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{{Short description|Body of railroads that establish a set of rules}}
{{RefImprove|date=August 2021}}

The '''Northeast Operating Rules Advisory Committee''' (NORAC) is a body of railroads that establish a set of operating rules for railroads in North America. The NORAC rulebook is used by full and associate member railroads, located mostly in the [[Northeast United States]].

==Members==

===Full members===
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*[[Amtrak]] (AMTK)
*[[Conrail Shared Assets Operations]] (CR)
*[[CSX Transportation]] (CSXT)
*[[Keolis#United_States|Keolis Commuter Services: Boston]] (KCS)
*[[New Jersey Transit Rail Operations]] (NJTR)
*[[New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway]] Corp. (NYSW)
*[[Norfolk Southern]] (NS)
*[[Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority]] (SEPTA)
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===Associate members===
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*[[Adirondack Scenic Railroad]] (ADIX)
*[[Adrian and Blissfield Railroad]] (ABDF)
*[[Bay Colony Railroad]] (BCLR)
*[[Buckingham Branch Railroad]] (BB)
*[[Cape Cod Central Railroad]]
*[[Cape May Seashore Lines]] (CMSL)
*[[Central New England Railroad]] (CNZR)
*[[Central Railroad Company of Indiana]] (CIND)
*[[Central Railroad Company of Indianapolis]] (CERA)
*Chesapeake and Delaware LLC
*[[Connecticut Southern Railroad]] (CSO)
*C&S Railroad Corporation
*East Jersey Railroad & Terminal Co. (EJR)
*[[Finger Lakes Railway]] (FGLK)
*[[Flats Industrial Railroad]] (FIR)
*[[Fore River Transportation Corporation]] (FRVT)
*[[Genesee Valley Transportation]] (GVT)
*[[Housatonic Railroad|Housatonic Railroad Company]] (HRRC)
*[[Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad]] (IHB)
*[[Luzerne Susquehanna Railway|Luzerne and Susquehanna Railway]] (LS)
*[[Maine Eastern Railroad]] (MERR)
*[[Massachusetts Central Railroad]] (MCER)
*[[Massachusetts Coastal Railroad]] (MC)
*[[Milford-Bennington Railroad]] (MBRX)
*[[Morristown and Erie Railway]] (ME)
*Mountain Division Railway Corporation
*Narragansett Bay Railroad Company
*[[National Park Service]]
*[[Naugatuck Railroad Company]] (NAUG)
*[[New Hope and Ivyland Railroad]] (NHRR)
*[[New York and Greenwood Lake Railway (1996)|New York and Greenwood Lake Railway]] (NYGL)
*[[New York New Jersey Rail, LLC]] (NYNJ)
*[[North Shore Railroad (Pennsylvania)|North Shore Railroad]] (NSHR)
*[[Northern Central Railway]] (NCRY)
*Owego & Hartford Railway, Inc. (OHRY)
*[[Pennsylvania Northeastern Railroad]] (PNE) 
*[[Plymouth & Lincoln Railroad]]
*Port Jersey Railroad (PJR)
*Raritan Central Railway (RCRY)
*[[Seaview Transportation Company]] (SVTX)
*[[Seminole Gulf Railway]] (SGLR)
*[[SMS Rail Service]] (SLRS)
*[[Somerset Railroad (New York)|Somerset Railroad]] (SOM)
*[[River Line (NJ Transit)|Southern New Jersey Rail Group]] (NJ Transit RiverLINE)
*[[Southern Railroad of New Jersey]] (SRNJ)
*[[Springfield Terminal Railway (Vermont)|Springfield Terminal Railway Company, d/b/a Pan Am Railways]] (ST)
*[[Valley Railroad (Connecticut)|Valley Railroad]] (VALE)
*[[West Chester Railroad]] (WCRL)
*[[Winamac Southern Railway]] (WSRY)
*[[Winnipesaukee Scenic Railroad]]
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==Overview==
The NORAC rules are intended to enhance [[railroad]] [[safety]]. The rules cover employee responsibilities, signaling equipment, procedures for safe train movement, dealing with accidents and other topics that directly and indirectly affect railroad safety.

These rules govern operation on main lines, defined as those with some form of block control system.

The 10th edition of the NORAC operating rules went into effect on November 6, 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dms.ntsb.gov/public/58000-58499/58167/585157.pdf |title=NORAC Operating Rules |publisher=Northeast Operating Rules Advisory Committee |date=6 November 2011 |edition=10 |via=National Transportation Safety Board |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203171210/http://dms.ntsb.gov/public/58000-58499/58167/585157.pdf |archivedate=3 February 2016}}</ref>

The 11th edition of the NORAC operating rules went into effect on February 1, 2018.

The 12th edition of the NORAC Operating Rules went into effect on January 1, 2024.

==History==
In January 1985, six railroads ([[Conrail]], [[Amtrak]], [[Metro-North]], [[New Jersey Transit]], [[Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority]], and [[Delaware & Hudson]]) met in [[Newark, New Jersey]] with the goal to create a common operating rulebook. In May 1985, a second meeting was held, with eight railroads present, five of the original six (Metro-North withdrew) plus [[Providence and Worcester]], [[Long Island Rail Road]], and [[Boston & Maine]].

The first rulebook was released in January 1987. It contained rules for three types of train control: [[Automatic Block Signal|automatic block (ABS)]], manual block (MBS), and voice (VCS). The MBS and VCS systems were both governed by NORAC's Form D, which is a [[train order]] transmitted directly to the train.

In 1993 the fourth edition combined the MBS and VCS rules into a single "Form D Control System" (DCS).

==Categories==
The full set of NORAC rules is divided into 25 categories.
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#Terminology, Definitions and Authorized Abbreviations
#General Rules
#Reporting for Duty
#Miscellaneous Signals
#Tampering
#Inspection of Equipment
#Movement of Trains
#Protection of Trains
#Movement Permit Form D
#General Signal Rules
#[[Railway signal|Signal]] Aspects and Indications
#Form D Control System
#[[Absolute Block|Automatic Block]] Signal System
#[[Cab signalling|Cab Signal]] System
#[[Interlocking]]s and Controlled Points
#Radios and Telephones
#Movement of Track Cars
#[[Dispatcher]]s
#Operators
#Train Service Employees
#Engine Service Employees
#Yardmasters
#[[Station master|Station Masters]] and Assistant Station Masters
#[[Construction foreman|Foremen]] and Track Car Drivers
#Form D Illustration
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==See also==
*[[General Code of Operating Rules]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.trains.com/trn/default.aspx?c=a&id=230 NORAC: Northeast Operating Rules Advisory Committee]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080917161233/http://www.fra.dot.gov/downloads/Research/ord9909.pdf U S Department of Transportation - Compliance with Railroad Operating Rules and Corporate Culture Influences, October 1999]

[[Category:Railway signaling in the United States]]
[[Category:Rail transportation in North America]]