View source for Oklahoma Senate

{{Short description|Upper house of the Oklahoma Legislature}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox legislature
| background_color = {{party color|Republican Party (US)}}
| name              = Oklahoma Senate
| legislature       = [[Oklahoma State Legislature]]
| coa_pic           = Seal of Oklahoma.svg
| house_type        = Upper house
| session_room      = Oklahoma Senate Chamber.jpg
| term_limits       = 12 year cumulative total, in either or both chambers
| new_session       = January 7, 2025
| leader1_type      = [[Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma|President]]
| leader1           = [[Matt Pinnell]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
| election1         = January 14, 2019
| leader2_type      = [[President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate|President pro tempore]]
| leader2           = [[Lonnie Paxton]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
| election2         = January 7, 2025
| leader3_type      = Majority Leader
| leader3           = [[Julie Daniels]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
| election3         = January 7, 2025
| leader4_type      = Minority Leader
| leader4           = [[Julia Kirt]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])
| election4         = January 7, 2025
| members           = 48
| last_election1    = [[2024 Oklahoma Senate election|November 5, 2024]]<br>(24 seats)
| next_election1    = [[2026 Oklahoma Senate election|November 18, 2026]]<br>(24 seats)
| redistricting     = Legislative Control
| structure1        = Oklahoma Senate 2022.svg
| structure1_res    = 250px
| political_groups1  = 
'''Majority'''
*{{legend|#FF0000|[[Oklahoma Republican Party|Republican]] (40)}}
'''Minority'''
*{{legend|#1947FF|[[Oklahoma Democratic Party|Democratic]] (8)}}
| term_length       = 4 years
| authority         = Article V, [[Oklahoma Constitution]]
| salary            = $38,400/year  + $153 per diem + $10,000 bonus=($58,804)
| meeting_place     = State Senate Chamber<br>[[Oklahoma State Capitol]]<br>[[Oklahoma City]], [[Oklahoma]]
| website           = {{URL|https://www.oksenate.gov/|oksenate.gov}}
}}
{{OKGovernment}}

The '''Oklahoma Senate''' is the [[upper house]] of the two houses of the [[Oklahoma Legislature|Legislature of Oklahoma]], the other being the [[Oklahoma House of Representatives]]. The total number of senators is set at 48 by the [[Oklahoma Constitution]].<ref name="okcon">[http://oklegal.onenet.net/okcon/V-9A.html Section V-9A: Senatorial districts - Tenure], [http://oklegal.onenet.net/okcon/ Constitution of the State of Oklahoma] at [http://oklegal.onenet.net/ Oklahoma Public Legal Research System] (accessed August 1, 2018)</ref>

Senators approve or reject gubernatorial appointments, and contribute to the creation of both state law and an annual state budget. Every ten years, they aid in drawing new boundaries for [[Oklahoma|Oklahoma's]] electoral districts. The Oklahoma Senate also serves as a court of impeachment.

The presiding officer of the Senate is the [[Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma|lieutenant governor of Oklahoma]], who is the president of the Senate. Since the 1960s, the [[President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate|president pro tempore of the Senate]] has presided over daily work. Prior to that time, the president of the Senate took a leading role in the Senate, including appointing committees and members to those committees. The president of the Senate may cast a vote only in the instance of a tie vote and may not vote to create a tie.

==History==

===Early years===
The 1907 [[Oklahoma Constitution]] established the Oklahoma Senate alongside the [[Oklahoma House of Representatives]]. It met in [[Guthrie, Oklahoma]] until 1910.<ref>Farmer, Rick. "Legislature," Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/L/LE010.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117071324/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/L/LE010.html |date=2015-01-17 }} (accessed April 16, 2013)</ref> [[Henry S. Johnston]], the author of the initiative and referendum section of the [[Oklahoma Constitution]], served as the first Senate President Pro Tempore.<ref name="bobburke">Burke, Bob. [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/J/JO015.html Johnston, Henry Simpson] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005001510/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/J/JO015.html |date=2013-10-05 }} Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture (accessed May 9, 2013)</ref>

After women in Oklahoma earned the right to vote in 1918, the Oklahoma Senate gained its first female state senator. [[Lamar Looney]] was elected in 1920 over a male incumbent, G. L. Wilson. Looney was a progressive [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] and served from 1921 to 1929.<ref>Pappas, Christine. [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/L/LO013.html Looney, Lamar (1871–1935)], Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture (accessed May 9, 2013)</ref>

===1960s through 1980s===
The [[United States Supreme Court]] "one man, one vote" decision in ''[[Baker v. Carr]]'' (1962) led to a court order that forced Oklahoma to equalize representation.<ref name="agnew">Agnew, Brad. [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/T/TW001.html Twentieth-Century Oklahoma], Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture (accessed May 10, 2013)</ref> Before that decision, Oklahoma had 48 senatorial districts that represented either a populous county or several less-populated counties, but did not provide for districts of equal population.

Since 1964, under the holding of ''[[Reynolds v. Sims]]'', 377 U.S. 533 (1964) districts must be apportioned within a 5% margin of the average target size district as determined by the U.S. Census state population figures divided by the forty-eight districts. This allows for some districts to be slightly smaller or larger than others. The Oklahoma Senate draws its own maps of its district lines, which are subject to the approval of both the Oklahoma House of Representatives and the governor. Should the redistricting not occur in a timely manner, the lines are determined by a panel of five statewide elected officials.

In 1966, voters approved 90-day legislative sessions and, in 1968, they voted to create a Board of Legislative Compensation.<ref name="appendixiv">[http://www.okhouse.gov/Documents/CenturyToRemember.pdf A ''Century'' to Remember] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910204833/http://www.okhouse.gov/Documents/CenturyToRemember.pdf |date=2012-09-10 }}, Ok.gov (accessed April 30, 2013)</ref>

An initiative petition championed by Governor [[Henry Bellmon]] in 1989 created a requirement that the legislative sessions end by 5 p.m. on the last Friday in May.<ref name="appendixiv"/>

===2006 tie===
The November 7, 2006 elections resulted in an unprecedented 24–24 tie in the number of seats held by Oklahoma's two major political parties, the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] and the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].<ref name="tiedsenate">Krehbiel, Randy. [http://www.tulsaworld.com/article.aspx/GOP_victories_create_a_tie_in_state_Senate/061108_Ne_A1_GOPvi33195 GOP victories create a tie in state Senate], ''Tulsa World'', November 8, 2006 (accessed May 14, 2013)</ref> Although the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] added two seats to their prior total,<ref name="tiedsenate"/> they had lost a seat in July due to [[Nancy Riley]] changing in her party affiliation from [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] to [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]].<ref name="riley">Hoberock, Barbara and Mick Hinton. [http://www.tulsaworld.com/article.aspx/Senator_bolts_abhorrent_GOP/060804_Ne_A15_Senat7290 "Senator bolts abhorrent GOP"], ''Tulsa World'' (accessed May 14, 2013)</ref> The [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] did hold the seat of lieutenant governor, who also serves as President of the Senate, giving them a tie-breaking vote in the Senate.<ref name="tiedsenate"/>

The result was a power-sharing agreement for the 2007 and 2008 legislative sessions that split control of the presiding officer position of President Pro Tempore into two Co-President Pro Tempores, one of each party. Officially, a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] member held the President Pro Tempore position for 23 months and a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] member held the position for only one month.<ref>Hoberock, Barbara. [http://tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?articleID=070612_1_A1_spanc58735 "Senate's power-sharing accord carries a cost"], ''Tulsa World'', July 12, 2007 (accessed May 14, 2013)</ref> Unofficially, decisions were made with the approval of both Co-President Pro Tempores.

By winning two more seats in the 2008 elections, the Republicans assumed control of the Oklahoma Senate for the first time in state history and held a 26–22 majority, thus ending the power sharing arrangement between the parties.

===Republican supermajority (2011 to present)===
Since the [[53rd Oklahoma Legislature]] convening in 2011 the [[Oklahoma Republican Party]] has held a supermajority of the seats in the senate. The party's dominance peaked in the [[56th Oklahoma Legislature]] following the 2016 Oklahoma Senate Election with the chamber split 42-6. The [[57th Oklahoma Legislature|57th]] and [[58th Oklahoma Legislature|58th]] Oklahoma legislatures saw slightly smaller super majorities with the chamber split 39-9. The current [[60th Oklahoma Legislature|60th]] legislature has a breakdown of 40-8 continuing the Republican supermajority.

==Powers and process==

===Legislative sessions===
The Senate meets in regular session in east wing of the [[Oklahoma State Capitol]] in [[Oklahoma City]], from early February to the last Friday in May.<ref name="appendixiv"/> Special sessions may be called by the [[governor of Oklahoma]], or by supermajority vote of the legislature. Unlike their counterparts in the [[Oklahoma House of Representatives]], state senators are not restricted on introduction of bills and resolutions.

===Advise and consent===
The Oklahoma Senate advises and consents to numerous appointments of the Governor, including the entire [[Oklahoma Governor's Cabinet|Governor's Cabinet]]. Nominations are heard by respective standing committees rather than through a committee on nominations.

===Redistricting===
Originally, the Oklahoma Constitution based Senate districts on Oklahoma's counties. The 19 most populous counties, as determined by the most recent federal census, were each to elect one senator. The 58 less populous counties were to be joined into 29 two-county districts, each of which was to elect one senator. In apportioning the Senate, the Oklahoma Constitution required that consideration be given to population, compactness, area, political units, historical precedents, economic and political interests, contiguous territory and other major factors, to the extent feasible.

In 1964, the [[United States Supreme Court]] ruled this method violated the federal Constitution. Since then, every ten years, the Oklahoma Senate is responsible for passing into law new district boundaries for the Oklahoma House of Representatives, Oklahoma Senate and Oklahoma Congressional delegation. The Senate and House have traditionally drawn their own lines without any comment from the other body and work together with the Congressional delegation to draw lines appropriate for the next election. The Governor must sign these bills into law or a statewide panel is convened to draw the disputed lines.

===Court of impeachment===
The Oklahoma Senate serves a dual role as both a legislative body and as a judicial court. As the court of [[Impeachment in the United States|impeachment]], it is an independent court in the [[Oklahoma court system]]. Impeachment charges are brought by the [[Oklahoma House of Representatives]], but [[Impeachment trial|heard by]] the court of impeachment, with Oklahoma's chief justice presiding over the court. If the chief justice or a member of the [[Oklahoma Supreme Court]] is charged with impeachment, a state senator can preside over the court of impeachment.

Impeachment charges may only be brought against the governor, other statewide elected state officials and justices of the [[Oklahoma Supreme Court]] for willful neglect of duty, corruption in office, habitual drunkenness, incompetency, or any offense involving moral turpitude committed while in office. Impeached officials are immediately suspended in discharging their duties. Should the impeachment fail, the official returns to their duties. If the impeachment is successful and the defendant found guilty, the official is removed from office.

==Party composition==
[[File:Oklahoma Senate map November 2020.png|thumb|750px|Oklahoma Senate districts after the 2020 elections.
{{legend|#263d7e|Democratic Party}}
{{legend|#b42d2d|Republican Party}}]]

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
!rowspan=3|Affiliation
!colspan=2|Party <div style="font-size:80%">(Shading indicates majority caucus)</div>
!rowspan=3|Total
!
|-style="height:5px"
| style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}" |
| style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}" |
|style="background: black"|
|-
![[Oklahoma Republican Party|Republican]]
![[Oklahoma Democratic Party|Democratic]]
!Vacant
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"| [[50th Oklahoma Legislature|50th legislature]] (2004–2006)
|22
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|26
!48
|0
|-
|colspan=5|
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"| [[51st Oklahoma Legislature|51st legislature]] (2006–2008)
|24
|{{party shading/Democratic}}|24
!48
|0
|-
|colspan=5|
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|[[52nd Oklahoma Legislature|52nd legislature]] (2008–2010)
|{{party shading/Republican}}| 26
|22
!48
|0
|-
|colspan=5|
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|[[53rd Oklahoma Legislature|53rd legislature]] (2010–2012)
|{{party shading/Republican}}| 32
|16
!48
|0
|-
|colspan=5|
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|[[54th Oklahoma Legislature|54th legislature]] (2012–2014)
|{{party shading/Republican}}| 36
|12
!48
|0
|-
|colspan=5|
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|Begin [[55th Oklahoma Legislature|55th legislature]] (2014–2016)
|{{party shading/Republican}}| 40
|8
!rowspan=2|48
|rowspan=2|0
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|End 55th legislature
|{{party shading/Republican}}| 39
| 9
|-
|colspan=5|
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|Begin [[56th Oklahoma Legislature|56th legislature]] (2016–2018)
|{{party shading/Republican}}|42
|6
!48
|0
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|End
|{{party shading/Republican}}|38
|8
!46
|2
|-
|colspan=5|
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|Begin [[57th Oklahoma Legislature|57th Legislature]] (2018–2020)
|{{party shading/Republican}}|39
|9
!48
|0
|-
|colspan=5|
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|Begin [[58th Oklahoma Legislature|58th Legislature]] (2021–2022)
|{{party shading/Republican}}|38
|9
!48
|1
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|After [[2021 United States state legislative elections#Oklahoma|2021 Oklahoma State Senate special election]]
|{{party shading/Republican}}|39
|9
!48
|0
|-
|colspan=5|
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"| Begin 59th Legislature (2023–2024)
|{{party shading/Republican}}|40
|8
!48
|0
|-
!Latest voting share
! {{party shading/Republican}} |{{percentage|40|48|0|pad=yes}}
! {{percentage|8|48|0|pad=yes}}
! colspan="2" |
|}

==Current members==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!District
!Name
!Party
!Hometown
!First Elected
!Seat Up
|-
|[[Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma|Lt-Gov]]
|[[Matt Pinnell]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
|[[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma|Oklahoma City]]
| 2018
| 2026
|-
| 1
| [[Micheal Bergstrom]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Adair, Oklahoma|Adair]]
| 2016
| 2028*
|-
| 2
| [[Ally Seifried]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Claremore, Oklahoma|Claremore]]
| 2022
| 2026
|-
| 3
| [[Julie McIntosh]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Tahlequah, Oklahoma|Tahlequah]]
| 2024
| 2028
|-
| 4
| [[Tom Woods (Oklahoma politician)|Tom Woods]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Westville, Oklahoma|Westville]]
| 2022
| 2026
|-
| 5
| [[George Burns (American politician)|George Burns]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Pollard, Oklahoma|Pollard]]
| 2020
| 2028
|-
| 6
| [[David Bullard (Oklahoma politician)|David Bullard]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Durant, Oklahoma|Durant]]
| 2018
| 2026
|-
| 7
| [[Warren Hamilton]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[McCurtain, Oklahoma|McCurtain]]
| 2020
| 2028
|-
| 8
| [[Bryan Logan]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Paden, Oklahoma|Paden]]
| 2025†
| 2026
|-
| 9
| [[Avery Frix]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Muskogee, Oklahoma|Muskogee]]
| 2024
| 2028
|-
| 10
| [[Bill Coleman (Oklahoma politician)|Bill Coleman]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Ponca City, Oklahoma|Ponca City]]
| 2018
| 2026
|-
| 11
| [[Regina Goodwin]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Dem
| [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]]
| 2024
| 2028
|-
| 12
| [[Todd Gollihare]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Kellyville, Oklahoma|Kellyville]]
| 2022
| 2026
|-
| 13
| [[Jonathan Wingard]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Ada, Oklahoma|Ada]]
| 2024
| 2028
|-
| 14
| [[Jerry Alvord]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Wilson, Oklahoma|Wilson]]
| 2022
| 2026
|-
| 15
| [[Lisa Standridge]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Norman, Oklahoma|Norman]]
| 2024
| 2028
|-
| 16
| [[Mary B. Boren]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Dem
| [[Norman, Oklahoma|Norman]]
| 2018
| 2026
|-
| 17
| [[Shane Jett]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Tecumseh, Oklahoma|Tecumseh]]
| 2020
| 2028
|-
| 18
| [[Jack Stewart (Oklahoma politician)|Jack Stewart]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Yukon, Oklahoma|Yukon]]
| 2022
| 2026
|-
| 19
| [[Roland Pederson]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Burlington, Oklahoma|Burlington]]
| 2016
| 2028*
|-
| 20
| [[Chuck Hall (Oklahoma politician)|Chuck Hall]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Perry, Oklahoma|Perry]]
| 2018
| 2026
|-
| 21
| [[Randy Grellner]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Stillwater, Oklahoma|Stillwater]]
| 2024
| 2028
|-
| 22
| [[Kristen Thompson]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Edmond, Oklahoma|Edmond]]
| 2022
| 2026
|-
| 23
| [[Lonnie Paxton (politician)|Lonnie Paxton]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Tuttle, Oklahoma|Tuttle]]
| 2016
| 2028*
|-
| 24
| [[Darrell Weaver]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Moore, Oklahoma|Moore]]
| 2018
| 2026
|-
| 25
| [[Brian Guthrie]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Broken Arrow, Oklahoma|Broken Arrow]]
| 2024
| 2028
|-
| 26
| [[Darcy Jech]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Kingfisher, Oklahoma|Kingfisher]]
| 2014
| 2026*
|-
| 27
| [[Casey Murdock]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Felt, Oklahoma|Felt]]
| 2018†
| 2028
|-
| 28
| [[Grant Green (Oklahoma politician)|Grant Green]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Wellston, Oklahoma|Wellston]]
| 2022
| 2026
|-
| 29
| [[Julie Daniels]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Bartlesville, Oklahoma|Bartlesville]]
| 2016
| 2028*
|-
| 30
| [[Julia Kirt]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Dem 
| [[Oklahoma City]]
| 2018
| 2026
|-
| 31
| [[Spencer Kern]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Waurika, Oklahoma|Waurika]]
| 2024
| 2028
|-
| 32
| [[Dusty Deevers]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Elgin, Oklahoma|Elgin]]
| 2023†
| 2026
|-
| 33
| [[Christi Gillespie]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]]
| 2024
| 2028
|-
| 34
| [[Dana Prieto]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]]
| 2022
| 2026
|-
| 35
| [[Jo Anna Dossett]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Dem
| [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]]
| 2020
| 2028
|-
| 36
| [[John Haste]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Broken Arrow, Oklahoma|Broken Arrow]]
| 2018
| 2026
|-
| 37
| [[Aaron Reinhardt]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]]
| 2024
| 2028
|-
| 38
| [[Brent Howard]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Altus, Oklahoma|Altus]]
| 2018
| 2026
|-
| 39
| [[David Rader]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]]
| 2016
| 2028*
|-
| 40
| [[Carri Hicks]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Dem
| [[Oklahoma City]]
| 2018
| 2026
|-
| 41
| [[Adam Pugh]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Edmond, Oklahoma|Edmond]]
| 2016
| 2028*
|-
| 42
| [[Brenda Stanley]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Midwest City, Oklahoma|Midwest City]]
| 2018
| 2026
|-
| 43
| [[Kendal Sacchieri]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Duncan, Oklahoma|Duncan]]
| 2024
| 2028
|-
| 44
| [[Michael Brooks-Jimenez]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Dem
| [[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma|Oklahoma City]]
| 2017†
| 2026
|-
| 45
| [[Paul Rosino]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| [[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma|Oklahoma City]]
| 2017†
| 2028
|-
| 46
| [[Mark Mann (politician)|Mark Mann]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Dem
| Oklahoma City
| 2024†
| 2026
|-
| 47
| [[Kelly E. Hines]]
| {{Party shading/Republican}} | Rep
| Oklahoma City
| 2024
| 2028
|-
| 48
| [[Nikki Nice]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | Dem
| Oklahoma City
| 2024†
| 2026
|}
: † Elected in a special election
: * Term Limited

==Membership==
{{See also|President Pro Tempore of the Oklahoma Senate|List of current members of the Oklahoma Senate}}

===Terms and qualifications===
In order to file for election to the Senate, candidates must be twenty-five years of age at the time of their election.<ref name="okcon2">[http://oklegal.onenet.net/okcon/V-17.html Section V-17: Qualified electors], [http://oklegal.onenet.net/okcon/ Constitution of the State of Oklahoma] at [http://oklegal.onenet.net/ Oklahoma Public Legal Research System] (accessed May 3, 2010)</ref> The candidate must also be a qualified elector in their respective counties or districts and shall reside in their respective counties or districts during their term of office.<ref name="okcon2"/> No person is eligible to serve as a member of the legislature if they are serving as an officer of the United States or State government. Furthermore, any person who has been adjudged guilty of a felony is not eligible to election to the legislature. If a member of the Senate is expelled for corruption, they are not eligible to return to the legislature.

The senators are elected to four-year terms on alternating cycles.<ref name="okcon"/> The odd senatorial districts are elected in the same cycle of every presidential election year (years divisible by four, e.g., 2012, 2016); the even numbered senatorial districts are elected during the gubernatorial election year (even-numbered years not divisible by four, e.g., 2010, 2014).

Senators serve a four-year term and are limited to three terms or 12 years. A term-limited member cannot run for election to the House of Representatives as both representative terms and senate terms are added together in determining the total number of legislative years in office.<ref>[http://oklegal.onenet.net/okcon/V-17A.html Section V-17A: Limitation of time served in the Legislature], Oklahoma Constitution Online (accessed May 23, 2013)</ref> When term limits were implemented in 1992, they were not applied retroactively, which meant that senators elected prior to their implementation could serve up to three full terms following the implementation of term limits. For example, the longest-serving member of the Oklahoma Senate, [[Gene Stipe]] was first elected in 1956, but would not have been term limited out until after the 2004 election, had he not resigned the previous year.<ref>[http://www.newsok.com/news/stipe Continuing Coverage of Gene Stipe (NewsOK.com)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208043800/http://www.newsok.com/news/stipe |date=2007-12-08 }}</ref>

===Salaries and benefits===
Members of the Oklahoma Senate receive $47,500 in annual pay while presiding officers earn a larger salary.<ref>{{cite web |title=2023 Oklahoma legislative compensation |url=https://oklahoma.gov/content/dam/ok/en/omes/documents/LCBPresentation20231017.pdf |website=Oklahoma.gov |publisher=State of Oklahoma |access-date=6 January 2025}}</ref> (Also, they do not receive any Bonuses.) Additionally, legislators can seek reimbursement for expenses related to meals and lodging during the legislative session, and for certain travel expenses related to their duties at any point during the year. They also have access to benefits received by state employees, including health and life insurance as well as retirement savings plans.

===Leadership===
{{Main|President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate}}
The [[Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma|Lieutenant Governor]] serves as President of the Oklahoma Senate, but by custom only casts a vote in the case of a tie and presides less frequently since the 1960s. The [[President Pro Tempore of the Oklahoma Senate|President Pro Tempore]] is the one who serves as leader of the Senate, managing legislative votes and is the head of the majority party. The President Pro Tempore appoints the [[Majority leader|majority floor leader]] and the chair of the appropriations committee. Along with the elected officers of the majority caucus (caucus chair, caucus vice chair, three assistant majority leaders and four majority whips), they comprise the leadership of the Senate majority caucus. The leader of the minority caucus is called either the Republican Leader or Democratic Leader, depending on which party is in the minority. Along with the elected officers of the minority party (assistant leaders, assistant whips and the caucus chair and vice chair), they comprise the Senate minority leadership team.

=== Notable past members ===
*[[Gene Stipe]] was the longest-serving member of the Oklahoma Senate from 1957 until his resignation in 2003 following conviction of felony charges.
*[[Todd Lamb (politician)|Todd Lamb]], the former [[Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma]] and dean of [[The University of Central Oklahoma]].
*[[Brad Henry]], former Governor of Oklahoma
*[[Raymond D. Gary]], former Governor of Oklahoma
*[[William J. Holloway]], former Governor of Oklahoma
*[[Henry S. Johnston]], former Governor of Oklahoma
*[[James C. Nance]], Oklahoma community newspaper chain publisher and former [[Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives]], [[President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate]] and member [[Uniform Law Commission]]
*[[John Jarman]], former congressman
*[[Clem McSpadden]], former congressman
*[[Harry J. W. Belvin]] longest serving Principal Chief of the [[Choctaw Nation]] (In 1948 the Secretary of the Interior [https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/5782/ins.v03.n1.3-18.pdf appointed Harry Belvin] as the chief of the Choctaw tribe, along with chiefs of the other four tribes in eastern Oklahoma) served as both an Oklahoma Senator and Member of the Oklahoma House of Representatives. 
*[[Scott Pruitt]], the former [[Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency]] had served previously as [[Attorney General of Oklahoma|Oklahoma Attorney General]] and a member of the Oklahoma Senate.
*[[Stephanie Bice]], [[U.S. Representative]] for [[Oklahoma's 5th congressional district]] since January 3, 2021.

== Past composition of the Senate ==
{{main|Political party strength in Oklahoma}}

==See also==
*[[Government of Oklahoma]]
*[[United States Senate]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.oksenate.gov/ Oklahoma Senate]

{{Oklahoma Senate}}
{{United States legislatures}}
{{Oklahoma Legislatures}}
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{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Oklahoma Legislature]]
[[Category:State upper houses in the United States|Oklahoma]]