View source for Numerical Recipes

{{short description|Generic title of a series of books on algorithms and numerical analysis}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox book series
| name             = Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing
| image            =  NumericalRecipes3rdEdCover.jpg
| image_caption    = Cover of the third (C++) edition
| books            = 
| author           = [[William H. Press]], [[Saul A. Teukolsky]], [[William T. Vetterling]] and [[Brian P. Flannery]]
| editors          =
| title_orig       = 
| translator       = 
| illustrator      = 
| cover_artist     = 
| country          = 
| language         = English
| discipline       = [[Numerical analysis]]
| publisher        = [[Cambridge University Press]]
| pub_date         = 
| english_pub_date = 
| media_type       = 
| number_of_books  = 
| list_books       = 
| oclc             = 
| preceded by      = 
| followed by      = 
| website          = {{URL|http://numerical.recipes/}}
}}
'''''Numerical Recipes''''' is the generic title of a series of books on [[algorithm]]s and [[numerical analysis]] by [[William H. Press]], [[Saul A. Teukolsky]], William T. Vetterling and [[Brian P. Flannery]]. In various editions, the books have been in print since 1986.  The most recent edition was published in 2007.

==Overview==
The ''Numerical Recipes'' books cover a range of topics that include both classical [[numerical analysis]] ([[interpolation]], [[Numerical integration|integration]], [[linear algebra]], [[differential equations]], and so on), signal processing ([[Fast Fourier transform|Fourier methods]], [[Digital filter|filtering]]), statistical treatment of data, and a few topics in [[machine learning]] ([[hidden Markov model]], [[support vector machines]]).  The writing style is accessible and has an informal tone.  The emphasis is on understanding the underlying basics of techniques, not on the refinements that may, in practice, be needed to achieve optimal performance and reliability.  Few results are proved with any degree of rigor, although the ideas behind proofs are often sketched, and references are given. Importantly, virtually all methods that are discussed are also implemented in a [[programming language]], with the code printed in the book. Each variant of the book is keyed to a specific language.

According to the publisher, [[Cambridge University Press]], the ''Numerical Recipes'' books are historically the all-time best-selling books on scientific programming methods.  In recent years, ''Numerical Recipes'' books have been cited in the scientific literature more than 3000 times per year according to [[ISI Web of Knowledge]] (e.g., 3962 times in the year 2008).<ref>[[Thomson Reuters]], [http://www.isiwebofknowledge.com/ Web of Knowledge], Cited Reference Search.</ref> And as of the end of 2017, the book had over 44000 citations on [[Google Scholar]].<ref>[https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?cites=9526883588545811444&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&hl=en], Google Scholar</ref>

==History==
The first publication was in 1986 with the title,”Numerical Recipes, The Art of Scientific Computing”, containing code in both Fortran and Pascal; an accompanying book, “Numerical Recipes Example Book (Pascal)” was first published in 1985. (A preface note in “Examples" mentions that the main book was also published in 1985, but the official note in that book says 1986.) Supplemental editions followed with code in Pascal, BASIC, and C. ''Numerical Recipes'' took, from the start, an opinionated editorial position at odds with the conventional wisdom of the numerical analysis community:

{{cquote|If there is a single dominant theme in this book, it is that practical methods of numerical computation can be simultaneously efficient, clever, and — important — clear.  The alternative viewpoint, that efficient computational methods must necessarily be so arcane and complex as to be useful only in "black box" form, we firmly reject.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Press |first1=William H. |last2=Teukolsky |first2=Saul A. |last3=Vetterling |first3=William T. |last4=Flannery |first4=Brian P. |year=1986 |title=Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing |publisher=Cambridge University Press |publication-place=New York |isbn=0-521-30811-9 |chapter=Preface |page=xi |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/numericalrecipes00pres }}</ref>}}

However, as it turned out, the 1980s were fertile years for the "black box" side, yielding important libraries such as [[BLAS]] and [[LAPACK]], and integrated environments like [[MATLAB]] and [[Mathematica]]. By the early 1990s, when Second Edition versions of ''Numerical Recipes'' (with code in C, Fortran-77, and Fortran-90) were published, it was clear that the constituency for ''Numerical Recipes'' was by no means the majority of scientists doing computation, but only that slice that lived ''between'' the more mathematical numerical analysts and the larger community using integrated environments. The Second Edition versions occupied a stable role in this niche environment.<ref name="cip">Press, William H.; and Teukolsky, Saul A.; "Numerical Recipes: Does This Paradigm Have a Future?," Computers in Physics, 11, 416 (1997). [http://numerical.recipes/whp/CIPso97.ps Preprint.]</ref>

By the mid-2000s, the practice of scientific computing had been radically altered by the mature Internet and Web. Recognizing that their ''Numerical Recipes'' books were increasingly valued more for their explanatory text than for their code examples, the authors significantly expanded the scope of the book, and significantly rewrote a large part of the text. They continued to include code, still printed in the book, now in C++, for every method discussed.<ref>{{Cite book 
|last1=Press |first1=William H. 
|last2=Teukolsky |first2=Saul A. 
|last3=Vetterling |first3=William T. 
|last4=Flannery |first4=Brian P. 
|year=2007 |title=Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing |edition=3rd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |publication-place=New York |isbn=978-0-521-88068-8 |chapter=Preface to the Third Edition |page=xi }}</ref> The Third Edition was also released as an electronic book,<ref name="ThirdEdition">{{Cite book |last1=Press |first1=William H. |url=http://numerical.recipes/book/book.html |title=Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing |last2=Teukolsky |first2=Saul A. |last3=Vetterling |first3=William T. |last4=Flannery |first4=Brian P. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-88068-8 |edition=3rd |publication-place=New York}}</ref> eventually made available on the Web for free (with nags) or by paid or institutional subscription (with faster, full access and no nags).

In 2015 Numerical Recipes sold its historic two-letter domain name nr.com<ref>{{cite web|url=http://domaingang.com/domain-news/two-letter-domain-nr-com-sold-rebrands-to-numerical-recipes/|title=Two letter domain NR.com sold : Rebrands to Numerical.Recipes|date=14 October 2015}}</ref> and became <code>numerical.recipes</code> instead.

==Reception==
=== Content ===
Numerical Recipes is a single volume that covers a very broad range of algorithms. Unfortunately that format skewed the choice of algorithms towards simpler and shorter early algorithms which were not as accurate, efficient or stable as later more complex algorithms.<ref name=quut>{{cite web |title=Reviews: Numerical Recipes |url=http://www.quut.com/c/num-recipes-in-c.html |website=www.quut.com |access-date=28 January 2019}} (updated for the third edition; [https://www.lysator.liu.se/c/num-recipes-in-c.html clone URL])</ref><ref name=Snyder>{{cite web |last1=Van Snyder |first1=W. |title=Why not use Numerical Recipes? |url=https://www.stat.uchicago.edu/~lekheng/courses/302/wnnr/nr.html |website=stat.uchicago.edu |access-date=28 January 2019|date=March 1991}} (Date estimated by Editor's remark. Last update circa September 1999; [http://www.uwyo.edu/buerkle/misc/wnotnr.html older clone])</ref> The first edition had also some minor bugs, which were fixed in later editions; however according to the authors for years they were encountering on the internet rumors that Numerical Recipes is ''"full of bugs"''. They attributed this to people using outdated versions of the code, bugs in other parts of the code and misuse of routines which require some understanding to use correctly.<ref name=nrdr>{{cite web |title=Numerical Recipes Distressing Rumors |url=http://numerical.recipes/bug-rebutt.html |website=numerical.recipes |date=February 1999 |access-date=28 January 2019}} (Date given is first archive.org date for the page on the old nr.com domain.)</ref>

The rebuttal does not, however, cover criticisms regarding lack of mentions to code limitations, boundary conditions, and more modern algorithms, another theme in Snyder's comment compilation.<ref name=Snyder/> A precision issue in Bessel functions has persisted to the third edition according to Pavel Holoborodko.<ref name=quut/>

Despite criticism by numerical analysts, engineers and scientists generally find the book conveniently broad in scope.<ref name=Snyder/> Norman Gray concurs in the following quote:<ref>{{cite web |last=Gray|first=Norman |title=Numerical Recipes |url=http://www.astro.gla.ac.uk/users/norman/star/sc13/sc13.htx/N-a2b3c1.html |website=Theory and Modelling Resources Cookbook, www.astro.gla.ac.uk}}</ref>
<blockquote>Numerical Recipes [nr] does not claim to be a numerical analysis textbook, and it makes a point of noting that its authors are (astro-)physicists and engineers rather than analysts, and so share the motivations and impatience of the book's intended audience. The declared premise of the NR authors is that you will come to grief one way or the other if you use numerical routines you do not understand. They attempt to give you enough mathematical detail that you understand the routines they present, in enough depth that you can diagnose problems when they occur, and make more sophisticated choices about replacements when the NR routines run out of steam. [...]</blockquote>

=== License ===
The code listings are copyrighted and commercially licensed by the ''Numerical Recipes'' authors.<ref>Numerical Recipes Web site, [https://numerical.recipes/licenseinfo.html Numerical Recipes Code]</ref> A license to use the code is given with the purchase of a book, but the terms of use are highly restrictive.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Weiner |first1=Benjamin |title=Boycott Numerical Recipes |url=http://mingus.as.arizona.edu/~bjw/software/boycottnr.html |quote=Buy the book if you feel like it, learn from it, but use a library like the GNU Scientific Library instead. Especially if you ever want other people to use your work. The NR license is the RIAA of the scientific community.}}</ref> For example, programmers need to make sure NR code cannot be extracted from their finished programs and used &ndash; a difficult requirement with dubious enforceability.<ref>{{cite tech report |first=Haysn |last= Hornbeck |title=Fast Cubic Spline Interpolation |arxiv=2001.09253 |institution=University of Calgary |date=January 28, 2020 }}</ref>

However, ''Numerical Recipes'' does include the following statement regarding copyrights on computer programs:<blockquote>Copyright does not protect ideas, but only the expression of those ideas in a particular form. In the case of a computer program, the ideas consist of the program's methodology and algorithm, including the necessary sequence of steps adopted by the programmer. The expression of those ideas is the program source code{{nbsp}}... If you analyze the ideas contained in a program, and then express those ideas in your own completely different implementation, then that new program implementation belongs to you.<ref name="ThirdEdition" /></blockquote> 

One early motivation for the [[GNU Scientific Library]] was that a [[free software|free]] library was needed as a substitute for ''Numerical Recipes''.<ref name=gsl>{{cite web |last1=Galassi |first1=Mark |last2=Theiler |first2=James |last3=Gough |first3=Brian |title=GNU Scientific Library -- Design document |url=https://www.gnu.org/software/gsl/design/gsl-design.html |website=GNU Operating System |publisher=GNU.org |access-date=January 5, 2019}}</ref>

=== Style ===
Another line of criticism centers on the coding style of the books, which strike some modern readers as "Fortran-ish", though written in contemporary, object-oriented C++.<ref name=gsl/> The authors have defended their very terse coding style as necessary to the format of the book because of space limitations and for readability.<ref name="cip" />

==Titles in the series (partial list)==
The books differ by edition (1st, 2nd, and 3rd) and by the computer language in which the code is given.

* ''Numerical Recipes. The Art of Scientific Computing, 1st Edition'', 1986, {{ISBN|0-521-30811-9}}. ([[Fortran]] and [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]])
* ''Numerical Recipes in [[C (programming language)|C]]. The Art of Scientific Computing, 1st Edition'', 1988, {{ISBN|0-521-35465-X}}.
* ''Numerical Recipes in [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]]. The Art of Scientific Computing, 1st Edition'', 1989, {{ISBN|0-521-37516-9}}.
* ''Numerical Recipes in [[Fortran]]. The Art of Scientific Computing, 1st Edition'', 1989, {{ISBN|0-521-38330-7}}.
* ''Numerical Recipes in [[BASIC]]. The Art of Scientific Computing, 1st Edition'', 1991, {{ISBN|0-521-40689-7}}. (supplemental edition)
* ''Numerical Recipes in [[Fortran 77]]. The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd Edition'', 1992, {{ISBN|0-521-43064-X}}.
* ''Numerical Recipes in [[C (programming language)|C]]. The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd Edition'', 1992, {{ISBN|0-521-43108-5}}.
* ''Numerical Recipes in [[Fortran 90]]. The Art of Parallel Scientific Computing, 2nd Edition'', 1996, {{ISBN|0-521-57439-0}}.
* ''Numerical Recipes in [[C++]]. The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd Edition'', 2002, {{ISBN|0-521-75033-4}}.
* ''Numerical Recipes. The Art of Scientific Computing, 3rd Edition'', 2007, {{ISBN|0-521-88068-8}}. ([[C++]] code)

The books are published by [[Cambridge University Press]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://nrbook.com}}
* [http://nrbook.com/book Current electronic edition of Numerical Recipes] (limited free page views).
* {{google books |id=1aAOdzK3FegC}}
* [http://nrbook.com/oldverswitcher.html Older versions of Numerical Recipes available electronically] (links to C, Fortran 77, and Fortran 90 versions in various formats, plus other hosted books)
* W. Van Snyder, [https://www.stat.uchicago.edu/~lekheng/courses/302/wnnr/ Why not use Numerical Recipes?] <!-- originally at http://math.jpl.nasa.gov/nr/ -->, full four-page mirror by Lek-Heng Lim (includes discussion of alternatives)

[[Category:Computer science books]]
[[Category:Engineering textbooks]]
[[Category:Mathematics books]]
[[Category:Numerical software]]