}}

===Communication===
When greeting each other, these very sociable animals will usually touch noses or nose to cheek; in [[courtship display|courtship rituals]] they may inter-lock teeth and nibble each other's ears and necks. They may also engage in play fighting, in which two marmots on their hind legs push each other with their paws; this play fighting is more aggressive between older marmots.<ref name=Edelman /> In fights that have been observed during a study, only about 10% of fights had distinct outcomes.<ref name=Barash146>{{harvnb|Barash|1989|p=146}}</ref>

When communicating vocally, they have four different types of whistles,<ref name=Blumstein /> differing in this from their close relatives, the hoary marmot and the Vancouver Island marmot.<ref name=NPSpdf /> The Olympic marmot's whistles include flat calls, ascending calls, descending calls, and trills; all of these are in a small frequency range of about 2,700&nbsp;Hz.<ref name=Edelman /> Flat, ascending, and descending calls are most often voiced singly. The ascending call has a duration of about half a second, starting with a "yell" on one note and ending with a "chip" on a higher note; it is often used as a distress or warning call for unfamiliar smells and noises. These same "yips" are heard when Olympic marmots are play fighting, along with low growls and chattering of teeth. The descending call ends on a lower note than the one on which it started. The trill, which sounds like multiple ascending calls put together as one longer sound, consists of multiple ranging notes and is voiced as an alarm call to communicate to other marmots in the area that danger may be approaching and they should return to their burrows. Females with young have the responsibility to watch out for their young and other relatives near the burrow, and therefore voice the trill more often than other Olympic marmots. If marmots are not accustomed to human contact in a certain area, they may also sound a trill when seeing a person,<ref name=Blumstein /> in order to alert other marmots.<ref name=NPS /> At places like Hurricane Ridge, where seeing humans is a frequent occurrence, most marmots will not acknowledge human presence at all.<ref name=Blumstein>{{cite web | last = Blumstein| first = Daniel T|author-link=Daniel T. Blumstein | title = Olympic Marmot Alarm Calling Factsheet | publisher = University of California, Los Angeles| url = http://www.marmotburrow.ucla.edu/OMAC.html| access-date = December 20, 2011}}</ref>

They also communicate through the sense of smell. A gland located in their cheek exudes chemicals which they rub on scenting points, such as [[shrub]]s and rocks, which can be smelled by other marmots in the area.<ref name=Edelman />

===Hibernation===
Olympic marmots start to enter hibernation in early September. Before hibernating, the marmots bring dry grasses into the burrow for bedding or food.<ref name=Edelman /> Sometimes in early September marmots will stay in their burrows for a few consecutive days, with only brief outings that allow for a little foraging. During this period, they do not play fight or socialize with other marmots; they limit themselves to peeking out and casually sitting outside their burrows.<ref name=Barash33>{{harvnb|Barash|1989|p=33}}</ref> Nonparous females (those who have not given birth yet) and adult males become inactive first, because they do not need to store as much fat beforehand. The parous females, yearlings, and young of the year become inactive a few weeks later, because they have to gain more weight. The marmots of a colony hibernate in a single burrow space, which they keep closed with dirt.<ref name=Barash33 /> Adults emerge in May, and the young in June. Marmots do not eat during hibernation, so they have to store fat before becoming inactive.<ref name="NPSpdf" />

These marmots are "deep hibernators"; they cannot easily be awoken. Their body temperature drops to below {{convert|40|F|C|abbr=on}} and heart rate can slow to three beats per minute. Marmots warm their bodies about every ten days.<ref name=NPSpdf /> Olympic marmots lose 50% of their body mass over the seven to eight months of winter hibernation.<ref name=Edelman /> Hibernation is the most dangerous time for them as, in years of light snowfall, as many as 50% of the young born that year will die from the cold because of the lack of insulation that is provided by good snow cover.<ref name=Edelman /> When they emerge in early May, thick snow cover is still present from the preceding winter, so they are not very active at this time. Sometimes they are so disoriented after awaking from hibernation that they have to relearn the colony's landmarks (which are now covered in snow, which obscures them even more); they wander around aimlessly until they find their burrows.{{sfn|Barash|1989|pp=32–33}}

===Life cycle===
This species, along with the hoary marmot, has the lowest reproductive rate of any [[rodent]].{{sfn|Barash|1989|p=256}} A female Olympic marmot has a litter of from one to six young (3.3 on average) in alternate years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Griffin |first1=Suzanne Cox |last2=Taper |first2=Mark L. |last3=Mills |first3=L. Scott |title=Female Olympic Marmots (Marmota olympus) Reproduce in Consecutive Years |journal=The American Midland Naturalist |date=July 2007 |volume=158 |issue=1 |pages=221–225 |doi=10.1674/0003-0031(2007)158[221:FOMMOR]2.0.CO;2 }}</ref> In a given year, a third of females will have a litter.<ref name="NPS" /> Half of the pups die before the following spring. Those pups that survive the following spring can live into their teens. Both males and females mature sexually at three years, but females generally do not reproduce until they are four and a half years old.<ref name="NPSpdf">{{cite web | title = The Olympic Marmot: Ecology and Research | publisher = National Park Service | url = https://www.nps.gov/olym/learn/nature/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfile&PageID=413259 | format = PDF | access-date = December 26, 2011}}</ref> The marmot comes out from hibernation at the beginning of May, and [[estrus]] (heat) occurs about two weeks later. After hibernation ends, both male and female Olympic marmots attempt to entice the opposite sex with courtship rituals. Females who have never produced a litter before tend to be more aggressive and will chase or instigate fights with males; females which have already produced young tend to greet the male with nasal to nasal or nasal to genital contact, with [[copulation (zoology)|copulation]] following shortly afterwards. This approach is more successful than the aggressive manner of the non-parous female, with mating taking place within 11 to 20 days after hibernation. The relationship between a sexually mature male and female Olympic marmot is [[polygyny in animals|polygynous]]; males tend to breed with three or four females in each mating season.<ref name=Barash1973 />

Approximately four weeks after mating, the female gives birth to her young in a grass-lined burrow underground.<ref name=Edelman /> Newborn pups cannot see, have no fur, and are pink in color. At first, the young exhibit no sexual dimorphism.<ref name=Wildlife>{{cite web | title = Olympic Marmot (''Marmota olympus'') | publisher = Wildlife North America | url = http://www.wildlifenorthamerica.com/Mammal/Olympic-Marmot/Marmota/olympus.html | access-date =  December 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|page=195|title= Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation|editor-first=George A.|editor-last=Feldhamer|editor2=Thompason, Bruce C.|editor3=Chapman, Joseph A.|publisher= JHU Press|year= 2003|isbn=978-0-8018-7416-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xQalfqP7BcC&q=%22Olympic+marmot%22}}</ref> It is about a month before the young Olympic marmots first leave the burrow; around the same time, they begin to be [[weaning|weaned]].<ref name=Edelman /> Even after they are allowed to emerge, the young initially stay within the immediate vicinity of the burrow, where they can be found chasing each other and wrestling playfully. Within a few weeks after first emerging from the burrow, the young are fully weaned and can feed themselves.<ref name=NPS /><ref name=Barash1973 /> Olympic marmots are not completely independent from their mothers until they reach two years of age.<ref name=Edelman /> Breeding-age female marmots are extremely important to marmot populations. If a female of breeding age dies it can take years to replace her; marmots are usually limited to six pups in a litter, the maturation period is long, and many marmots die before reaching maturity.<ref name=NPSpdf />

==Interaction with humans==
[[File:Olympic-NP-TF.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph|270px|Relief map of Olympic National Park, where the Olympic marmot is protected]]

The Olympic marmot is the second-rarest North American marmot, behind the [[critically endangered]] [[Vancouver Island marmot]].<ref name="NPSpdf" /><ref>{{cite iucn |author=Roach, N. |date=2017 |title=''Marmota vancouverensis'' |volume=2017 |page=e.T12828A22259184 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T12828A22259184.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> Marmots were first sighted in the Olympic Peninsula in the 1880s.<ref name="NPSpdf" /> In the 1960s, David P. Barash conducted a three-year study of Olympic marmots after which he reported that there was an abundance of marmots in the mountains. In 1989, the total Olympic marmot population was calculated to be only about 2,000, but this low number was due to poor data collection. Other than this population census, little further research was done on the Olympic marmot until the late 1990s, when concerns arose about population status.<ref name=Griffin /><ref name=NPSpdf />

Rangers and frequent visitors to the Olympic National Park had noticed that some populations of Olympic marmots had disappeared from their usual habitats. In response to this, the [[University of Michigan]] began a population study in 2002, in which the marmot population continued to decline by about 10% a year until 2006. Predation by coyotes that had not been present in the area before the 20th century was found to be the main cause of death of females, inhibiting population re-growth. By 2006, numbers had dropped to 1,000 individuals; this figure increased to around 4,000 from 2007 to 2010, when colonies stabilized and survival rates rose.<ref name="Griffin">{{cite journal | last1 = Griffin | first1 = Suzanne C. | last2 = Taper | first2 = Mark L. | last3 = Hoffman | first3 = Roger | last4 = Mills | first4 = L. Scott | title = The case of the missing marmots: Are metapopulation dynamics or range-wide declines responsible? | journal = Biological Conservation | volume = 141 | issue = 5 | pages = 1293–1309 | date = 9 May 2008 | url = https://home.nps.gov/olym/learn/nature/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfile&PageID=416275 | doi = 10.1016/j.biocon.2008.03.001 | bibcode = 2008BCons.141.1293G | access-date = December 28, 2011 | url-access = subscription }}</ref><ref name="NPSpdf" /> In 2010, volunteers started to collect and store data about marmot populations in the park through a monitoring program.<ref name="NPS" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Witczuk |first1=Julia |last2=Pagacz |first2=Stanislaw |last3=Mills |first3=L. Scott |title=Optimising methods for monitoring programs: Olympic marmots as a case study |journal=Wildlife Research |date=2008 |volume=35 |issue=8 |pages=788–797 |doi=10.1071/WR07187 }}</ref> The Olympic marmot has been considered a species of [[least concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] since first being included in 1996.<ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021" /> Its range is small, but 90% of its total habitat is protected due to being in Olympic National Park.<ref name="NPS" /> The park, which holds multiple other endemic species, has been designated a [[UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] and a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Farnor | first = Shane | title = Olympic National Park | publisher = National Parks Conservation Association | url = http://www.npca.org/parks/olympic-national-park.html | access-date = January 17, 2012}}</ref> State law<ref>{{cite web | title = WAC 232-12-011 | publisher = Washington State Legislature | date = January 14, 2008 | url = http://apps.leg.wa.gov/wac/default.aspx?cite=232-12-011 | access-date = January 17, 2012}}</ref> declares that the Olympic marmot is a protected wildlife species and cannot be hunted.<ref name="Edelman" />

The species is susceptible to climate change because of their sensitivity to changed habitats. When meadows in Olympic National Park dried out, marmots there died or moved.<ref name=NPS /> In the long term, meadows may be superseded by forests. Climate change will alter the timing, composition, and quality of the marmots' food. Olympic marmots can become more vulnerable to predators when daytime temperatures rise too high for foraging, causing them to forage in the cooler evenings when predators are more difficult to notice. In warm winters, there is heavier predation by coyotes. Marmots become more accessible to coyotes as lower banks of snow allow coyotes to move up higher on mountains where marmots dwell, into areas which they could not usually reach during an average cold winter. Climate change could also have positive effects; a warmer climate would result in a longer growing season in which marmots could mature more quickly and thus breed more often.<ref name=NPSpdf />

In 2009, this marmot was designated a [[Lists of United States state insignia|state symbol]] of Washington: the official "endemic mammal."<ref>{{cite web| title = Symbols of Washington State| publisher = Washington State Legislature| url = http://www.leg.wa.gov/Symbols/Pages/default.aspx| access-date = December 4, 2011}}</ref> Governor [[Chris Gregoire]]'s signing of Senate Bill 5071 was the result of a two-year effort by the fourth and fifth graders of Wedgwood Elementary School in [[Seattle]]. The students researched the marmot's habits, and answered legislators' questions to overcome initial bipartisan opposition to another state symbol.<ref>{{cite news|last=Anderson|first=Chantal|title=Wedgwood students lobby to make Olympic marmot the state's official native mammal|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2008851726_marmot13m.html|access-date=January 11, 2012|newspaper=The Seattle Times|date=March 13, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313234303/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2008851726_marmot13m.html|archive-date=March 13, 2009}}</ref>

On May 13, 2024, the [[Center for Biological Diversity]] submitted an Endangered Species Act petition to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service asking the agency to protect the Olympic marmot under the Endangered Species Act. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://biologicaldiversity.org/w/news/press-releases/protections-sought-for-olympic-marmots-in-washington-state-2024-05-13/ | title=Protections Sought for Olympic Marmots in Washington State }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last1=Barash |first1=David P. |title=Marmots: Social Behavior and Ecology |date=1989 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-1534-8 }}
* {{cite thesis |last1=Griffin |first1=Suzanne |title=Demography and ecology of a declining endemic: The Olympic marmot |date=2008 |id={{ProQuest|304841690}} |url=https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/299 }}

==External links==
* {{Commonscat-inline|Marmota olympus|''Marmota olympus''}}

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[[Category:Marmots]]
[[Category:Endemic rodents of the United States]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1898]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Clinton Hart Merriam]]