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{{Short description|Byzantine musical system with eight modes}}
{{About|the Byzantine musical system of eight modes|the book of liturgical texts set to those modes|Octoechos (liturgy)}}

'''Oktōēchos''' (here transcribed "Octoechos"; [[Greek language|Greek]]: {{lang|grc|ὁ Ὀκτώηχος}} {{IPA|grc|okˈtóixos}};<ref>The feminine form {{lang|grc|ἡ Ὀκτώηχος}} exists as well, but means the book [[Octoechos (liturgy)|octoechos]].</ref> from [[wikt:ὀκτώ|ὀκτώ]] "eight" and [[wikt:ἦχος|ἦχος]] "sound, mode" called [[echos]]; [[Church Slavonic|Slavonic]]: Осмогласие, ''Osmoglasie'' from [[wikt:осмь|о́смь]] "eight" and [[wikt:гласъ|гласъ]], [[Glagolitic]]: {{lang|cu-Glag|[[wikt:ⰳⰾⰰⱄⱏ|ⰳⰾⰰⱄⱏ]]}}, "voice, sound") is the eight-mode system used for the composition of religious chant in Byzantine, Syriac, Armenian, Georgian, Latin and Slavic churches since the Middle Ages. In a modified form the octoechos is still regarded as the foundation of the tradition of [[monody|monodic chant]] in the [[Byzantine Rite]] today.

==Nomenclature==

The names ascribed to the eight tones differ in translations into [[Church Slavonic]]. The Slavonic system counted the plagioi echoi as glasa 5, 6, 7, and 8. For reference, these differences are shown here together with the Ancient Greek names of the octave species according to the Hagiopolites<ref name=Hagiopolites /> (see [[Hagiopolitan Octoechos]]) and to the chant treatises and [[tonary|tonaries]] of Carolingian theorists. Fifteenth-century composers like [[Manuel Chrysaphes]], Lampadarios at the Court of Palaiologan Constantinople exchanged the Phrygian with the Lydian. The Armenian names and their temporal cycles are represented in the article about the hymn books [[Octoechos (liturgy)#Armenian Usage|octoechos and parakletike]].
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"
!Byzantine octoechos
!Church Slavonic osmoglasie
!Octave species
!Carolingian octo toni
|-
|First (ἦχος πρῶτος) || First (гласъ а.) || ''[[Dorian mode|Dorian]]'' || ''Tonus primus / Authentus protus''
|-
|Second (ἦχος δεύτερος) || Second (гласъ в.) || ''[[Phrygian mode|Phrygian]]'' ||''Tonus tertius / Authentus deuterus''
|-
|Third (ἦχος τρίτος) || Third (гласъ г.) || ''[[Lydian mode|Lydian]]'' || ''Tonus quintus / Authentus tritus''
|-
|Fourth (ἦχος τέταρτος) || Fourth (гласъ д.) || ''[[Mixolydian]]''  || ''Tonus septimus / Authentus tetrardus''
|-
|Plagal of the First (ἦχος πλάγιος τοῦ πρώτου) || Fifth (гласъ є.) || ''[[Hypodorian mode|Hypodorian]]'' || ''Tonus secundus / Plagis proti''
|-
|Plagal of the Second (ἦχος πλάγιος τοῦ δευτέρου) || Sixth (гласъ ѕ.) ||  ''[[Hypophrygian mode|Hypophrygian]]'' || ''Tonus quartus / Plagis deuteri''
|-
|Grave (ἦχος βαρύς) || Seventh (гласъ з.) || ''[[Hypolydian mode|Hypolydian]]'' || ''Tonus sextus / Plagis triti''
|-
|Plagal of the Fourth (ἦχος πλάγιος τοῦ τετάρτου) || Eighth (гласъ и.) || ''[[Hypomixolydian mode|Hypomixolydian]]'' || ''Tonus octavus / Plagis tetrardi''
|}

Southern Slavs use the Byzantine musical system and, nonetheless, use the variant numbering that is always found in Church Slavonic texts.<ref name=Zographou>{{Citation
|year=1904
|title=Восточно Церковно Пѣнiе &ndash; Часть 1 &ndash; Воскресникъ
|publisher=[[Zograf Monastery|Zographou]] Monastery
|location= [[Mount Athos]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
}}</ref>

== History ==
According to three main periods, which divides the history of the eight-mode system, the former article has been split chronologically:
{| width="600" class="wikitable" style=" text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"
|-
! Octoechos !! Period !! Reference
|-
| [[Hagiopolitan Octoechos]] || 6th–13th century || St. [[John of Damascus]]<ref name=Hagiopolites>According to the first paragraph of the Hagiopolites, John of Damascus is supposed to be the author of the 9th-century treatise: {{Cite book
| publisher = Paludan
| editor1-last = Raasted
| editor1-first = Jørgen
| title = The Hagiopolites: A Byzantine Treatise on Musical Theory
| location = Copenhagen
| series = Cahiers de l'Institut du Moyen-Âge Grec et Latin
| volume = 45
| year = 1983
| ref = Raa83
}}</ref>
|-
| [[Papadic Octoechos]] || 13th–18th century || John Glykys, [[John Koukouzeles]]
|-
| [[Neobyzantine Octoechos]] || 18th–21st century || [[Chrysanthos of Madytos]]
|}

==Analysis==
Byzantine Chant performance practice has been computationally compared to the theory by Chrysanthos. The analysis of 94 Byzantine Chants performed by 4 singers showed a tendency of the singers to level theoretic particularities of the echos that stand out of the general norm in the octoechos. In practice, smaller scale degree steps (67-133 cents) appear to be increased and the highest scale step of 333 cents appears to be decreased compared to theory. In practice, the first four scale notes in decreasing order of prominence I, III, II, IV are more prominent than the V., VI., and the VII.<ref name="Panteli">{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/09298215.2013.827215 |title=A Quantitative Comparison of Chrysanthine Theory and Performance Practice of Scale Tuning, Steps, and Prominence of the Octoechos in Byzantine Chant |year=2013 |last1=Panteli |first1=Maria |last2=Purwins |first2=Hendrik| journal=Journal of New Music Research |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=205–221|citeseerx=10.1.1.678.7791 |s2cid=46775312 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Byzantine music}}
{{Eastern Orthodox liturgical books}}
{{Chant}}
{{Byzantine Empire topics}}
{{Middle Eastern music}}

[[Category:Ancient Greek music theory]]
[[Category:Classical and art music traditions]]
[[Category:Byzantine music theory]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox liturgical music]]
[[Category:Byzantine Rite]]
[[Category:Modes (music)]]
[[Category:Ottoman classical music]]
[[Category:Tonaries]]