View source for Old Point Comfort

{{Short description|East end of the Virginia Peninsula}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates |date=July 2020}}
'''Old Point Comfort''' is a point of land located in the [[Independent city (United States)|independent city]] of [[Hampton, Virginia]]. Previously known as '''Point Comfort''', it lies at the extreme tip of the [[Virginia Peninsula]] at the mouth of [[Hampton Roads]] in the [[United States]].  It was renamed Old Point Comfort to differentiate it from [[New Point Comfort]] {{convert|21|mi}} up the [[Chesapeake Bay]].<ref name="New Point Comfort"/> A [[First Africans in Virginia|group of enslaved Africans]] (first fleet) was brought to [[Colony of Virginia|colonial Virginia]] at this point in 1619. Today the location is home to Continental Park and [[Fort Monroe National Monument]].

==History==
===17th and 18th centuries===
[[File:Detroit Photographic Company (0848).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Old Point Comfort, {{Circa|1900}}]]
For more than 400 years, Point Comfort served as a maritime navigational landmark and military stronghold.

According to a combination of old records and legend, the name derived from an incident when the Jamestown settlers first arrived. Captain [[Christopher Newport]]'s flagship, ''[[Susan Constant]]'', anchored nearby on 28 April 1607. Members of the crew "rowed to a point where they found a channel which put them in good comfort".<ref>"Virginia, A Guide to the Old Dominion, (1952), pg.483, By Federal Writers' Project</ref><ref>[http://www.search.com/reference/Old_Point_Comfort Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Edition, Search.com]</ref> They named the adjacent land '''Cape Comfort'''.<ref name="New Point Comfort">{{cite web |url=http://www.newpointcomfort.com/home.html |publisher=InterMarket Advertising. |title=New Point Comfort |access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref>

Point Comfort formed the beginning of the boundary of the [[Virginia Colony|Colony of Virginia]]. The Second Charter of the Virginia Company, granted in 1609, gave the company:<blockquote>all those Lands, Countries, and Territories, situate, lying, and being in that Part of America, called Virginia, from the pointe of lande called Cape or Pointe Comfort all alonge the seacoste to the northward two hundred miles and from the said pointe of Cape Comfort all alonge the sea coast to the southward twoe hundred miles; and all that space and circuit of lande lieinge from the sea coaste of the precinct aforesaid upp unto the lande, throughoute, from sea to sea, west and northwest . . .<ref>[http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/D/1601-1650/virginia/chart02.htm The Second Virginia Charter (May 23, 1609)]</ref></blockquote>

Because of the ambiguity as to which line was to run west and which northwest, the charter gave the Virginia Company either about {{convert|80000|sqmi|sqkm}} of eastern North America, or about one-third of the entire continent, extending to the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref>[http://www.virginiaplaces.org/boundaries/charters.html Boundaries and Charters of Virginia]. Accessed 2010.08.27.</ref> The Colony of Virginia chose the interpretation which gave it the larger area, and the [[Commonwealth of Virginia]] continued to claim much of the [[Ohio Valley]] and beyond, until after the American Revolution. In 1784, Virginia gave up most of these claims, and the relinquished area was organized as the Territory Northwest of the River Ohio (commonly known as the [[Northwest Territory]]) on July 13, 1787. In 1789, the remaining claims were abandoned when Virginia allowed [[Kentucky]] to become its own state, which it did on June 1, 1792.

In the fall of 1609, a [[John Ratcliffe (governor)|Captain John Ratcliffe]] built the first English fort in the area, known as [[Fort Algernon]].  

In August 1619, the [[First Africans in Virginia]] arrived in what was then known as the Colony of Virginia (although the first people of direct African descent on [[San Miguel de Gualdape|mainland North America]] were enslaved by a Spanish colony in [[South Carolina]] in 1526,<ref name="peck01">{{Cite journal |last=Peck |first=Douglas T. |date=2001 |title=Lucas Vásquez de Ayllón's Doomed Colony of San Miguel de Gualdape |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40584407 |journal=The Georgia Historical Quarterly |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=183–198 |jstor=40584407 |issn=0016-8297}}</ref><ref name="mil17">{{Cite book |last=Milanich, Jerald T. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1021804892 |title=Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe. |date=2018 |publisher=Library Press at UF|isbn=978-1-947372-45-0 |location=Gainesville |oclc=1021804892}}</ref> and the first ''recorded birth'' with direct African ancestry took place in Florida in 1606<ref name="staug">{{Cite web |title=Civil Rights in Colonial St. Augustine (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/staugustinecivilrights.htm |access-date=2020-08-07 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref>). Those enslaved arrived in the ''[[White Lion (privateer)|White Lion]]'', a [[privateer]] owned by [[Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick]], but flying a [[Netherlands|Dutch]] flag, which docked at Point Comfort. The approximately 20-25 Africans had been enslaved during a war fought by [[Portugal]] and some local African allies,<ref name="painter">{{Cite book |last=Painter, Nell Irvin. |url=https://archive.org/details/creatingblackame00pain/page/23 |title=Creating Black Americans: African-American history and its meanings, 1619 to the present |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-513755-8 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/creatingblackame00pain/page/23 23-24] |oclc=57722517 }}</ref> against the [[Kingdom of Ndongo]], in modern [[Angola]], and had been taken off a [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] slave ship, the ''São João Bautista''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Deetz |first1=Kelley Fanto |title=400 years ago, enslaved Africans first arrived in Virginia |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2019/07-08/virginia-first-africans-transatlantic-slave-trade/ |publisher=National Geographic |access-date=2021-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820001354/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2019/07-08/virginia-first-africans-transatlantic-slave-trade/ |archive-date=2019-08-20 |date=2019-08-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Waxman |first1=Olivia B. |title=The First Africans in Virginia Landed in 1619. It Was a Turning Point for Slavery in American History—But Not the Beginning |url=https://time.com/5653369/august-1619-jamestown-history/ |access-date=2021-05-18 |magazine=Time |date=2019-08-20}}</ref>

The humid conditions and exposure to Atlantic coastal storms caused the plank and timber forts at these locations to constantly deteriorate. In 1630, [[Samuel Matthews (captain)|Capt Samuel Matthews]] was commissioned to rebuild the fort at Old Point Comfort, and it was completed by 1632.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tyler|first=Lyon Gardiner|title=Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography.|location=New York, New York|publisher=Lewis Historical Pub. Co.|date=1915|pages=48-49|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CWiel4PVkEkC}}</ref>

In 1665, Colonel [[Miles Cary]], a member of the [[Virginia Governor's Council]], was assigned to place armaments at the fort during heightened tensions resulting from the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]]. Cary was hit by a cannonball from a [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] [[frigate]], and died of those wounds on June 10, 1667.<ref name="Miles Cary">{{cite web |url=https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Cary_Miles_bap_1623-1667 |publisher=Virginia Humanities |title=Miles Cary |access-date=2 August 2019}}</ref>

===18th and 19th century===
The Virginia colonies would build another fort at Point Comfort called Fort George in 1728. Despite it being made of masonry, Fort George was washed away by The Coastal Hurricane of 1749.<ref name="VCJ">{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=otIRAAAAYAAJ&q=fort%20algernon%20virginia&pg=PA119|page=119|magazine=The Virginia magazine of history and biography|volume=XIV|date=June 1907|editor=William A. Stanard|title=Virginia Council Journals}}</ref><ref name="smithsonian">{{cite magazine|title=Fort Monroe’s Lasting Place in History|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/fort-monroes-lasting-place-in-history-25923793/|magazine=Smithsonian Magazine|
last=Lawler|first=Andrew
|date=July 4, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite map|title=Carte des environs d'Hampton|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/gm71002167/|date=1781}}</ref> Without a fort to protect the waterway from warships, the lighthouse was captured by the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] during the [[War of 1812]], when a [[Royal Navy]] fleet sailed into the Chesapeake. After their futile attempt to seize the town of Norfolk, the British landed at Old Point Comfort and used the lighthouse tower as an observation post. From there they invaded and captured Hampton on June 25, 1813. Afterwards, they routed an American force [[Battle of Bladensburg|at Bladensburg]] before marching on to [[Burning of Washington|capture and burn]] [[Washington, D.C.]] in retaliation for the [[Battle of York|American destruction of York]].<ref name="Old Point Comfort, VA">{{cite web |url=http://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=444 |publisher=LighthouseFriends.com |title=Old Point Comfort, VA |access-date=4 February 2011}}</ref>

Construction on [[Fort Monroe]] began in 1819 and it was first garrisoned in 1823, though construction continued for nearly 25 years afterwards.<ref name="Fort Monroe During the Civil War">{{cite web |url=http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Fort_Monroe_During_the_Civil_War |publisher=Kenmore Stamp Company |title=Fort Monroe During the Civil War |accessdate=4 February 2011}}</ref> Initially named Fortress Monroe, it was officially renamed as a fort in 1832, though it has often been called by the original name ever since.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hampton Roads Area - Fort Monroe |url=https://www.northamericanforts.com/East/varoads.html#hampton |publisher=American Forts Network |accessdate=24 August 2021}}</ref> During the [[Marquis de LaFayette]]'s famous [[Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States|trip to the United States in 1824-1825]], the Marquis admired the Old Point Comfort stronghold which had been designed by French born engineer [[Simon Bernard]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Erickson|first1=Mark St. John|title=Hampton Roads swooned over Lafayette's 1824 return as a Revolutionary War icon|url=http://www.dailypress.com/features/history/our-story/dp-hampton-roads-swooned-over-lafayettes-1824-return-as-revolutionary-war-icon-20141022-post.html|access-date=6 March 2018|publisher=Daily Press|date=22 October 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Old Dominion SS ad NY 1898.png|thumb|upright=1.1|Old Dominion Steamship Company New York to Chesapeake Bay Ports advertisement, March 19, 1898]]
In the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries Old Point Comfort served as the terminus and connection point for passenger and express freight ships connecting cities of Chesapeake Bay by both water and rail routes with Boston, New York and along the southeastern coast.<ref name=Allen>{{cite journal |last=Allen |first=W.F. |date=1908 |title=Search results "Old Point Comfort" |journal=Official Guide of the Railways and Steam Navigation Lines of the United States, Porto Rico, Canada, Mexico and Cuba |volume=40 |number=8 |publisher=National Railway Publication Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLgbTCc-AOcC&pg=PA988 |access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |title=Advertisements: Ocean Steamships |date=19 March 1898 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/50376192/ |access-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> A steamship service example was the Baltimore Steamship Packet Company's Old Bay Line. Old Point Comfort was a stop on a Norfolk-Old Point Comfort-Baltimore circuit.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Baltimore Steamship Packet Company|journal=Official Guide of the Railways |publisher=National Railway Publication Company |volume=54 |issue=1 |date=January 1921}}</ref>

===20th century===
Rail lines, including the [[New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad]], provided rail car through ferry service from Old Point Comfort to [[Cape Charles, Virginia|Cape Charles]] on the [[Eastern Shore of Virginia]], across the [[Chesapeake Bay]]. At Cape Charles, land route connections to points north could be made with the New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad (and its successor parent company, the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]]) on the eastern peninsula to Wilmington, Delaware and Philadelphia.<ref name=Allen /><ref>{{cite journal |title=Pennsylvania Railroad, Table 78|journal=Official Guide of the Railways |publisher=National Railway Publication Company |volume=78 |issue=12 |date=May 1946}}</ref> The Zero Mile Post for the [[Chesapeake and Ohio Railway]] is also here, and represents the end of the line from which all main line distances were measured between Fort Monroe and Cincinnati.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, Table 2|journal=Official Guide of the Railways |publisher=National Railway Publication Company |volume=54 |issue=1 |date=January 1921}}</ref> The station at Fort Monroe closed in 1939.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=73819|title=The Zero Mile Post Historical Marker|website=www.hmdb.org|access-date=2019-10-07}}</ref> And the Zero Mile Post was shifted north to Phoebus.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, Table 1|journal=Official Guide of the Railways |publisher=National Railway Publication Company |volume=72 |issue=10 |date=March 1940}}</ref>

For most of the 19th and 20th centuries, Old Point Comfort was a summer and winter resort in the town of [[Phoebus, Virginia|Phoebus]] in [[Elizabeth City County, Virginia|Elizabeth City County]].  Old Point Comfort is the location of historic [[Fort Monroe]], [[The Chamberlin]], and the [[Old Point Comfort Light]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Old Point Comfort Resort: Hospitality, Health and History on Virginia's Chesapeake Bay. By John V. Quarstein, Julie Steere Clevenger</ref>

The pier that was used by government vessels as well as being a routine stopping point for commercial shipping lines was government owned. In 1952 the residents of both the town and county voted to be consolidated with the independent city of Hampton.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

On November 12, 1959, the Army issued notice it was closing the pier and that it would be removed. On January 2, 1960, the Army announced the pier would be open only "at your own risk" to visitors from shore, including guests of the [[The Chamberlin|Chamberlin Hotel]] that overlooked the pier, but closed to boat traffic and travelers. Steamship travel had declined after World War II and the last line using the Old Point Comfort stop was the [[Baltimore Steam Packet Company]] operating as the Old Bay Line. The line's {{ship|SS|City of Richmond|1913|2}} made the last stop at the pier December 30, 1959. Despite a court injunction based on the terms under which Virginia ceded the land to the Federal Government in 1821 the pier was destroyed after federal courts overruled the injunction. The pier was demolished by the end of May 1961.<ref name=Brown>{{cite book |first=Alexander Crosby |last= Brown |title=Steam Packets on the Chesapeake |publisher=Tidewater Publishers |location=Cambridge, Maryland |year=1961 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/steampacketsonch00brow/page/135 135]–138 |lccn=61012580 |isbn=0-87033-111-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/steampacketsonch00brow |access-date=29 August 2019 }}</ref>

Old Point Comfort was the site in 1909 where [[Southern Baptist Convention|Southern Baptists]] and [[American Baptist Convention|Northern Baptists]] inaugurated negotiations toward a comity agreement.<ref name="Southern Baptists Nationwide">{{cite web |url=http://www.churchplantingvillage.net/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier=id |publisher=Cooperative Program and the Annie Armstrong Easter Offering, North American Mission Board, SBC |title=Southern Baptists Nationwide |access-date=4 February 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>William H. Brackney, ''Baptists in North America: an historical perspective,'' (2006), p. 70</ref>

It was near Old Point Comfort that the {{USS| Missouri |BB-63}}, then the only U.S. battleship in commission, was proceeding seaward on a training mission from Hampton Roads early on January 17, 1950, when she ran aground 1.6 miles (3.0&nbsp;km) from [[Thimble Shoal Light]],(near Old Point Comfort. She hit shoal water a distance of three ship-lengths from the main channel. Lifted some seven feet above waterline, she stuck hard and fast. With the aid of tugboats, pontoons, and an incoming tide, she was refloated on 1 February 1950 and repaired.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/19991001200828/http://history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-m/bb63-m4.htm "USS Missouri (BB-63), Grounding, January 1950"], US Navy History, Accessed 2010.8.27.</ref>

==See Also==
* [[Fort Algernon]]
* [[Fort Monroe]]
* [[Phoebus, Virginia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Old Point Comfort|volume=20|page=74}}

==External links==
*[http://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=444 Old Point Comfort lighthouse], Lighthouse Friends Website
*[https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Cary_Miles_bap_1623-1667 Miles Cary Profile], Encyclopedia Virginia
*[https://archive.org/details/steampacketsonch00brow/page/127/mode/1up Photo, overview of pier from Chamberlin Hotel roof with ''City of Norfolk'' arriving]
*[https://archive.org/details/steampacketsonch00brow/page/137/mode/1up Photo, Old Bay Line's ''City of Richmond'' making last stop at Old Point Comfort pier]

{{Hampton, Virginia}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|37|00|02|N|76|18|41|W|display=title}}

[[Category:Headlands of Virginia]]
[[Category:Unincorporated communities in Virginia]]
[[Category:Neighborhoods in Hampton, Virginia]]
[[Category:Landforms of Hampton, Virginia]]