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{{Short description|Earlier and shorter version of Apostles' Creed}}
The '''Old Roman Symbol''' ({{langx|la|vetus symbolum romanum}}), or '''Old Roman Creed''', is an earlier and shorter version of the [[Apostles' Creed]].<ref name = "Oxford:Old">{{Citation | editor-last = Cross | editor-first = FL | title = The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church | place = New York | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2005 | contribution = Old Roman Creed}}.</ref> It was based on the [[Christianity in the 2nd century|2nd-century]] [[Rule of Faith]] and the interrogatory declaration of faith for those receiving [[baptism]] ([[Christianity in the 3rd century|3rd century]] or earlier),<ref name = "Oxford:Old"/> which by the [[Christianity in the 4th century|4th century]] was everywhere tripartite in structure, following {{bibleverse ||Matthew|28:19}} ("baptizing them in the name of the [[God the Father|Father]] and of the [[God the Son|Son]] and of the [[Holy Spirit]]"<ref>{{Citation | editor-last = Cross | editor-first = FL | title = The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church | place = New York | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2005 | contribution = creed}}.</ref>), which is part of the [[Great Commission]].

According to the Church historian [[John Norman Davidson Kelly]], 2nd-century [[Church Fathers|church fathers]] [[Tertullian]] and [[Irenaeus]] cite it in their works.{{Sfn | Kelly | 1972 | pp = 113-119}}

== Most ancient witnesses ==
According to the ''Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'', the first text attesting it is a letter to [[Pope Julius I]] in 340 or 341, and it has recently been argued that it developed in the context of the [[Arian controversy]].<ref name = "Oxford:Old"/> Bettenson and Maunder further comment on this that Marcellus had been exiled from his diocese through Arian influence, thus spending two years at Rome, and finally left his creed with Julius, Bishop of Rome.

Additionally c. 400, Rufinus, a priest of Aquileia, left a Latin version in his ''Commentarius in Symbolum Apostolorum'' (P.L. xxi. 335B). He believed this to be the Roman creed as the "rule of faith" written by the Apostles at Jerusalem.<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Bettenson | first1 = Henry | first2 = Chris | last2 = Maunder | title = Documents of the Christian Church | edition = 3 | place = New York | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1999 | pages = 25–26}}.</ref> About at the same time also [[Nicetas of Remesiana]] wrote an ''Explanatio Symboli'' (P.L. Lii. 865-874B) based on the Old Roman Symbol, but including also the [[communion of saints]].

Though the name "Apostles' Creed" appears in a letter of Saint [[Ambrose]] (c. 390), what is now known as the Apostles' Creed is first quoted in its present form in the early [[Christianity in the 8th century|8th century]]. It developed from the Old Roman Symbol, and seems to be of Hispano-Gallic origin, being accepted in Rome some time after [[Charlemagne]] imposed it throughout his dominions.<ref>{{Citation | editor-last = Cross | editor-first = FL | title = The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church | place = New York | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2005 | contribution = Apostles’ Creed}}.</ref>

==Latin and Greek versions==
The Latin text of [[Tyrannius Rufinus]]:
<poem>Credo in deum patrem omnipotentem;
et in Christum Iesum filium eius unicum, dominum nostrum,
:qui natus est de Spiritu sancto ex Maria virgine,
:qui sub Pontio Pilato crucifixus est et sepultus,
:tertia die resurrexit a mortuis,
:ascendit in caelos,
:sedet ad dexteram patris, unde venturus est iudicare vivos et mortuos;
et in Spiritum sanctum,
sanctam ecclesiam,
remissionem peccatorum,
carnis resurrectionem.</poem>

The Greek text of [[Marcellus of Ancyra]]:
<poem>Πιστεύω οὖν εἰς θεòν πατέρα παντοκράτορα·
καὶ εἰς Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν, τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ τὸν μονογενῆ, τὸν κύριον ἡμῶν,
:τὸν γεννηθέντα ἐκ πνεύματος ἁγίου καὶ Μαρίας τῆς παρθένου,
:τὸν ἐπὶ Ποντίου Πιλάτου σταυρωθέντα καὶ ταφέντα
:καὶ τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρα ἀναστάντα ἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν,
:ἀναβάντα εἰς τοὺς οὐρανούς
:καὶ καθήμενον ἐν δεξιᾳ τοῦ πατρός, ὅθεν ἔρχεται κρίνειν ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς·
καὶ εἰς τò ἅγιον πνεῦμα,
ἁγίαν ἐκκλησίαν,
ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν,
σαρκὸς ἀνάστασιν,
ζωὴν αἰώνιον.{{Sfn |Kelly | 1972 | p = 103}}</poem>

===Differences between the Latin and the Greek text===
The Latin (Rufinus) and the Greek (Marcellus) versions are faithful, literal, ''verbatim'' translations of each other. The only outstanding difference is the concluding clause in the Greek text, '''ζωὴν αἰώνιον''' ("life everlasting"), which has no equivalent in the Latin text. This clause is present in the [[Apostles' Creed]].

The Latin version of [[Nicetas of Remesiana]] also follows quite closely the version of Rufinus (usually ''verbatim'') but also includes the ''vitam eternam'', as Marcellus, and the ''communionem sanctorum'', omitted by the other two.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=May 2021}}

==English translation==
<poem>I believe in God the Father almighty;
and in Christ Jesus His only Son, our Lord,
Who was born of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary,
Who under [[Pontius Pilate]] was crucified and buried,
:on the third day rose again from the dead,
:ascended to heaven,
:sits at the right hand of the Father,
:whence He will come to judge the living and the dead;
and in the Holy Spirit,
the holy Church,
the remission of sins,
the resurrection of the flesh
(the life everlasting).{{Sfn |Kelly | 1972 | p = 102}}</poem>

==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity}}
*[[Nicene Creed]]
*[[Athanasian Creed]]
*[[Filioque]] clause

==References==
{{reflist |64em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Citation | author-link = John Norman Davidson Kelly | last = Kelly | first = John Norman Davidson | title = Early Christian Creeds | place = Longman | year = 1972}}.

==External links==
* {{Citation | publisher = New advent | contribution-url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01629a.htm | title = Catholic Encyclopedia | contribution = The origin of the Apostles’ Creed}}.
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3162802 "The Earliest Text of the Old Roman Symbol: A Debate with Hans Lietzmann and J. N. D. Kelly"], D. Larrimore Holland, ''Church History'', Vol. 34, No. 3 (Sep., 1965), pp. 262-281

[[Category:Christian statements of faith]]
[[Category:4th-century Christian texts]]
[[Category:Christian terminology]]
[[Category:Pontius Pilate]]