View source for OTS 44

{{Short description|Celestial object in the constellation Chamaeleon}}
{{Starbox begin
 | name = OTS 44
}}
{{Starbox image
 | image = [[File:OTS 44.jpg|250px]]
 | caption = OTS 44 (orange crosshair) and surrounding nebulae
}} 
{{Starbox observe
 | epoch = [[J2000.0]]
 | constell = [[Chamaeleon]]
 | ra = {{RA|11|10|11.5}} 
 | dec = {{DEC|−76|32|13}} 
}}
{{Starbox character
 | class = M9.5<ref name=apj620_1_L51/>
 | b-v = 
 | u-b = 
 | variable = 
}} 
{{Starbox astrometry
 | radial_v = 
 | prop_mo_ra = 
 | prop_mo_dec = 
 | parallax = 
 | p_error = 
 | dist_ly = 530
 | dist_pc = 162.5
 | dist_footnote = <ref name=Joergens2013/>
}}
{{Starbox detail
 | mass_mj = 12<ref name=Joergens2013/>
 | radius_rj = 3.2 or 3.6<ref name=Bonnefoy2014/>
 | luminosity = 0.00126<ref name=Bonnefoy2014/>{{snd}}0.0024<ref name=Joergens2013/>
 | temperature = 1,700<ref name=Bonnefoy2014/><ref name=Joergens2013/>–2,300<ref name=apj620_1_L51/> 
 | metal = 
 | rotation = 
 | age_myr = 1{{snd}}6<ref name=Bonnefoy2014/>
}}
{{Starbox reference
 | Simbad = OTS+44
}}
{{Starbox end}}
[[File:Brown dwarf OTS 44 with disc.jpg|thumb|An artist's concept of OTS 44's dust disk]]

'''OTS 44''' is a [[Free-floating planet|free-floating]] [[planetary-mass object]] or [[brown dwarf]] located at {{Convert|530|ly|pc|lk=on}} in the [[constellation]] [[Chamaeleon]] near the [[reflection nebula]] [[IC 2631]]. It is among the lowest-mass free-floating substellar objects, with approximately 11.5 times the mass of [[Jupiter]], or approximately 1.1% that of the [[Sun]].<ref name=Bonnefoy2014/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Luhmann|first1=K. L.|last2=Peterson|first2=D. E.|last3=Megeath|first3=S. T.|title=Spectroscopic Confirmation of the Least Massive Known Brown Dwarf in Chamaeleon|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=617|issue=1|pages=565–568|date=2004|doi=10.1086/425228|arxiv = astro-ph/0411445 |bibcode = 2004ApJ...617..565L |s2cid=18157277 }}</ref>
Its radius is estimated to be 3.2 or 3.6 times that of Jupiter.<ref name=Bonnefoy2014/>

OTS 44 was discovered in 1998 by Oasa, Tamura, and Sugitani as a member of the star-forming region [[Chamaeleon I]].<ref name=oasa1998>{{cite journal|last1=Tamura|first1=M.|last2=Itoh|first2=Y.|last3=Oasa|first3=Y.|last4=Nakajima|first4=T.|title=Isolated and Companion Young Brown Dwarfs in the Taurus and Chamaeleon Molecular Clouds|journal=Science|volume=282|issue=5391|date=1998|pages=1095–7|doi=10.1126/science.282.5391.1095|pmid=9804541|bibcode = 1998Sci...282.1095T }}</ref><ref name=oasa1999>{{cite journal|last1=Oasa|first1=Y.|last2=Tamura|first2=M.|last3=Sugitani|first3=K.|title=A Deep Near-Infrared Survey of the Chamaeleon I Dark Cloud Core|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=526|issue=1|pages=336–343|date=1999|doi=10.1086/307964|bibcode = 1999ApJ...526..336O |doi-access=free}}</ref> Based upon infrared observations with the [[Spitzer Space Telescope]] and the [[Herschel Space Observatory]], OTS 44 emits an [[infrared excess|excess of infrared radiation]] for an object of its type, suggesting it has a circumstellar disk of dust and particles of rock and ice.<ref name=apj620_1_L51/><ref name=Joergens2013/><ref>{{cite web|title=Blurring the lines between stars and planets: Lonely planets offer clues to star formation|url=http://www.mpia.de/Public/menu_q2e.php?Aktuelles/PR/2013/PR_2013_09/PR_2013_09_en.html|website=MPIA Science Release 2013-09|access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref> This disk (gas+dust) has a SED-fitted mass of at about 30 Earth masses.<ref name=Joergens2013/> Observations with the SINFONI spectrograph at the [[Very Large Telescope]] show that the disk
is accreting matter at the rate of approximately 10<sup>−11</sup> of the mass of the Sun per year.<ref name=Joergens2013/> It could eventually develop into a [[planetary system]]. Observations with [[Atacama Large Millimeter Array|ALMA]] detected the disk in [[millimeter]] wavelengths. The observations constrained the dust mass of the disk between 0.07 and 0.63 {{Earth mass|sym=y|link=true}}, but these mass estimates are limited by assumptions on poorly constrained parameters.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bayo|first1=Amelia|last2=Joergens|first2=Viki|last3=Liu|first3=Yao|last4=Brauer|first4=Robert|last5=Olofsson|first5=Johan|last6=Arancibia|first6=Javier|last7=Pinilla|first7=Paola|author7-link= Paola Pinilla |last8=Wolf|first8=Sebastian|last9=Ruge|first9=Jan Philipp|last10=Henning|first10=Thomas|last11=Natta|first11=Antonella|date=May 2017|title=First Millimeter Detection of the Disk around a Young, Isolated, Planetary-mass Object|journal=Astrophysical Journal Letters|language=en|volume=841|issue=1|pages=L11|doi=10.3847/2041-8213/aa7046|bibcode=2017ApJ...841L..11B|issn=0004-637X|hdl=10150/624481|s2cid=73605838 |hdl-access=free |doi-access=free |arxiv=1705.06378 }}</ref> Another work estimates the dust mass to 0.064 {{Earth mass|sym=y}} (5.2 {{Lunar mass|sym=y|link=true}}) for dust particles of 1 mm in size and 0.295 {{Earth mass|sym=y}} (24 {{Lunar mass|sym=y}}) for dust particles of 1 μm in size.<ref name="Wu2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Ya-Lin |last2=Bowler |first2=Brendan P. |last3=Sheehan |first3=Patrick D. |last4=Close |first4=Laird M. |last5=Eisner |first5=Joshua A. |last6=Best |first6=William M. J. |last7=Ward-Duong |first7=Kimberly |last8=Zhu |first8=Zhaohuan |last9=Kraus |first9=Adam L. |date=2022-05-01 |title=ALMA Discovery of a Disk around the Planetary-mass Companion SR 12 c |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=930 |issue=1 |pages=L3 |arxiv=2204.06013 |bibcode=2022ApJ...930L...3W |doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ac6420 |doi-access=free |issn=0004-637X}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[SCR 1845-6357]], a binary system comprising a red dwarf and a brown dwarf
* [[Cha 110913-773444]], an astronomical object that may be a free-floating planet surrounded by what appears to be a protoplanetary disk
* [[J1407b]], an object possibly similar to OTS 44 that transited the star [[V1400 Centauri]]
* [[2MASS J11151597+1937266]], a relative nearby free-floating planetary-mass object with a disk
* [[KPNO-Tau 12]], a low-mass brown dwarf or planetary-mass object with a disk

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name=apj620_1_L51>{{citation | display-authors=1 | last1=Luhman | first1=K. L. | last2=D'Alessio | first2=Paola | last3=Calvet | first3=Nuria | last4=Allen | first4=Lori E. | last5=Hartmann | first5=Lee | last6=Megeath | first6=S. T. | last7=Myers | first7=P. C. | last8=Fazio | first8=G. G. | title=Spitzer Identification of the Least Massive Known Brown Dwarf with a Circumstellar Disk | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=620 | issue=1 | pages=L51–L54 |date=February 2005 | doi=10.1086/428613 | bibcode=2005ApJ...620L..51L |arxiv = astro-ph/0502100 | s2cid=15340083 }}</ref>

<ref name=Joergens2013>{{Cite journal |last1=Joergens |first1=V. |last2=Bonnefoy |first2=M. |last3=Liu |first3=Y. |last4=Bayo |first4=A. |last5=Wolf |first5=S. |last6=Chauvin |first6=G. |last7=Rojo |first7=P. |date=2013-10-01 |title=OTS 44: Disk and accretion at the planetary border |bibcode=2013A&A...558L...7J |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=558 |pages=L7 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201322432 |arxiv=1310.1936 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref>

<ref name=Bonnefoy2014>{{cite journal|last1=Bonnefoy|first1=M.|last2=Chauvin|first2=G.|last3=Lagrange|first3=A.-M.|last4=Rojo|first4=P.|last5=Allard|first5=F.|last6=Pinte|first6=C.|last7=Dumas|first7=C.|last8=Homeier|first8=D.|title=A library of near-infrared integral field spectra of young M-L dwarfs|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume=562|pages=A127|number=127|date=2014|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201118270|arxiv = 1306.3709 |bibcode = 2014A&A...562A.127B |s2cid=53064211 }}</ref>


}}

==External links==
* [http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/news/186-ssc2005-06-Astronomers-Discover-Beginnings-of-Mini-Solar-System Astronomers Discover Beginnings of 'Mini' Solar System] ([[Spitzer Space Telescope]])
* [http://www.mpia.de/Public/menu_q2e.php?Aktuelles/PR/2013/PR_2013_09/PR_2013_09_en.html MPIA Science Release 2013-09 - Blurring the lines between stars and planets: Lonely planets offer clues to star formation]

{{Stars of Chamaeleon}}

[[Category:M-type brown dwarfs]]
[[Category:Free-floating substellar objects]]
[[Category:Chamaeleon]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1998]]